Observations and Results

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Observations and Results 71

2 Observations and Results Life Cycle: The life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows complete metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs: Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an incubation period of 4-5 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens. Larvae: Young Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 4-5 days and the larvae feed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head or brownish head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning web to join grains. The larval development was inside the grain cluster. The larval period ranged from first instar larval 4 to5 days. Second instar larval period ranged 5 to 6 days. Third instar larval period ranged 3 to 4 days. Fourth instar larval period ranged 3 to 4 days. Fifth instar larval period ranged 5 to 7 days. Sixth instar larval period ranged 8 to 10 days. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour with short scattered hairs. Total Larval period is days in summer and may be extended in winter. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about days but may extend to days to tide over winter months. Adult: 72

3 Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start emerging after days. Moths commence mating and egg laying immediately after emergence. Female lays about eggs within few days after emergence. Caterpillar alone is responsible for damage. It prefers partially damaged grains to feed. It pollutes food grains with frass, moults and dense webbing. In case of whole grains, kernels are bound into lumps up to 2 kg with the following 1. Grain converted to webbed mass 2. Damaged grain / flour with bad odour unfit for consumption. 1) Parthenogenetic development of eggs laid by female C. cephalonica- During the present study it was observed that the female emerged from pupa is able to lay eggs without mating with male. Life Cycle: The parthenogenetical life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows complete metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs: Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an incubation period of 5-8 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens Larvae: Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica larvae hatched out from the egg within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. 73

4 Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is days in summer and may be extended in winter. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about days but may extend to winter months. Adult: Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start emerging after days. Moths commence mating and egg laying immediately after emergence eggs per female within few days after emergence. 2) Life cycle of Parthenogenetic male and Parthenogenetic female- Egg: Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an incubation period of 5-8 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens. Larvae: Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about 74

5 actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is days in summer and may be extended in winter. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about days but may extend to winter months. Adult: Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start emerging after days. Moths commence mating and egg laying immediately after emergence eggs per female within few days after emergence. 3) Life cycle of parthenogenetic female and normal male- Egg: Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an incubation period of 7-9 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens. Larvae: Young Parthenogenetic female and normal male Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 7-9 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time 75

6 and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is days in summer and may be extended in winter. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about days but may extend to winter months. Adult: Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start emerging after days. Moths commence mating and egg laying immediately after emergence eggs per female within few days after emergence. 4) Life cycle of parthenogenetic male and normal female- Egg: Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an incubation period of 7-10 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens. Larvae: Young Parthenogenetic male and normal female Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 7-10 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish 76

7 in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is days in summer and may be extended in winter. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about days but may extend to winter months. Adult: Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start emerging after days. Moths commence mating and egg laying immediately after emergence eggs per female within few days after emergence. Male and female emergence data: Male and female moth emergence data from Parthenogenetic individuals was summarized in the table number 15 and figure number 15.1, 15.2, and ) Mating of normal female and normal male: When normal male and normal female were mated, the female laid on an average, ±5.29 eggs. In the present study ±6.56 moths were emerged from ±5.29 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moths was 94.17%, in which males were 60.95% and females were 38.69%. 2) Parthenogenetic female: Among Parthenogenetic female laid on an average ±4.58 eggs, In present study 89.33±3 moths were emerged from ±

8 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moth was 53.92%, in which females were 43.65% and males were 55.97%. 3) Mating of parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male: When Parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male were mated, female laid on an average195±7.21 eggs. In the present study ±4.16 moths were emerged from 195±7.21 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moth was 67.00%, in which males were 50.51% and females were 48.98%. 4) Mating of parthenogenetic male and normal female: When parthenogenetic male and normal female were mated, the female laid on an average, ±9 eggs. In the present study, 172±8.54 moths were emerged from ±9 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moths was 91.16%, in which females were 38.95% and males were 61.04%. 5) Mating of parthenogenetic female and normal male: When parthenogenetic female and normal male were mated, the female laid on an average, ±4.58 eggs. In the present study ±7.21 moths were emerged from ±4.58 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moths was 81.03%, in which females were 2.28% and males were 58.24%. Morphological effect of Phytochemicals against the 4 th Instar Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica: The present investigation showed that different concentrations of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana and Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli causes mortality of Corcyra cephalonica life cycle stages. The toxicity of the plant extracts to larva, 78

9 pupa and adult increase with the increase in the concentration as compared with the control. When larvae were treated with different concentrations of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana and Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli the following morphological changes in the developing larvae, pupae and adults were observed. General sluggishness and cessation of feeding was observed after two days of treatment that increased significantly as the time enhanced. Gradually, the body became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and yellowish colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening occurred resulting in the death of the larvae. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupa formation with attached larval skin and ruptured abdomen. Adults emerged from the exposed larvae were mostly abnormal and hence further generation may be controlled. Table and figure 1 shows efficacy of kernel s extract of Semicarpus anacardium in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was observed with the increase in concentration of Semicarpus anacardium. In Semicarpus anacardium kernel extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration per kg of rice, 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 100% mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence reduction take place. Pupation was 80% at 0.5ml concentration which decreased to 10% at 1.5 ml concentration of the S. anacardium. Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2ml concentration of S. anacardium. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal mortality 79

10 which enhanced to 100% at 1.5 ml concentration of S. anacardium in chloroform extract. In acetone extract of S. anacardium, at 0.5 ml concentration per kg of rice, larval mortality was 10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration. As the concentration was increased, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was 90% at 0.5ml concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5ml concentration of the S. anacardium no pupal mortality found. 70% adult emergences were recorded at 1.5 ml concentration of Semicarpus anacardium. At 2ml concentration of extract 100% larval mortality was observed. Chloroform and acetone extract showed highest mortality of larva and pupa as compared with methanol and ethanol extract. Table and figure 2 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Increased larval mortality was observed with the increase in concentration of Argemone mexicana. In Argemone Mexicana leaf extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration, 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 90% mortality was recorded. As the concentration increased, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was 80% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 10% at 2 ml concentration of the A. mexicana. Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. mexicana pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration, 10% pupal mortality which increased to 100% at 2 ml concentration of A. mexicana in chloroform extract and no adult emergence. 80

11 In methanol extract at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was 10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. mexicana. As the concentration increased a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 80% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A. mexicana, 10% pupal mortality was observed. At 2 ml concentration of extract 100% larval mortality was observed. Chloroform and methanol extracts showed highest mortality of larva and pupa as compared with acetone and ethanol extracts. Table and figure 3 shows efficacy of seed s extract of Annona squamosa in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was observed with the increase in concentration of Annona squamosa. In Annona squamosa seed extract in Acetone at 0.5 ml concentration 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 100% mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence take place. Pupation was 80% at 0.5.ml concentration which decreased to 50% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A. squamosa correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. squamosa. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal mortality was observed. In ethanol extract, at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was 10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. squamosa. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence reduction occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A. squamosa. At 2 ml extract 100% larval mortality was observed. 81

12 Acetone and ethanol extract shows highest mortality of larva and pupa as compared with chloroform and methanol extracts. Table and figure 4 shows efficacy of phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was observed with the increase in concentration of Euphorbia tirucalli. In Euphorbia tirucalli extract in chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 70% mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 80% at 0.5.ml concentration which decreased to 30% at 2 ml concentration of the E. tirucalli. Correspondingly 10% adult emergences were recorded at 2 ml concentration of E. tirucalli. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. Chloroform extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as compared with acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts. Table and figure 5 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium oleander in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was observed with the increase in concentration of Nerium oleander. In Nerium oleander extract in acetone at 0.5 ml concentration, 10% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 80% mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 20% at 2 ml concentration of the N. oleander. Correspondingly no adult emergence was recorded at 2 ml concentration of N. oleander. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of 82

13 the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration 10% pupal mortality and 20% at 2 ml concentration of N. oleander in acetone was observed. Acetone extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as compared with chloroform, methanol and ethanol extract. From the above data it is evident that all extracts of all plants tested does not have required toxicity to control the infestation of C. cephalonica. The lethal and sublethal doses were therefore calculated for only the suitable extracts. The mortality responses of the Corcyra cephalonica on exposure of different concentrations of plant extracts i.e. kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform and acetone solvent, leaf extracts of Argemone mexicana in chloroform and methanol solvents, extract of Annona squamosa in acetone and ethanol, extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform, leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvents were studied. The range of statistical calculations and determination of LD 10, and LD 50 values as per Finney s (1971) are given in table number 6 and 7 for kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, table number 8 and 9 for leaf extract of Argemone mexicana, table number 10 and 11 for seeds extract of Annona squamosa, table number 12 for extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform, table number 13 extracts of Nerium oleander in acetone solvents. The graphs regarding the empirical and improved expected probit against the log of concentration are given in figure 6 and 7 for Regression and Provisional lines for LD 10, and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to chloroform and acetone extract of kernel of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours. The LD 10 value for 96 hours of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is ml/kg 83

14 respectively (Table No. 6). The LD10 value for 96 hours of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 7). The LD10 value for 96 hours of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 8). The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in methanol solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in methanol solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 9). The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 10). The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in ethanol solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in ethanol solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 11). The LD10 value for 96 hours on extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 12). The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent is ml/kg respectively (Table No. 13). Plate I (a) shows, Corcyra cephalonica adult mating dorsal view and (b) shows Corcyra cephalonica adult mating ventral view. Plate II (a) 84

15 shows culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory, and (b) shows egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate III (a) egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica with extended ovipositor. Plate IV (a) first instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate V (a) third instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica, and (b) shows fourth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica. Plates VI (a) shows fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate VII (a) shows male and female larva of Corcyra cephalonica identification experimental setup for the study of sexual dimorphic characters at larval stage. Both (Male and Female) larvae are pale white in colour, female larva is larger than male larva. Last abdominal segment of the female abdomen shows dark spot while in case of male it is absent. Plate VII (b) shows experimental setup for male and female larva (separate culture). Male and female larvae are cultured in separate vials. Plate VIII (a) shows pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed grains (b) shows male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica. A pale yellowish pupa with round abdomen was observed from the vials in which female larvae were cultured and slightly dark black colored pupa with pointed abdomen was observed from the vials in which female larvae s are cultured. Plate IX (a) shows male and female pupa identification experimental setup emerged male and female moth (b) Experimental setup. Plate X shows adult moth of Corcyra cephalonica. Female moth is larger than male moth with a pair of long and pointed labial palps and male moth is smaller than female moth and labial palps are very short and blunt. 85

16 Plate XI shows consolidated life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate XII shows damage caused to rice by the infestation of Corcyra cephalonica. Larvae begin to feed, trailing a silken thread. The silk webbing binds and starts spinning web to join grains. Plate XIII shows (a) Semecarpus anacardium twig and its kernels and (b) shows powder of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium. Plate XIV (a) shows the plant of Argemone mexicana in field and (b) powder of the plant Argemone mexicana leaves in laboratory. Plate-XV (a) shows the plant of Annona squamosa in field and (b) shows seeds of Annona squamosa. Plate XVI (a) shows plant of Euphorbia tirucalli and phylloclade of Euphorbia tirucalli and (b) shows powder of phylloclade Euphorbia tirucalli. Plate XVII (a) shows the collection of Nerium oleander plant from field while (b) shows powder of leaves of Nerium oleander in laboratory. Plate XVIII shows the method of extraction of phytochemicals (plant extract) as was done by Soxhlet apparatus. Plate XIX (a) shows experimental setup for the exposure of larva of Corcyra cephalonica to plant extracts while (b) shows culture of the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant extracts. Plate XX shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to Kernel s extracts of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a, b) and acetone (c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c, d shows that the body of larva gradually became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae was recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen. 86

17 Plate XXI shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf extracts of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol (c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae were observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen. Plate XXII shows, the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to seeds extracts of Annona squmosa in acetone (a and b) and ethanol (c and d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae were recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen. Plate XXIII shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf extracts of phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform (a, b) solvents. Fig. (a) and (b) show that, the body of the larvae becomes yellowish black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae was observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen. Plate XXIV shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf extracts of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent. Fig. (a) and (b) show that, the body of the larvae became yellowish black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in 87

18 the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae were recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen. Plate XXV (A) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4 th instar larvae to extract of kernel of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a) and acetone (b) solvent. Fig. (a) and (b) show the abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and acetone solvent during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal intermediates were also observed, indicating the effect of the plant on chitin synthesis of the insect. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation attached to the larval skin. (B) Shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4 th instar larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (c) and methanol (d) solvent. Fig. (c) and (d) shows the abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and methanol solvent was observed during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal intermediates were also observed indicating the effect of the plant on chitin synthesis of the insect. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation attached to the larval skin. Plate XXVI (C) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4 th instar larvae to extract of seeds of Annona squamosa in acetone (e) and ethanol (f) solvent. Fig. (e) shows the Abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in acetone solvent was observed during molting from one stage to another. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation fig. (f) larval pupal intermediates of Corcyra cephalonica in ethanol solvent was observed during molting from one 88

19 stage to another. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation (D) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4 th instar larvae to extract of phylloclade s of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform (g) and extract of Nerium oleander in acetone (h) solvent. Fig. (g and h) larval pupal intermediates of C. cephalonica was observed during molting from one stage to another. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation. Plate XXVII shows, the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra cephalonica adult emerged after treatment of 4 th instar larvae to kernel s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a and b) and acetone (c and d) solvent. Fig. (a) Abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica with shrinked wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and figure (b) abnormal adult with vestigial wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Fig (c) and (d) abnormal adults with enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Plate XXVIII showed the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra cephalonica adult resulted from 4 th instar larvae treated with leaf extracts of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol(c, d) solvent. Fig. (a) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform, with vestigial wings and enlarged abdominal were observed. Fig. (b) shows abnormal adult with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Figure (c) and (d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in acetone with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. 89

20 Plate XXIX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra cephalonica adult resulted from 4 th instar larvae treated with seeds extract of Annona squamosa in acetone (a, b) and ethanol (c, d) solvent. Fig. (a, b, c and d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to seed extract of Annona squamosa in acetone and ethanol with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Plate XXX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra cephalonica adult resulted from 4 th instar larvae treated with extract of phylloclade s Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig. (a, b, c and d) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to seed extract of phylloclade s Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen and abnormal adult were observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Plate XXXI shows the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra cephalonica Adult resulted from 4 th instar larvae treated with extract of Nerium oleander in acetone(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig. ( a, b, c and d) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone with shrinked wings and enlarged abdomen and hence further generation may be controlled. Plate XXXII shows T.S. of foregut of control (A) and treated (B- S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) Shows the foregut of Corcyra cephalonica larvae is the anterior most part of the alimentary canal which starts from the mouth and continues as the midgut. It is subdivided into pharynx, oesophagus and crop. The wall of the fore 90

21 gut externally was bounded by peritoneum, middle muscle layer composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal cells based on a basement membrane which is lined internally by cuticular intima from inner side. Figures (B, C, D, and E) show the pathological changes observed in oesophagus and crop when exposed to different type of plant extract. While feeding the extract mixed food, the phytochemicals in the extract acts on the linings of the gut.the general destruction caused by the plant extract were shrinkage of epithelial cells and reduced in size in the larvae treated with plant extract, epithelial cells were disintegrated and spread into the gut lumen, circular muscles also ruptured resulting in to the disappearance of plasma membrane, shedding of cytoplasm and vacuolization. Plate XXXIII shows the T. S. of midgut control (A) and treated (B- S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) The midgut of the larvae is the main organ involved in digestion and absorption of food. It is a straight and long tube occupying the major part of the alimentary tract. Histologically, a stratum of enteric epithelium, the outer ends of whose cells rest upon a basement membrane, lines the mid gut. The latter is followed by an inner layer of circular muscles and an outer layer of longitudinal muscles. The outer most coat of the mid gut is a thin peritoneal membrane. The columnar (cylindrical) cells of the mid gut are active functional cells, whose inner brush border projecting into the lumen promotes secretion and absorption. Goblet cells (calcyform) are small secretory cells interspersed among columnar cells. Figures (B, C, D and E) show the effect of the plant extract on the midgut wall which includes the destruction, disintegration and shrinkage of the columnar epithelial cells. The circular muscles become thinner than the normal and the longitudinal 91

22 muscles get detached from them. Vacuolization and degeneration of epithelial cells was observed. The cells get separated from each other, become loose and some of them get discharged into the lumen of the midgut. Plate XXXIV shows the T. S. of the hindgut control (A) and treated (B- S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) The hindgut is the terminal part of the alimentary canal of the larvae, opening by anus to the exterior. Histologically hindgut is similar to the foregut. It contains an outer layer of peritoneum, middle muscle layer made of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle and on inner most epithelial layer. The epithelial layer similar to foregut is lined by a chitinous intima. Figures (B, C, D and E) show the histological degenerations in hind gut, which are of the same nature as are observed in the foregut except that they are varied in the intensity of damage. The nature of damage includes vacuolization, degeneration and disintegration of epithelial cells. The cell boundaries disappear. Plate XXXV (a) shows the culture of individual pupa and emergence of female by Parthenogenetic and (b) shows laying of Parthenogenetic eggs from the independently developed female. Plate XXXVI shows (a) Parthenogenetic experimental setup culture for four different mating groups (1) Parthenogenetic female, (2) Parthenogenetic male and Parthenogenetic female, (3) Parthenogenetic female and normal male, (4) Parthenogenetic male and normal female. Plate (B) shows rearing of Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica culture on rice in laboratory and the eggs laid by the different mating groups were used for culture. Different 92

23 culture groups of Corcyra cephalonica are useful to study the potential of the parthenogenetic eggs for he survival. 93

24 Table-1 Efficacy of kernel s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Solvent Extract in ml/kg of rice Larval Mortality (%) Pupation (%) Pupal Mortality (%) Adult Emergence (%) Chloroform Control Control Acetone Control Methanol Control Ethanol

25 Table-2 Efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Solvent Extract in ml/kg of rice Larval Mortality (%) Pupation (%) Pupal Mortality (%) Adult Emergence (%) Control Chloroform Acetone Control Control Methanol Ethanol Control

26 Table-3 Efficacy of Seeds extract of Annona squamosa in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Solvent Extract in ml/kg of rice Larval Mortality (%) Pupation (%) Pupal Mortality (%) Adult Emergence (%) Control Chloroform Control Acetone Control Methanol Control Ethanol

27 Table-4 Efficacy of phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Solvent Extract in ml/kg of rice Larval Mortality (%) Pupation (%) Pupal Mortality (%) Adult Emergence (%) Control Chloroform Control Acetone Methanol Control Control Ethanol

28 Table-5 Efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium oleander in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Solvent Extract in ml/kg of rice Larval Mortality (%) Pupation (%) Pupal Mortality (%) Adult Emergence (%) Control Chloroform Control Acetone Control Methanol Control Ethanol

29 Table-6 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of Kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hrs Sr. No. Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 24 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % One Added to the log W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = )Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= = ΣW Antilog= = ) y = ΣWy = = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= = ΣW ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy ΣWx 2 x.σwx = x = = x x Antilog= = = = = x (One substracted from each log value)

30 Sr. No. Table -7 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone of Kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hrs Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 96 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % ) % W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = )Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= = ΣW Antilog= ) y = ΣWy = = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= = ΣW Antilog = = x x ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy ΣWx 2 x.σwx = x = = x = =

31 Table-8 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonic aafter the treatment in Chloroform extract of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs Sr. No. Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Expose d n Mortali ty For 96 hrs. r % Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirica l Probit Expecte d Probit Weighin g Coefficient Weight W=nw Workin g probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % ) % ) % One added to the log W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = ) Regression equation:- 1) LD10= = Antilog of ΣW = ) y = Wy = W ) b = Wxy x. Wy Wx 2 x. Wx = Y = y + b (x x ) = x x = x x ) LD50= = Antilog of = = = = x = x (One substracted from each log value) 101

32 Sr. No. Table-9 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Methanol extract of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 24 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = )Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= = ΣW Antilog= ) y = ΣWy = = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= = ΣW Antilog= ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy ΣWx 2 x.σwx = = x x = x = = = x

33 Table-10 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone extract of seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hrs Sr. No. Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 96 hrs. r % Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % ) % ) % One added to the log 1) x = ΣWx = ΣW = W= Wx= Wy= Wx2= = ) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= ) y = ΣWy ΣW = = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy ΣWx 2 x.σwx = = = = = x Wy2= Wxy= = Antilog of = = x x Antilog of = = x (One substracted from each log value) 103

34 Table-11 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Ethanol extract of seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hrs Sr. No. Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 24 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = )Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= = Antilog=1.482 ΣW ) y = ΣWy = = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= = Antilog=2.030 ΣW = x x ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy = ΣWx 2 x.σwx = x = = = x

35 Table-12 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of phylloclade Euphorbia tirucalli for 96 hrs Sr. No. Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 96 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % ) % W= Wx= Wy= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= ) x = ΣWx = = ) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10= = Antilog=1.267 ΣW ) y = ΣWy = ΣW ) b = ΣWxy x.σwy ΣWx 2 x.σwx = Y = y + b (x x ) 2) LD 50= = = x x = x = = = x , = Antilog=

36 Sr. No. Table-13 Calculation of Regression equation for LD 10 and LD 50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone leaf extract of Nerium oleander for 96 hrs Conc. of Extract Log of Conc. x No. of Animal Exposed n Mortality For 96 hrs. r %Mortality P=(100r)/n Empirical Probit Expected Probit Weighing Coefficient Weight W=nw Working probit y Wx Wy Wx 2 Wy 2 Wxy Improved Expected probit y I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII 1) % ) % ) % ) % ) % ) % One added to the log 1) x = ΣWx = ΣW W= Wx= Wy= = ) LD 10= Wx 2 = Wy 2 = Wxy= = Antilog of = 2) y = ΣWy 3) b = = = ΣW ΣWxy x.σwy = ΣWx 2 x.σwx ) LD50= = Antilog of = = = (One substracted from each log value) 4) Regression equation: Y= y + b (x x ) = x x = x = x

37 Table 15 Male and Female emergence data from parthenogenetic individuals Sr. No. 1. Type Normal male and Normal Female Moths (Control) No. of Egg laid No. of Moth emergence Male ( ) % Female ( ) % Total % emergence of moth ± ± Parthenogenetic Female ± ± Parthenogenetic Female and Parthenogenetic Male Parthenogenetic Male and Normal Female Parthenogenetic and Normal Male Female 195± ± ±9 172± ± ± ±indicates Standard deviation of three sets 107

38 Table-14 Comparison of LD 10 and LD 50 values of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana, seeds extract of Annona squamosa, phylloclade Euphorbia tirucalli and leaf extract of Nerium oleander to Corcyra cephalonica. Name of plant Kernel extract of S. anacardium Solvent Time of exposure in hrs. Regression equation Y = y + b (x x) LD 10 value in ml/kg LD 50 value in ml/kg Chloroform 96 Y = x Acetone 96 Y = x Leaf extract of A. mexicana Seeds extract of A. squamosa Chloroform 96 Y = x Methanol 96 Y = x Acetone 96 Y = x Ethanol 96 Y = x Phylloclade extract of E. tirucalli Chloroform 96 Y = x Leaf extract of N. oleander Acetone 96 Y = x

39 Figure-1 Efficacy of kernels extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. 109

40 Figure-2 Efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. 110

41 Figure-3 Efficacy of Seeds extract of Annona squamosa in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. 111

42 Figure-4 Efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium oleander in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. 112

43 Figure-5 Efficacy of phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. 113

44 Empirical/Improved Expected probit Figure 6: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration Figure 7: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of Kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected Probit Log of Concentration 114

45 Empirical/Improved Expected probit Empirical/Improved Expected probit Figure 8: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration Figure 9: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Methanol extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration 115

46 Empirical/Improved Expected probit Empirical/Improved Expected probit Figure 10: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration Figure 11: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Ethanol extract of seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration 116

47 Empirical/Improved Expected probit Empirical/Improved Expected probit Figure 12: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract of Euphorbia for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration Figure 13: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of leaves of Nerium for 96 hours Empirical Probit Improved Expected probit y Log of Concentration 117

48 No. of moth emergernce No. of eggs laid Figure 15.1 Eggs laid by the female Corcyra cephalonica in various mating groups Parthenogenesis (Eggs laid) No. of Egg laid 0 Normal Moth Parthenogenetical Female Parthenogenetical Female and Male Type Parthenogenetical Male and Normal Female Parthenogenetical Female and Normal Male Figure 15.2 Male and Female emergence data from Normal and Parthenogenetic individuals Parthenogenesis (Moth emergence) 200 No. of Moth emergence Normal Moth Parthenogenetical Female Parthenogenetical Female and Male Type Parthenogenetical Male and Normal Female Parthenogenetical Female and Normal Male 118

49 Percentage Figure 15.3 Percentage (%) data of Normal and Parthenogenetic male and female individuals Parthenogenesis and % 70 % % Normal Moth Parthenogenetical Female Parthenogenetical Female and Male Parthenogenetical Male and Normal Female Parthenogenetical Female and Normal Male Type 119

50 PLATE-I a) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Dorsal view) b) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Ventral view) 120

51 PLATE-II a) Culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory b) Egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica 121

52 PLATE-III a) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica b) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica with extended ovipositor 122

53 PLATE-IV a) First instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica b) Second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica 123

54 PLATE-V a) Third instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica b) Fourth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica 124

55 PLATE-VI a) Fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica b) Sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica 125

56 PLATE-VII a) Sexual dimorphism at the larval stage of C. cephalonica b) Culture of individual larva 126

57 PLATE-VIII a) Pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed grains b) Male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica 127

58 PLATE-IX a) Male and Female Pupa Identification Experimental setup b) Experimental setup 128

59 PLATE-X Adult (Moth) of Corcyra cephalonica a) Male Moth b) Female Moth c) Labial palps of male d) Labial palps of female 129

60 PLATE-XI Life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica 130

61 PLATE-XII Damage of rice by Corcyra cephalonica 131

62 PLATE-XIII a) Kernel s of Semecarpus anacardium (Linnaeus) b) Powder of Kernel s of Semecarpus anacardium 132

63 PLATE-XIV a) Argemone mexicana (Linnaeus) Plant b) Powder of leaves of Argemone mexicana 133

64 PLATE-XV a) Annona squamosa (Linnaeus) plant b) Seeds of Annona squamosa 134

65 PLATE-XVI a) Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli (Linnaeus) plant b) Powder of Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli \ 135

66 PLATE-XVII a) Nerium oleander (Linnaeus) Plant b) Powder of Nerium oleander leaves 136

67 PLATE-XVIII Extraction of phytochemicals by Soxhlets s Apparatus 137

68 PLATE-XIX a) Experimental set up for the exposure of larva of Corcyra cephalonica to plant extracts b) Culture of larvae of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant extracts 138

69 PLATE-XX Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to Kernel s extracts of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and Acetone(c, d) extracts 139

70 PLATE-XXI Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf s extracts of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvents 140

71 PLATE-XXII Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to seed s extracts of Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol (c, d) solvents 141

72 PLATE-XXIII Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to extracts of Phylloclades of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b) solvents 142

73 PLATE-XXIV Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf s extracts of Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b) solvent 143

74 PLATE-XXV A. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure of larvae to extract of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) B. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure of larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) 144

75 PLATE-XXVI C. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure of larvae to extract of seeds of Annona squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) D. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure of larvae to extract of phylloclade s of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and leaves of Nerium oleander in Acetone (h) 145

76 PLATE-XXVII Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to kernel s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and Acetone (c, d) solvent 146

77 PLATE-XXVIII Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment to leaf s extracts of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvent 147

78 PLATE-XXIX Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to seed s extracts of Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol(c, d) solvent 148

79 PLATE-XXX Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to Phylloclade s of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b, c, d) solvent 149

80 PLATE-XXXI Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after exposure of larvae to leaf s extracts of Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b, c and d) solvent 150

81 Plate-XXXII A) T.S. of larval foregut of Corcyra cephalonica(control) B) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S. anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent C) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent 151

82 D) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent E) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E. tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent 152

83 Plate-XXXIII A) T. S. of midgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control) B) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S. anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent C) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent 153

84 D) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent E) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E. tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent 154

85 Plate-XXXIV A) T. S. of hindgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control) B) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S. anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent C) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent 155

86 D) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A. squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent E.)T. S. of hindgut of C.cephalonica after exposure to extract of E. tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent 156

87 PLATE-XXXV a) Culture of individual pupa and emergence of female b) Laying of Parthenogenetic eggs from the independently developed female 157

88 PLATE-XXXVI a) Experimental setup for the culture of four different mating groups of Parthenogenetic and normal C. cephalonica b) Rearing of Parthenogenetic C. cephalonica on Rice in laboratory 158