The x-rays produced penetrate the body which absorbs, refracts, or reflects the x-ray beam energy depending on the tissue. Bone
|
|
- Gerard Harmon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Authors Sari Cohen, Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong, Siew Hong Lau, Donna Russell-Larson Image intensifier Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong The discovery of x-rays had a profound impact on the diagnosis and management of fractures. The subsequent development, introduction, and improvement of image intensifier technology has had an equally profound impact on trauma surgery as it allows immediate verification of fracture reduction and accurate positioning of orthopaedic implants on bone. However, as with any medical equipment, the benefits, risks, and limitations must be thoroughly weighed and balanced. Ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through tissue. It alters atoms by removing one or more electrons, leaving positively charged particles known as free radicals. These free radicals may cause changes in DNA causing it to mutate and this can set off the development of malignancies. The amount of damage done by ionizing radiation depends on the dose received. Alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays are all forms of ionizing radiation. X-rays and gamma rays are forms of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Diagnostic imaging There are three primary components in an x-ray imaging system, ie, an x-ray source, the object to be x-rayed, and a system for detecting and displaying the resultant image. The x-ray source produces x-rays using high-voltage electricity in a vacuum. The operator is able to focus the beam in a process called collimation. The smaller the area focused, the sharper the x-ray image and the smaller the dose. Collimation is exactly the same process as the setting of the aperture on a conventional camera (Fig 1.6-5). The operator is also able to select predetermined settings of an x-ray exposure dose and to initiate the exposure. The x-rays produced penetrate the body which absorbs, refracts, or reflects the x-ray beam energy depending on the tissue. Bone Open beam Collimated beam More tissue irradiated Less tissue irradiated More image degradation Less image irradiated a b Fig 1.6-5a b Collimation. 85 PORP_Book.indb 85 5/7/10 11:15:28 AM
2 Introduction 1.6 Equipment will reflect and absorb most x-rays while soft tissue will allow penetration. It is this differential of x-ray penetration which results in being able to visualize human bone and joint anatomy using x-rays. When x-rays reach the target-imaging plate and are absorbed, they cause certain substances on the imaging plate to fluoresce; thus emitting photons of lower energy. This is how x-rays can produce an image on a photosensitive film which can then be made visible by developing it. Alternatively, an x-ray sensitive cartridge is used which is developed to produce an electronic version of the image which is downloaded onto a computer network. An image intensifier captures this fluorescence in real time, transmitting it to a screen. X-ray dose is measured using the Gray scale (Gy), an international unit of absorbed dose. The image intensifier has three main parts the x-ray tube, the image intensifier collector, and the display screen (Fig 1.6-6). Note that x-rays come from the tube and are fired toward the collector. For good-quality images the beam of the x-ray should travel perpendicular to the limb/bone with the image intensifier receptor as close to the patient as possible. The source-to-patient distance must be at least 38 cm for image-intensified fluoroscopic units. Hazards of radiation exposure Everyone is subjected to background radiation and most is derived from cosmic rays. Some comes from the earth itself and small amounts from medical and other artificial sources. These background levels are always present and pose little hazard. 3. Display screen 2. Image intensifier collector 1. X-ray tube Fig The three parts of an image intensifi er and x-ray tube. 86 Techniques and Principles for the Operating Room Porteous, Bäuerle PORP_Book.indb 86 5/7/10 11:15:31 AM
3 Authors Sari Cohen, Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong, Siew Hong Lau, Donna Russell-Larson Radiation sources are found in a wide range of occupational settings. If radiation is not properly controlled, it can be potentially hazardous to the workers health and can lead to development of cancer in sensitive organs, particularly in the thyroid and in bone marrow. The developing fetus is particularly at risk and exposure should be minimized in pregnancy. Exposure to x-rays is cumulative; thus, long periods between doses do not lessen the risks Radiation safety Although modern x-rays have minimal radiation effects on the patient, frequent, prolonged, and repetitive use of intraoperative image intensification have greatly increased the risk of significant radiation exposure to the surgical teams. It is the responsibility of every surgeon to be familiar with the image intensifier and to know how to minimize radiation exposure to himself/herself, the patient, and other members of the surgical team. Image intensifier machines which are able to store and then show the images taken have the effect of greatly reducing the radiation dose to which the patient and the surgical teams are exposed. Individual dose and risk limits The ICRP recommends that exposure of individuals should be subjected to dose limits, aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to unacceptable risks. Certain harmful effects of radiation, such as cataract formation, are dependent on dose. Patients and staff exposed to radiation below a certain dose (threshold dose) are not at risk of developing this complication. These effects are called deterministic. Other harmful effects of radiation do not have a threshold dose. The adverse effects which can include cancers are related to the absorbed dose but any exposure can potentially be harmful. These effects are called stochastic. The aim is to prevent any deterministic effects and minimizing the chance of stochastic effects (Tab 1.6-1). The most important principle of radiation protection is to keep all doses As Low As Reasonably Achievable while still allowing the beneficial use of ionizing radiation. The recommendations of the ICRP can be applied at several levels to control the hazards from radiation. The system of radiation protection recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in Publication 60 is based on three major principles: Justification of practice A practice which involves exposures or potential exposures should only be adopted if it is likely to produce sufficient benefit to the individual or society to outweigh the detriment or harm to health. Optimization of protection ALARA principle Individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood and magnitude of potential exposures should be kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), economic and social factors being taken into consideration. Application Effective dose Annual equivalent dose in: lens of the eye skin hands and feet Dose limit occupational 20 msv per year, averaged over defined periods of 5 years 150 msv 500 msv 500 msv Tab Recommended dose limits. Correct patient 1 msv in a year 15 msv 50 msv 87 PORP_Book.indb 87 5/7/10 11:15:34 AM
4 Introduction 1.6 Equipment Regulatory requirements The ICRP and many national regulatory agencies worldwide adopt a conservative stance with regard to radiation protection in radiology and medicine. The reason is that evidence surrounding low-dose radiation and its resulting risks is inconclusive. Foundation for a safety program Absorbed dose is related to duration, distance, and shielding. The three major techniques to maintain the ALARA principles are reducing duration of exposure, increasing the distance to the source of exposure, and shielding. The formulation and implementation of regulations and legislation varies from country to country. Regulations provide a link between the ICRP recommendations and their implementation in the workplace. The regulations define a satisfactory standard of protection and apply to all justified practices. Management requirements Management has the important role of implementing system safeguards for quality control and safety. It should also take potential exposures into account and institute risk analysis to identify possible causes of incidents and limit the probability and effect of such incidents. Regular quality control tests should be done to detect deterioration in equipment performance to minimize undue patient and staff radiation exposure. One of the main responsibilities of this management is to encourage a good attitude to safety and recognition that safety is a personal responsibility. In addition, the management should optimize protection by clearly defining responsibilities and providing clear and simple operating instructions. Monitoring Absorbed dose by staff members needs to be monitored by means of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and personal pocket dosimeters. TLDs are able to record total exposure, while pocket dosimeters are used to immediately determine radiation exposure. They are to be worn at the waist level and are the most accurate form of monitoring workers exposure to radiation. Duration Minimizing the duration of exposure directly reduces the radiation dose: Keep beam-on time to a minimum Inform the radiographer where the C-arm is positioned Perform a trial screening in the planned projections after positioning of patient Take only the minimum number of images required Rely on stored images without the need for reexposure Minimize use of magnification (source close to limb) Collimate the image whenever possible Use single-pulsed mode image intensification and pulsedscreening mode, instead of continuous image intensification. Studies suggest that screening time is controlled predominantly by the surgeon Controlling the dose received by the patient will helps in turn control the dose for the staff Distance The further you are from an x-ray source, the less radiation you will receive. The inverse square law states that the dose of radiation received is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the x-ray source. Therefore, increasing the distance between you and the source of radiation a little bit will significantly reduce the dose of radiation received. Doubling the distance reduces the radiation to a quarter. Shielding Exposure to radiation is reduced if dense-absorbing material such as lead and concrete are used to surround x-ray units. The doors and walls of operating rooms designated for image intensification 88 Techniques and Principles for the Operating Room Porteous, Bäuerle PORP_Book.indb 88 5/7/10 11:15:36 AM
5 Authors Sari Cohen, Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong, Siew Hong Lau, Donna Russell-Larson should be shielded with lead and made of reinforced concrete, respectively (Fig 1.6-7). Protective equipment for staff (Fig 1.6-8) and patients must be provided and used. The following are recommended: Gowns/aprons/skirt/vest with 0.5 mm lead equivalent for surgical teams Neck shields to protect the thyroid Lead glasses decrease exposures of the eyes, 0.15 mm lead equivalent goggles provide 70% attenuation beam energies Gonad shielding of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalence must be used on patients of reproductive age, if the gonads are in the primary beam and the shielding does not interfere with the diagnostic procedure Lead screens provide additional protection of OR personnel who do not wear lead protection. Viewing glass materials must have the same lead equivalence as the shield Scattered radiation under the table must be attenuated by at least 0.25 mm lead equivalence shielding Walls, ceiling, doors, and floor areas of rooms housing diagnostic units must be provided with sufficient protective shielding (lead or lead equivalent materials) Fig Leaded door. Fig Proper protective equipment and lead screen for OR staff. 89 PORP_Book.indb 89 5/7/10 11:15:38 AM
6 Introduction 1.6 Equipment Note that the reduction in radiation dose provided by a lead apron depends on its physical condition, how it is worn, its lead equivalence, and the strength of the x-ray beam. Lead aprons cover about 75 80% of a person s active bone marrow. Crumpling of the lead apron will break the integrity of the lead-fiber shielding, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, lead aprons should be properly hung up after use and not folded in any manner (Fig 1.6-9). The maximum scatter comes from the side of the patient that is closest to the x-ray tube (Fig ). The side of the patient closest to the image intensifier gives off less scatter because the direct beam and scattered radiation are reduced as they pass through the patient due to absorption. Scatter Not all x-rays pass through the object on which they are focused. Some are also reflected and refracted as they penetrate through the object resulting in scatter. Members of the surgical team standing close to the patient are at particular risk of exposure from scatter. It is therefore important to understand how this can be minimized. Image intensifier X-ray tube a Fig 1.6-9a b a Proper care of aprons. b Improper care of aprons. b 0 m 0.5 m 1 m Fig Scatter dose diminishes with distance. 90 Techniques and Principles for the Operating Room Porteous, Bäuerle PORP_Book.indb 90 5/7/10 11:15:43 AM
7 Authors Sari Cohen, Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong, Siew Hong Lau, Donna Russell-Larson Therefore, during image intensification, whenever possible: The x-ray beam should be aimed in such a way that the scatter is going toward the floor and not into the surgical team. In practice this means placing the x-ray tube under the patient. The image intensifier receptor should be kept as close as possible to the patient (Fig ). This not only reduces scatter but also improves image quality and reduces radiation dose. Since the amount of scatter produced increases with the size of the area irradiated, it is good practice to restrict the field size to the area receiving imaging. Staff exposure can be limited by keeping as far from the beam as physically possible when an image is being obtained. In the lateral projection, the source (ie, x-ray tube) is usually at the surgeon s side; the surgical team should stand further away from the source, and no one should stand directly behind the image intensifier receptor itself as x-rays are aimed directly at it. Surgeons and assistants who must face the operation site during the use of the image intensifier should avoid being positioned directly in the beam (Fig ). X-ray tube Image intensifier msv/h at 0.5 mm msv/h at 1 m Patient distance = 1 m 100 kv 1 ma 3.2 msv/h) 0.8 msv/h) 3.2 msv/h) 0.6 msv/h X-ray tube Patient thickness = 18 cm 3.2 msv/h) 0.3 msv/h Fig Image intensifi er positioned as close as possible to the patient. 0 m 0.5 m 1 m Fig Note the effectiveness of distance relating to the received scattered radiation dose. 91 PORP_Book.indb 91 5/7/10 11:15:50 AM
8 Introduction 1.6 Equipment Documentation Every hospital must have a radiation safety protocol as an integral part of the occupational health and safety program. Although regulations and practice varies in different parts of the world, the following principles should apply: Written policies and procedures address compliance with applicable standards, laws, and regulations Attendance at the radiation safety awareness program for hospital staff is mandatory All employees who are exposed to radiation are registered and are assigned personal thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLDs) to monitor their radiation exposure: The regulatory authority will issue a new TLD every 2 months and report the result TLDs have to be worn at the waist level, beneath a lead apron Handling of lead aprons: Lead aprons are tagged with an ID, and are inspected annually Reports are to be filed by the user department Proper metal racks constructed to hang the lead aprons must be used when aprons are not in use Posting and labeling: All operating rooms with x-ray/image intensifier machines shall be clearly and visibly labeled to caution individuals that such machines produce radiation when operated Radiation safety inspection checklist to aid in auditing/ inspecting radiation areas should be created Radiation safety and radioactive waste disposal manuals made available in the hospital intranet All x-ray machines come with a use log requiring the following information each time the machine is used: Date of use Name of the operator Description of use Beam voltage, beam current Time beam turned on and off Comments concerning operation abnormalities, repairs, and so on Conclusion Increased use of x-ray and image intensifiers is inevitable in the operating room making radiation in the operating environment unavoidable. The risk to patients and staff can be easily reduced by adhering to the central principles of the ICRP recommendations: instill awareness among the healthcare workers, understand risks of working in a controlled area, understand individual responsibilities, and practice correct behavior; last but not least, understand the radiation protection measures available in your work setting Further reading Sutherland AG, Finlayson DF (1998) Screening times with image intensifier in orthopaedic trauma surgery. J R Coll Surg; 43: Devalia KL, Guha A, Devadoss VG (2004) The need to protect the thyroid gland during image intensifier use in orthopaedic procedures. Acta Orthop Belg; 70(5): International Commission on Radiological Protection (1990) Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. No. 60:21: The Department of PET and Nuclear Medicine at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (2001) Introduction to radiation protection, dose limits and dose constraints, radiation and dose measurement, effects of radiation on humans, the system of radiation protection protocol, radiation safety and personal protection in diagnostic radiology. In: Personal Dosimetry, Revised. The University of Iowa, Health Protection Office, Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures (2003) Radiation Safety Training Program, Revised. US Environmental Protection Agency (2004) Understanding Radiation, Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation. Washington, DC: EPA. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005) What is radiation? US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2003) How can exposure to radiation be minimized? 92 Techniques and Principles for the Operating Room Porteous, Bäuerle PORP_Book.indb 92 5/7/10 11:15:53 AM
Radiation physics and radiation protection. University of Szeged Department of Nuclear Medicine
Radiation physics and radiation protection University of Szeged Department of Nuclear Medicine Radiation doses to the population 1 Radiation doses to the population 2 Sources of radiation 1 Radiation we
More informationRadiation Safety for New Medical Physics Graduate Students
Radiation Safety for New Medical Physics Graduate Students John Vetter, PhD Medical Physics Department UW School of Medicine & Public Health Background and Purpose of This Training This is intended as
More informationPRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION Lesson Outcomes At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: Define what is radiation protection (RP) Describe basic principles of RP Explain methods
More informationTable of Contents. Introduction 3. Background 4
Training manual Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 4 What are X-rays? 4 How are X-rays Generated? 5 Primary and Scatter Radiation 6 Interactions with Matter 6 Biological Effects of Radiation 7
More informationBasic radiation protection & radiobiology
Basic radiation protection & radiobiology By Dr. Mohsen Dashti Patient care & management 202 Wednesday, October 13, 2010 Ionizing radiation. Discussion issues Protecting the patient. Protecting the radiographer.
More informationRadiation Safety For Anesthesiologists. R2 Pinyada Pisutchareonpong R2 Nawaporn Sateantantikul Supervised by Aj Chaowanan Khamtuicrua
Radiation Safety For Anesthesiologists R2 Pinyada Pisutchareonpong R2 Nawaporn Sateantantikul Supervised by Aj Chaowanan Khamtuicrua Modern World Non Ionizing VS Ionizing Non Ionizing Harmless Ex. visible
More informationUtilize radiation safety principles to reduce the amount of radiation used to achieve desired clinical result.
Minimizing Dose Understand the importance and methods of pre-procedure patient assessment including a review of previous radiologic exams, disease processes and anatomical considerations that may increase
More informationin developing institutional policies, procedures, and /or protocols. The Canadian Society of
1 TITLE: GUIDELINES FOR RADIATION SAFETY APPROVED; October 2015 REVISION DATE: February 2016 Disclaimer The Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates present this guideline for use in
More informationRELIANT HOLDINGS LTD AND ITS AFFILIATES Safety Management System. Preparation: Safety Mgr Authority: CEO Issuing Dept: Safety Page: Page 1 of 5
Preparation: Safety Mgr Authority: CEO Issuing Dept: Safety Page: Page 1 of 5 Purpose The purpose of this program is to protect employees who may encounter ionizing radiation and its hazards while performing
More informationUQ X-ray Safety Training Module
UQ X-ray Safety Training Module 23 January 2018, v2 1 UQ X-ray Safety Training Module Course Overview: This training module has been developed for workers at the University of Queensland, and forms part
More informationRadiation Safety Manual
King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry Radiation Safety Manual FOR X-RAY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS October 2009 Radioactivity and Radiation All matter in our environment is made of atoms. Most atoms
More informationRADIATION SAFETY. Junior Radiology Course
RADIATION SAFETY Junior Radiology Course Expectations for the Junior Radiology Course Medical School wants students to learn basic principles, factual knowledge, safety info, etc. Medical Students want
More informationRadiation Safety - Things You Need to Know
Radiation Safety - Things You Need to Know Michael Casey Ph.D. Phlebotomy Autumn Seminar 13 th October 2012 Radiation is a form of energy transport What is Radiation? It is caused by electrical disturbances
More informationRadiologic Units: What You Need to Know
Radiologic Units: What You Need to Know TODD VAN AUKEN M.ED. RT (R)(MR) Agenda Greys, Sieverts, Coulombs per kg, & Becquerel's Conventional Units Other Concepts (LET, Q-Factor, Effective Dose, NCRP Report
More informationRadiation Safety Bone Densitometer
Radiation Safety Bone Densitometer Outline I. State Regulations II. Fundamentals of Radiation Safety III. IV. i. Characteristics of x-ray radiation ii. Units of radiation dose iii. Biological effects iv.
More informationSection 7 ALARA Program
Page 7-1 Section 7 ALARA Program Contents A. ALARA Principle... 7-2 1. Biological Basis... 7-2 2. Applied Practices... 7-3 3. Operational Dose Limits... 7-3 4. Collective Dose... 7-3 B. Radiation Safety
More informationCode of Practice for Radiation Protection in Dentistry. Code of Practice For Radiation Protection in Dentistry
Code of Practice for Radiation Protection in Dentistry Code of Practice For Radiation Protection in Dentistry 10 OCTOBER 2017 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 1.0 CITATION... 3 1.1 BACKGROUND... 3 1.2 PURPOSE
More informationPAGE 1 OF 5 HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIROMENTAL MANUAL PROCEDURE: S560 Radiation Safety REV /14/2012
PAGE 1 OF 5 RADIATION SAFETY PURPOSE: A wide usage of x-ray machines and isotopes for examination of steel plate fabricated and erected structures require a knowledge of the radiation hazard and the precautionary
More informationPERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES
PERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES All individuals who are required to have their exposure to ionizing radiation monitored must be trained prior to using the source(s) of radiation. The radioactive
More information2017 Course of the Nordic Association for Clinical Physics on occupational dosimetry in hospitals
2017 Course of the Nordic Association for Clinical Physics on occupational dosimetry in hospitals 27 September 2017 Dr. Pedro Ortiz López Retired member of the ICRP and the IAEA 2 Pedro Ortiz López (Chair)
More informationRadiation Protection- Cath lab
Radiation Protection- Cath lab Dr. Mawya A Khafaji Associate Prof. Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, KAU Head of Medical Physics Unit Dept. of Radiology -KAUH Head, Volunteer Office -KAUH Outline:
More informationRadiation Safety Guide. Analytical X-Ray Equipment
Radiation Safety Guide Analytical X-Ray Equipment Table of Content Page 1. Radiation 2 A. Radiation Quantities 2 B. Background Radiation 2 C. Biological Effect of Radiation 3 D. Radiation Injury To The
More informationIonizing Radiation. Michael J. Vala, CHP. Bristol-Myers Squibb
Ionizing Radiation Michael J. Vala, CHP Bristol-Myers Squibb michael.vala@bms.com 732-227-5096 2013 American Industrial Hygiene Association, New Jersey Section, Inc. Course Objectives At the end of this
More informationRADIATION SAFETY. for Surgical & Invasive Procedures
RADIATION SAFETY for Surgical & Invasive Procedures TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose 3 Learning Objectives 3 Instructions 3 Introduction 4 Radioactivity and Radiation 5 Types of Radiation. 6 Primary... 6 Secondary..
More informationDosimetric Consideration in Diagnostic Radiology
Dosimetric Consideration in Diagnostic Radiology Prof. Ng Kwan-Hoong Department of Biomedical Imaging University of Malaya ngkh@um.edu.my Radiation Dosimetry Workshop, 28-29 March 2014 2 Why do we measure
More informationPatti Edwards, Senior Radiographer, West Herts Hospitals, UK. February Radiation Safety
Patti Edwards, Senior Radiographer, West Herts Hospitals, UK. February 2008. Radiation Safety Sub -headings Background Radiation Effects of Radiation Safe Levels Effective Doses ALARA Principle Radiation
More informationRadiation Protection in Laboratory work. Mats Isaksson, prof. Department of radiation physics, GU
Radiation Protection in Laboratory work Mats Isaksson, prof. Department of radiation physics, GU mats.isaksson@radfys.gu.se Fundamental principles (ICRP) Justification Optimisation Application of dose
More informationGUIDELINES ON IONISING RADIATION DOSE LIMITS AND ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
RADIATION PROTECTION AUTHORITY OF ZIMBABWE (RPAZ) RADIATION PROTECTION ACT [CHAPTER 15:15] GUIDELINES ON IONISING RADIATION DOSE LIMITS AND ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Compiled by Radiation
More informationDETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE FROM DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY OF HUMAN CHEST AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA
DETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE FROM DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY OF HUMAN CHEST AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA Full Length Research Article 1 Ibrahim, U, 3 Daniel, I.H., 3 Ayaninola, O., 4 Ibrahim,
More informationChem 481 Lecture Material 3/11/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 3/11/09 Health Physics NRC Dose Limits The NRC has established the following annual dose limits. Organ NRC Limit (mrem/year) Comments Whole Body 5000 (50 msv/yr) Lens of the Eye
More informationRadiation Safety in the Catheterization Lab
SCAI FALL FELLOWS COURSE - 2015 Radiation Safety in the Catheterization Lab V. Vivian Dimas, MD, FSCAI Associate Professor Pediatrics, Cardiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX None Disclosures
More informationTwelfth Annual Warren K. Sinclair Keynote Address
THE INFLUENCE OF NCRP ON RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE U.S.: REGULATION AND GUIDANCE Twelfth Annual Warren K. Sinclair Keynote Address Kenneth R. Kase Annual Meeting of NCRP 16 March 2015 1 OUTLINE Introduction
More informationPractice and Risk at Medical Facilities in Agency Operations
Practice and Risk at Medical Facilities in Agency Operations Igor Gusev Radiation Protection Unit IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Outline What is medical radiation exposure? Radiation sources and
More informationSurvey of Radiation Dose Levels in Patients in X-Ray Units of Some Selected Hospitals in Jos Metropolis
International Journal of Innovative Scientific & Engineering Technologies Research 6(4):1-9, Oct.-.Dec., 2018 SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2018 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2360-896X Survey of Radiation Dose Levels in
More informationRADIATION MONITORING DEVICES R A D I A T I O N P R O T E C T I O N & B I O L O G Y - R H O D E S
RADIATION MONITORING DEVICES 10-526- 1 9 7 R A D I A T I O N P R O T E C T I O N & B I O L O G Y - R H O D E S DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF IONIZING RADIATION Dosimeter Dose-measuring device Two classifications:
More informationRisk of ionising radiation to trainee orthopaedic surgeons
Acta Orthop. Belg., 2012, 78, 106-110 ORIGINAL STUDY Risk of ionising radiation to trainee orthopaedic surgeons Ishrat A. KHAN, Senthil KAMALASEKARAN, M. Ali FAzAL From Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals
More informationWhy radiation protection matters?
Why radiation protection matters? Elias Brountzos Professor of Radiology 2 nd Department of Radiology Medical School, University of Athens Athens, Greece A definition for radiation protection Radiation
More informationMONITORING OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES
GUIDE YVL 7.10 / 29 JANUARY 2002 MONITORING OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES 1 GENERAL 3 2 PROVISIONS OF THE RADIATION ACT AND DECREE 3 3 MONITORING OF RADIATION EXPOSURE 4 3.1 General requirements
More informationIonising radiation is EM radiation that causes ionisation of atoms. The minimum energy needed to ionise any atom is 12 ev.
Radiation Dosimetry, Protection and Legislation Radiation is present in the environment naturally and we are all exposed to some extent. The effect this radiation has on humans depends on the type, source
More informationUpon successful completion of the course, the student should be competent in the following tasks:
COURSE INFORMATION Course Prefix/Number: RAD 201 Course Title: Radiation Biology Lab Hours/Week: 3.0 Credit Hours/Semester: 2.0 VA Statement/Distance Learning Attendance Textbook Information Student Code
More informationRADIATION SAFETY REFRESHER TRAINING FOR AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY USERS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
RADIATION SAFETY REFRESHER TRAINING FOR AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY USERS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Environmental Health and Safety Division Course Content Radiation Safety Radiation Dose Limits and Dosimetry Postings
More informationChapter 7. What is Radiation Biology? Ionizing Radiation. Energy Transfer Determinants 09/21/2014
Chapter 7 Molecular & Cellular Radiation Biology What is Radiation Biology? A branch of biology concerned with how ionizing radiation effects living systems. Biological damage that occurs from different
More informationa. If dosimeters should be issued; b. What type(s) will be used and; c. The frequency that dosimeters will be exchanged
Monitoring Criteria for External Radiation RMSO Standard Operating Procedure Risk Management & Safety Main Office, Merica Hall Room 323 Phone: (307) 766-3277 Fax: (307)766-6116 Regulated Materials Management
More informationExposure of the thyroid to radiation during routine orthopaedic procedures
Acta Orthop. Belg., 2006, 72, 615-620 ORIGINAL STUDY Exposure of the thyroid to radiation during routine orthopaedic procedures Kailash L. DEVALIA, Viju K. PETER, Mansoor A. MADANUR, Ian J. BRAITHWAITE
More information45 Hr PET Registry Review Course
45 HR PET/CT REGISTRY REVIEW COURSE Course Control Document Timothy K. Marshel, MBA, R.T. (R), (N)(CT)(MR)(NCT)(PET)(CNMT) The PET/CT Training Institute, Inc. SNMMI-TS 028600-028632 45hr CEH s Voice Credits
More informationIonising Radiation Safety Type: Policy Register No: Status: Public. For compliance with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999
Ionising Radiation Safety Type: Policy Register : 14022 Status: Public Developed in response to: Contributes to CCQ Core Outcome 4 For compliance with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Consulted
More informationRadioactive Exposure. Abstract of Article:
Radioactive Exposure Abstract of Article: All ionizing radiations, at sufficiently large exposures, can cause cancer. Many, in carefully controlled exposures, are also used for cancer therapy. Ionizing
More informationRadiation Safety Information for Students in Courses given by the Nuclear Physics Group at KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
Radiation Safety Information for Students in Courses given by the Nuclear Physics Group at KTH, Stockholm, Sweden September 2006 The aim of this text is to explain some of the basic quantities and units
More informationIntroduction. Chapter 15 Radiation Protection. Advisory bodies. Regulatory bodies. Main Principles of Radiation Protection
Introduction Chapter 15 Radiation Protection Radiation Dosimetry I Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The physics of radiology, 4 th ed. F.M. Khan, The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 4th ed., Chapter
More informationIonising Radiation Policy
Ionising Radiation Policy CONTENTS 1. University Policy. 2. Procedures / Guidance. 2.1 Responsibilities of the Deans of Schools and/or Heads of Departments 2.2 Radiation Protection Advisor / Radiation
More informationICRP Recommendations Evolution or Revolution? John R Cooper Main Commission
ICRP Recommendations Evolution or Revolution? John R Cooper Main Commission 3 September 2009 ICRP Recommendations 1. Reasons for new Recommendations 2. Summary of health risks 3. Summary of changes to
More informationIonizing Radiation. Alpha Particles CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiation is radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. In this document, it will be referred to simply as radiation. One source of radiation
More informationIONISING RADIATION REGULATIONS 99
IONISING RADIATION REGULATIONS 99 & IRMER IONISING RADIATION MEDICAL EXPOSURE REGULATIONS BARBARA LAMB Specialist Radiographer Dental and maxillofacial radiography BarbaraHLamb@googlemail.com 07775994424
More informationQuality Assurance and Radiation Protection Manual for Non-Human Use Radiation Generating Equipment
Quality Assurance and Radiation Protection Manual for Non-Human Use Radiation Generating Equipment DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT RECORD OF REVISION PAGE Revision # Date of Revision Change Entered Original 9/15/1998
More informationLaboratory Safety 197/405. Types of Radiation 198/405
Laboratory Safety 197/405 Types of Radiation 198/405 Particle Radiation Alpha He nucleus (heavy particle) +2 charge Internal hazard only Beta Electron -1 charge Internal and external hazard Neutron 199/405
More informationRadiation Safety Training Module: Diagnostic Radiology Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology
Radiation Safety Training Module: Diagnostic Radiology Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Radiological Safety Division Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Content Mission of AERB ICRP-Principle for
More informationTrends in Occupational Exposure in Malaysia
Trends in Occupational Exposure in Malaysia Noriah Mod Ali Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT) Bangi, 43000 KAJANG, Selangor Darul
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
RA202 Rad protection class two True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. 1. Secondary radiation comes from scatter and leakage. 2. Grids are considered a protection device.
More informationAWARNESS TOWARDS RADIATION PROTECTION MEASURES AMONG DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN COORG DISTRICT: A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
Original Article International Journal of Dental and Health Sciences Volume 02,Issue 06 AWARNESS TOWARDS RADIATION PROTECTION MEASURES AMONG DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN COORG DISTRICT: A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
More informationModule Rhodes
Module 6 10-526-197 Rhodes Health Physicist Concerned with providing occupation radiation protection and minimizing radiation dose to the public. Diagnostic Imaging has changed our world Live longer Work
More informationRADIATION HAZARDS AND SAFETY
RADIATION HAZARDS AND SAFETY Dr. S. P. Tyagi All types of radiation produce changes in the living tissues. The resultant cellular injury causes physiological and pathological changes leading to Radiation
More informationSUMMARY AND EXTRACTS FROM THE 2010 GUIDANCE ON THE SAFE USE OF DENTAL CONE BEAM CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) EQUIPMENT
SUMMARY AND EXTRACTS FROM THE 2010 GUIDANCE ON THE SAFE USE OF DENTAL CONE BEAM CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) EQUIPMENT The use of dental CBCT equipment must comply with all the regulations (IRR99 and IR(ME)R2000)
More informationRadiation Protection Program Update: The Details. July 2010
Radiation Protection Program Update: The Details July 2010 Update Topics 2 Changes mandated by Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection (10 CFR 835) How changes
More informationThe print quality of this copy is not an accurate representation of the original.
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00270-010-9945-4 TECHNICAL NOTE Staff Radiation Doses in a Real-Time Display Inside the Angiography Room Roberto Sanchez E. Vano J. M. Fernandez J. J. Gallego Received:
More informationTIN1.1 3/10/06 10:31 AM Page 1. Section 1 The Basics
TIN1.1 3/10/06 10:31 AM Page 1 Section 1 The Basics TIN1.1 3/10/06 10:31 AM Page 2 TIN1.1 3/10/06 10:31 AM Page 3 1.1 What is Medical Imaging? Like any other specialty, medical imaging and imaging nursing
More informationcreated by high-voltage devices Examples include medical and dental x-rays, light, microwaves and nuclear energy
What is radiation? Radiation is energy emitted from a source, that travels through space and can penetrate matter. Listed below are two types that we are exposed to and contribute to our overall radiation
More informationNPTEL NPTEL ONLINE COURSE. NPTEL Online Certification Course (NOC) NPTEL. Theory and Practice of Non Destructive Testing
NPTEL NPTEL ONLINE COURSE NPTEL Online Certification Course (NOC) NPTEL Theory and Practice of Non Destructive Testing Dr. Ranjit Bauri Dept. of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai
More informationInvivo Dosimetry for Mammography with and without Lead Apron Using the Glass Dosimeters
Original Article PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 26, No. 2, June, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2015.26.2.93 Invivo Dosimetry for Mammography with and without Lead Apron Using the Glass Dosimeters
More informationARRT Specifications Radiation Exposure & Monitoring
Radiation Protection Review 15% (30) 11% (22) Gina Tice, MSRS, RT(R) Gadsden State Community College ARRT Specifications Radiation Exposure & Monitoring Radiation Protection (45) Biological Aspects of
More informationAn investigation of the effect of ionising radiation on nurses and their patients during dialysis
International Scholars Journals African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 548-552, September, 2015. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org International
More informationPatient Management Image Selection Radiation Biology, Dosimetry & Protection
Patient Management Image Selection Radiation Biology, Dosimetry & Protection Objectives: Following this course, the participants will have the information necessary to: 1. Identify the techniques used
More informationThe Basics of Radiation Safety
Cardiac Imaging Symposium 2013 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE The Basics of Radiation Safety Leah Shuparski-Miller Medical Health Physicist Radiation Safety & Emergency Preparedness Department The
More informationThe College of Dental Surgeons of Saskatchewan Radiation and Imaging Standard
The College of Dental Surgeons of Saskatchewan Radiation and Imaging Standard Legislation Radiation safety has long been a priority in Saskatchewan. This province, the first in Canada to have radiation
More informationRadiation Safety in the Workplace. v1.0
Radiation Safety in the Workplace v1.0 Outline What is radiation? Different types of radiation Activity and Half-life Units of radiation dose Health effects of exposure to radiation Dose limits Common
More informationIntroduction to Radiation Protection
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, the reader will be able to perform the following: Identify the consequences of ionization in human cells. Give examples
More informationIONIZING RADIATION, HEALTH EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES
May 2011 IONIZING RADIATION, HEALTH EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES KEY FACTS Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. People are exposed
More informationThe Principles of Radiation Monitoring and the Radiation Protection System in Hong Kong. H.M.Mok Physicist Radiation Health Unit Department of Health
The Principles of Radiation Monitoring and the Radiation Protection System in Hong Kong H.M.Mok Physicist Radiation Health Unit Department of Health Contents Basic properties of ionising radiation and
More informationRadiopharmaceuticals. Radionuclides in NM. Radionuclides NUCLEAR MEDICINE. Modes of radioactive decays DIAGNOSTIC THERAPY CHEMICAL COMPOUND
Univerzita Karlova v Praze - 1. Lékařská fakulta Radiation protection NUCLEAR MEDICINE Involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine study
More informationRADIATION DOSES FOR X-ray DIAGNOSIS TEETH IN DENTAL MEDICINE
RADIATION DOSES FOR X-ray DIAGNOSIS TEETH IN DENTAL MEDICINE Lyubomir Direkov South Western University Neofit Rilski Blagoevgrad / Bulgaria Abstract: X-rays are the first ionizing radiation, which are
More informationPrinciples of Radiation
RADIOACTIVE AGENTS Principles of Radiation 2 types of radiation Non-ionizing (no tissue damage) Ionizing (tissue damage) 2010 MGH International Disaster Institute 1 2010 MGH International Disaster Institute
More informationRadiation Safety. Bethany Gillett 14th Feb After this lecture, you should be able to:
Radiation Safety Bethany Gillett bethany.gillett@addenbrookes.nhs.uk 14th Feb 2018 Learning Outcomes After this lecture, you should be able to: Understand different radiation protection quantities Explain
More informationRadiation Safety General Awareness and ALARA Training
Radiation Safety General Awareness and ALARA Training Authorized User The following materials should be used to provide training to laboratory personnel that do not use radioactive material. Have each
More informationA Study of dose Distribution and Radiation Protection in Industrial Radiography in Ireland
A Study of dose Distribution and Radiation Protection in Industrial Radiography in Ireland L. Currivan, J. T. Duffy, D. Spain and D. Pollard Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, 3 Clonskeagh Square,
More informationApplication of the Commission's Recommendations for the Protection of People in
ICRP Publication 127 ICRP Publication 126 ICRP Publication 125 ICRP Publication 124 ICRP Publication 123 ICRP Publication 122 ICRP Publication 121 ICRP Publication 120 ICRP 2011 Proceedings Radiological
More informationIONISING RADIATION SAFETY MANUAL
IONISING RADIATION SAFETY MANUAL Version 1 Area Radiation Safety Officers (RSO) (After hours call: Security 1 2880) Area RSO Contact # Biological Sciences Dr Peter Anderson 15269/13752 SCaPS Dr Rachel
More informationMedical Physics 4 I3 Radiation in Medicine
Name: Date: 1. This question is about radiation dosimetry. Medical Physics 4 I3 Radiation in Medicine Define exposure. A patient is injected with a gamma ray emitter. The radiation from the source creates
More informationALBERTA REGULATION 182/2003 RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATION
Us (Consolidated up to 74/2004) Radiation Protection Act Table of Contents ALBERTA REGULATION 182/2003 RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATION 1 Interpretation Part 1 General Provisions 2 Prohibited radiation
More informationVariation of Occupational Doses among Subspecialties in Diagnostic Radiology. A.N. Al-Haj, C.S. Lagarde, A.M. Lobriguito
Variation of Occupational Doses among Subspecialties in Diagnostic Radiology A.N. Al-Haj, C.S. Lagarde, A.M. Lobriguito Biomedical Physics Department, MBC 03 King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research
More informationX-ray (Radiography) - Chest
Scan for mobile link. X-ray (Radiography) - Chest Chest x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the chest. It is used to evaluate the lungs, heart and chest
More informationBasic definitions. Dosimetry, radiation protection. Nuclear measurement techniques. Interaction of the nuclear radiation with the matter
Dosimetry, radiation protection. Nuclear measurement techniques. properties measurement dosimetry medical applications of the nuclear radiation Basic definitions Nuclear radiation: Produced in the transition
More informationUniversity of Arizona Radiation Generating Machine Protection Reference Guide. Research Laboratory & Safety Services Revised January 8, 2018
PO Box 245101 Tucson, AZ 85724-5101 Voice: (520) 626-6850 FAX: (520) 626-2583 rlss.arizona.edu University of Arizona Radiation Generating Machine Protection Reference Guide Research Laboratory & Safety
More informationICRP 128 ICRP ICRP ICRP 1928
ICRP 1928 129 ICRP 1928 ICRP ICRP ICRP 1928 129 ICRP 129 ICRP 128 Radiological Protection in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Current
More informationTopic 6 Benefits and drawbacks of using radioactive materials
Topic 6 Benefits and drawbacks of using radioactive materials CHANGING IDEAS When radioactivity was first discovered in the late 1800s, scientists did not know it was dangerous: o Becquerel handled radioactive
More informationUniversity of Maryland Baltimore. Radiation Safety Standard Operating Procedure
University of Maryland Baltimore Radiation Safety Standard Operating Procedure Procedure Number: 3.1.1 Title: External Dosimetry Program Revision Number: 0 Technical Review and Approval: Radiation Safety
More informationUse of Bubble Detectors to Characterize Neutron Dose Distribution in a Radiotherapy Treatment Room used for IMRT treatments
Use of Bubble Detectors to Characterize Neutron Dose Distribution in a Radiotherapy Treatment Room used for IMRT treatments Alana Hudson *1 1 Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Physics, 1331
More informationSources of ionizing radiation Atomic structure and radioactivity Radiation interaction with matter Radiation units and dose Biological effects
INTRODUCTION TO RADIATION PROTECTION Sources of ionizing radiation Atomic structure and radioactivity Radiation interaction with matter Radiation units and dose Biological effects 3/14/2018 1 Wilhelm C.
More informationRisk and Risk Reduction. Environmental Health and Safety. Radiation Safety. Radiation is all around us
Risk and Risk Reduction Radiation is all around us Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety Risk and Risk Reduction Risk Webster s dictionary defines risk as the chance of injury, damage, or loss;
More informationICRP = International Commission on. recommendations and guidance on. Functioning since 1928.
ICRP = International Commission on Radiological Protection; An advisory body providing recommendations and guidance on radiation protection; Functioning since 1928. While the use of ionising radiation
More informationRadiation Exposure Intra-Operatively In Treating Humerus Shaft Fractures A Comparative Study between Plating And Nailing Group
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 15, Issue 3 Ver. V (Mar. 2016), PP 24-29 www.iosrjournals.org Radiation Exposure Intra-Operatively In
More informationUniversity of Cincinnati. Quality Assurance. and. Radiation Protection Manual. for. Non-Human Use. Radiation Generating. Equipment
University of Cincinnati Quality Assurance and Radiation Protection Manual for Non-Human Use Radiation Generating Equipment RECORD OF REVISION PAGE Revision # Date of Revision Change Entered Original 9/15/1998
More information