PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING

Transcription

1 PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING

2 CURRENT CLINICAL UROLOGY Eric A. Klein, SERIES EDITOR Prostate Cancer Screening, edited by Ian M. Thompson, Martin I. Resnick, and Eric A. Klein, 2001 Bladder Cancer: Current Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Michael J. Droller, 2001 Office Urology: The Clinician's Guide, edited by Elroy D. Kursh and James C. Ulchaker, 2001 Voiding Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Rodney A. Appell, 2000 Management of Prostate Cancer, edited by Eric A. Klein, 2000

3 PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING Edited by IAN M. THOMPSON, MD The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX MARTIN I. RESNICK, MD Case western Reserve University University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleveland, OH ERIC A. KLEIN, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH ~ ~ SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

4 2001 Springer Seienee+Business Media New York OriginalIy published by Humana Press Ine. in 2001 AII rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. AlI articles, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generaliy accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefuliy checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are aceurate in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drng therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinic al practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any con sequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. < ) ANSI Z (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Cover Design: Patricia F. Cleary Photoeopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Springer Seienee+Business Media, LLC. provided that the base fee of US $8.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. ThefeecodeforusersoftheTransactional Reporting Service is: [ /01 $ $00.25]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prostate cancer screening / edited by lan M. Thompson, Martin 1. Resnick, Eric A. Klein. p. ;cm.-(current Clinic al Urology) Includes bibliographical referenees and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Prostate-Cancer-Diagnosis. 2. Medical sereening. 1. Thompson, lan M. (lan Murchie), II. Resnick, Martin 1. III. Klein Erie A., IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Prostatie Neoplasms-diagnosis. 2. Mass Screening. 3. Prostate-Specific Antigen. WJ 752 P ] RC280.P7 P ' de

5 PREFACE Perhaps no other subject in medicine has prompted such discussion, often with some animosity and certainly always with animation, as has the subject of screening for prostate cancer. Prior to the development of prostate specific antigen, screening was only a curiosity-an anecdote periodically due to the haphazard application of digital rectal examination. With PSA, however, screening was not only possible, but many men were found with the disease. The rate of increase in prostate cancer diagnoses in the late 1980s and early 1990s was unsurpassed by any other tumor in the history of modem public health statistics. We may never know all the "right" answers regarding prostate cancer screening. We are currently awaiting the completion of very large clinical trials in Europe and the United States, designed to answer the question. However, for the man at risk for the disease and for his physician, be it urologist, internist, or family physician, the issue is: What to do now? Prostate Cancer Screening is designed to help answer many of these questions. A balanced set of discussions is included that will provide an excellent, in-depth understanding for the physician and for the patient who strive to understand as much as possible about the disease and screening. This book is also designed for health care organizations that are struggling with the application of varying recommendations from medical specialty organizations. There is no right answer, only choices. The premise of Prostate Cancer Screening is that, armed with information and augmented by personal priorities and expectations, both patients and physicians can make informed choices. If that is achieved, we have attained our goal. Ian Thompson, MD Martin I. Resnick, MD Eric A. Klein, MD v

6 CONTENTS Preface... v List of Contributors... ix 1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer Wael A. Sakr and Clara Ward Natural History of Prostate Cancer Peter C. Albertsen Mathematical Issues: PSA Testing Ruth Etzioni and David F. Penson Evidence of Benefit of Screening in Other Cancers Ismail Jatoi The Role of Prostate Specific Antigen and Its Variants in Prostate Cancer Screening Faiyaaz M. Jhaveri, Michael K. Brawer, and Eric A. Klein The Digital Rectal Examination in Prostate Cancer Screening Joseph Basler Philosophical Reflections on PSA Screening: What Should We Now Think and Do? Paul H. Lange Imaging in Prostate Cancer Screening Aaron Sulman and Martin I. Resnick Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer David L. Shepherd Transrectal Ultrasound and Artificial Neural Networks in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Til/mann Loch Evidence of the Effectiveness of Prostate Cancer Screening Chris Magee and Ian M. Thompson vii

7 viii Contents 12 Prostate Cancer Screening: A Note of Caution Otis W. Brawley Quality of Life and Health Behavior in Prostate Cancer Screening Populations Mark S. Litwin and Kristen A. Reid Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendations from Organized Medicine Gregory T. Sweat Informed Consent and Prostate Specific Antigen Screening: What Patients Ought to Know Evelyn C. Y. Chan Experience of Prostate Cancer Awareness Week Zinelabidine Abouelfadel and E. David Crawford The Laval University Screening Trial Results Fernand Labrie, Bernard Candas, Lionel Cusan, and Jose-Luis Gomez Cancer of the Prostate Risk Index Test and Software (CAPRI) [CAPRI SOFTWARE ON ATTACHED CD ROM] Scott A. Optenberg, Atanacio C. Guillen, John P. Campbell, and Ian M. Thompson The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) Fritz H. Schroder and Ingrid van der Cruijsen-Koeter for the ERSPC Study Group Index

8 CONTRIBUTORS ZINELABIDINE ABOUELFADEL, MD Division of Urology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO PETER C. ALBERTSEN, MD Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT JOSEPH BASLER, PhD, MD Division of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX MICHAEL K. BRAWER, MD Northwest Prostate Institute, Seattle, WA OTIS W. BRAWLEY, MD Assistant Director, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD JOHN P. CAMPBELL, MS Systems Analyst, Litton/PRC, San Antonio, TX BERNARD CANDAS, PhD Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine ad Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital (CHUL), Quebec, Canada EVELYN C. Y. CHAN, MD, MS Assistant Professor and Director, Clinical Bioethics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX E. DAVID CRAWFORD, MD Division of Urology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO LIONEL CUSAN, MD, PhD Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine ad Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital (CHUL), Quebec, Canada RUTH ETZIONI Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA JosE-LUIS GOMEZ, MD, PhD Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine ad Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital (CHUL), Quebec, Canada ATANACIO C. GUILLEN, MS Systems Analyst, Litton/PRC, San Antonio, TX ISMAIL JATO!, MD, PhD, FACS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD and Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX FAIYAAZ M. JHAVERI, MD Northwest Prostate Institute, Seattle, WA ERIC A. KLEIN, MD Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH ix

9 x Contributors FERNAND LABRIE, MD, PhD Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine ad Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital (CHUL), Quebec, Canada PAUL H. LANGE, MD Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA MARK S. LITWIN, MD, MPH Departments of Urology and Health Services, University of California, Los Angeles, CA TILLMAN LOCH, MD, PhD Klinik und Poliklinikfiir Urologie und Kinderurologie der Universitdt des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany CHRIS MAGEE, MD Division of Urology, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX SCOTT A. OPTENBERG, PhD Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX DAVID F. PENSON Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA KRISTEN A. REID, BA Departments of Urology and Health Services, University of California, Los Angeles, CA MARTIN I. RESNICK, MD Chairman, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH WAEL A. SAKR, MD Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI FRITZ H. SCHRODER, MD, PhD Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology, Erasmus University and Academic Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands DAVID L. SHEPHERD, MD Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX AARON SULMAN, MD Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH GREGORY T. SWEAT, MD Senior Associate Consultant, Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN IAN M. THOMPSON, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX INGRID VAN DER CRUIJSEN-KOETER, MD Department of Urology, Academic Hospital and Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands CLARA WARD, MD Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI