20 4 Staphylococcus aureus. meningitidis

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1 20 Staphylococcus aureus Corynebacterium spp. ) Streptococcus pneumoniae Escherichia coli Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Neisseria 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Corynebacterium spp. 1 S. pneumoniae 1. 1 K. P. aeruginosa 8. Neomycin K. oxytoca pneumoniae Oxytetracyclin Clindamycin Cefaclor P. S. pneumoniae Cefotaxime Neomycin Oxytetracyclin S. aeruginosa 6 aureus (2) Camellia sinensis Linn. Theaceae () (Anti-carcinogenic) - (2 (3) , 1) (8) (Endotoxins) S. pneumoniae (Community acquired) P K (Fluorine) F B A Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Catechins Theine (Theobromine) (Theophylline) (Polyphenols) (Flavonoids) (6)

2 gallic acids (10) (Theanine) (12) (Flavonome) (10) (Quercitin) (9) 3 (Stock Whatman membrane filter Vibrio cholera EGCG -3 solution).μm 6 8 Cefaclor (30 μg), Ofloxacin ( μg), Cloxacillin (1 μg), Clindamycin (2 μg), Oxytetracycline (30 μg), Enrofloxacin ( μg), Neomycin (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg) and Ampicillin/ cloxacillin (30 μg). MacConkey Mannitol Salt Kanamycin Aesculin Azide agar agar (Nutrient (Brain agar) 3 (Flavonols) Phenolic acid Flavonoid Flavandiols 30 Catechins (-)epicatechin-3-gallate (- (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) (ECG) (-)- )-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (+) catechin epicatechin () (Caffeine) phenolic acid 20 3 S. pneumoniae Corynebacterium spp. K. pneumoniae K. oxytoca N. 6 P. aeruginosa (13) Whatman No.1 Rotary vacuum evaporator 6

3 2 18 (Blood agar) Heart Infusion agar) (1) 2 18 loop 2-1 cotton swab 0. Nutrient broth (Mac Farland tube) CFU/ ml Mueller Hinton agar S. pyogenes (9) EGCG (16) 1 8. (1) 8 (18) 20 E. 19 (enteroinvasive, enterohaemorrhagic, coli enteropathogenic, enterotoxic) S. Typhi Salmonella Typhimurium Yersinia Shigella dysenteriae enterocolitica Campylobacter jejuni Vibrio cholerae P. aeruginosa Plesiomonas shigelloides 1 S. Acinetobacter (8) Corynebacterium spp pneumoniae E. 10 PTCC K. P. K. oxytoca (20) coli (PTCC No. 1338) K. pneumoniae No (21) pneumoniae aeruginosa (22) S. 33 (16) aureus (Methicillin resistant)

4 N. K. oxytoca () Neomycin Ofloxacin 1 K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa Oxytetracycline S. pneumoniae Cefaclor Oxytetracycline Clindamycin Cefotaxime Neomycin P. aeruginosa 6 (23) L. (9) Bacillus cereus (, S. pyogenes) Lactobacillus acidophilus Bacillus animalis casei Probiotic strains S. Corynebacterium N. spp. pneumoniae (In vivo) Catechin (Lipid bilayer membrane) 1 Antibacterial Camellia sinensis CEC OFX DA2 T30 K. pneumoniae 30 S 11 R Zones of Growth Inhibition (mm) of: K. P. oxytoca aeruginosa 8 R 2 S 19 S ENR 2 S 2 S N30 19 S 1 Int. CTX30 2 S APX30 11 R R: resistant; S: sensitive; Int.: intermediate S 16. Int. 2 S 13. R 10. R S 11.6 R 1 19 S 16 Int. 11 R 2 S 1 Int. 38 S 30 S

5 2 Zones of Growth 8 Inhibition (mm) of: Antibacterial S. pneumoniae Corynebacterium spp. Camellia sinensis CEC 10 R 13.8 R 18 Int. OFX S 18.8 S 18 S DA2 13. R 11.8 R 22 S T30 1. Int. 9.8 R 10 R ENR 1.2 S 2.6 S 2 S N R 12.6 R 1 S CTX30 12 R 1 Mod.S APX30 11 R 19. S 30 S R: resistant; S: sensitive; Int.: intermediate; Mod. S: moderately susceptible. 1. Okesola, A. O. and Ige, O. M. (2008). Trends in bacterial pathogens of lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 0: Parekh, J. and Chanda, S. (200). In vitro screening of antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of various Indian plant species against selected pathogens from Enterobacteriaceae. African J. Microbial. Res. 1(6): Ozylimaz, E.; Akan, O. A.; Gulhan, M.; Ahmed, K. and Nagatake, T. (200). Major bacteria of community- acquired respiratory tract infections in Turkey. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 8: Srifuengfung, S.; Tribuddharat, C.; Yung Yuen, T. and Wensentia, T. (200). Respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria (Non- Mycobacterium) and their antibiogram in HIV- positive patients. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 36(3): Madhi, S. A. (2001). Lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-1- infected South African children. The southern African J. HIV Medicine. Pp: Ndip, R. N. ; Ntiege, E. A. ; Ndip, L. M. ; Nkwelang, G. Akoachere, T. K. and Akenji, N. T. (2008). Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial agents of the upper respiratory tract of school children in Buea- Cameroon. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 26(): Tiwari, R.P.; Bharti, S.K.; Kaur, H.D.; Dikshit, R.P. and Hoondal, G.S. (200). Synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea & antibiotics. Indian J. Med. Res. 122: Hosseini Jazani, N.; Shahabi, Sh.; Abdi Ali, A. and Zartoshti, M. (200). Antibacterial effects of water soluble green tea extracts on multi- antibiotic resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 10(9): Czerwinska, E. and Piotrowski, W. (2006). Microbiological purity of tea and its antimicrobial activity. Tom 8. Rok Khalaf, N.A. ; Shakya, A. K.; AL- Othman, A. ; EL- Agbar, Z. and Farah, H. (2008). Antioxidant activity of some commen plants. Turk. J. Biol. 32: Su, P.; Henriksson, A.; Nilsson, C. and Mitchell, H. (2008). Synergistic effect of green tea extract and 9

6 probiotics on the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2: Toda, M.; Okubo, S.; Ikagai,H.; Suzuki, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Hara, Y. and Shimamura, T. (1992). The protective activity of tea catechins against experimentalinfection by Vibrio cholerae O1. Microbiol. Immunol. 36: Anessiny, G. and Perez, C. (1993). Screening of plants used a green line. Folk medicine for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 39: Harley, J. P. and Prescott, L. M. (2002). Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology. th Ed. The Mc Grow- Hill Companies, U.S.A Michalczyk, M. and Zawislak, A. (2008). The effect of tea infusions on the proliferation of selected bacteria important for the human intestinal tract. Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment. (1): Yoda, Y., Hu, Z.Q. and Zhao, W.H. (200). Different susceptibilities of Staphylococcus and Gramnegative rods to epigallocatechin gallate. J. Infect. Chemotherapy. 10: Yam T.S., Shah S., Hamilton-Miller J.M.T., (199). Microbiological activity of whole and fractionated crude extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis) and of tea components. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 12, Toda M., Okubo S., Hiyoshi R., Shimamura T. (1989). The bactericidal activity of tea and cofee. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 8, Shahidi Bonjar, G.H.(200a). Screening for antibacterial properties of some Iranian plants against two strains of Escherichia coli. Asian J. Plant Sci., 3(2): Shahidi Bonjar, G.H.(200b). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Iranian medicinalplants against Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Asian J. Plant Sci., 3(1): Akroum, S.; Satta, D. and Laloui, K. (2009). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some Algerian plants. European J. Sci. Res., 31(2): Taguri, T.; Tanaka, T. and Kouno, I. (2006). Antibacterial spectrum of plant polyphenols and extracts depending upon hydroxyphenyl structure. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29:

7 Inhibitory effect of green tea extract on bacteria isolated from respiratory tract infections M. S. Abbas I. J. Lafta A. I. Modafer Coll. of Vet. Med./ Unive of Baghdad Abstract The sensitivity of 20 gram-positive and gram- negative bacterial isolates obtained from patients suffered from respiratory diseases were studied. Gram- positive bacteria included: isolates of both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and one isolate of Corynebacterium spp., while gram- negative bacteria consisted of Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 isolate), Klebsiella oxytoca (1 isolate), Escherichia coli (2 isolates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 isolates) and Neisseria (1 isolate). Camellia sinensis Linn leaf ethanolic extract antimicrobial activity was studied. We compared the mean zone of growth inhibition produced by green tea extract with that of the eight antibiotics used in this study. Green tea was effective against all tested gram- positive bacteria and some gram- negative bacteria, in which mean zone of growth inhibition of 1.66 mm in, 1. mm in S. pneumoniae and 1 mm in Corynebacterium spp. was observed. As far as gram- negative bacteria, green tea extract produced the highest zone of growth inhibition of 1 mm against and the lowest growth inhibition zone (8. mm) in case of and it was not effective in inhibition of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca.the antimicrobial activity of green tea extract was similar to that of Neomycin when testing the sensitivity of N., while it was similar to oxytetracycline when testing. The green tea extract gave low growth inhibition zones, but was higher than that reported by antibiotics: (cefaclor, clindamycin, oxytetracycline, neomycin and cefotaxime) when studying S. Pneumoniae sensitivity. P. aeruginosa revealed wide antibiotic resistant, in which it resisted antibiotics, followed by and, as both of them resisted 6 antibiotics. 61