Introduction to Radiation Protection
|
|
- Mary Osborne
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, the reader will be able to perform the following: Identify the consequences of ionization in human cells. Give examples of how radiologic technologists and radiologists can exercise control of radiant energy while performing imaging procedures. Discuss the concept of effective radiation protection. Discuss the need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure. Explain the justification and responsibility for imaging procedures. Explain how diagnostic efficacy of an imaging procedure can be maximized. Explain how imaging professionals can help ensure that both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits remain well below maximum allowable levels. State the ALARA principle and discuss its significance in diagnostic imaging. List employer requirements for implementing and maintaining an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services. List the responsibilities that radiation workers must fulfill to maintain an effective radiation safety program. Describe the importance of patient education as it relates to medical imaging. Explain how radiographers should answer patients questions about the risk of radiation exposure from an imaging procedure, and give some examples. Define the terms sievert (Sv) and millisievert (msv). CHAPTER OUTLINE Effective Radiation Protection Need to Safeguard against Significant and Continuing Radiation Exposure Justification and Responsibility for Imaging Procedures Benefit versus Risk Diagnostic Efficacy As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Principle Concepts of Radiologic Practice Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection Responsibility for Maintaining ALARA in the Medical Industry Patient Protection and Patient Education Educating Patients about Imaging Procedures Risk of Imaging Procedure versus Potential Benefit Background Equivalent Radiation Time Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE) Program Standardized Dose Reporting Summary Copyright 2014, Elsevier Inc. 1
2 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection KEY TERMS as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) background equivalent radiation time (BERT) biologic effects diagnostic efficacy entrance skin exposure (ESE) ionizing radiation millisievert (msv) occupational and nonoccupational doses optimization for radiation protection (ORP) radiation protection risk sievert (Sv) standardized dose reporting Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE Program) Although radiation in all its manifestations has been present on our planet since its beginnings, the use of radiation in the healing arts did not begin until the discovery of x-rays in Scientists experimenting with the newly discovered mysterious rays gradually became aware of their value to the medical community both as a diagnostic and as a therapeutic tool. The ability of x-rays to cause injury in normal biologic tissue soon became apparent as well. Hence, since the early 1900s both the beneficial and destructive potentials of x-rays have been known. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. When passing through matter, ionizing radiation produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions). The production of these ions is the event that may cause injury in normal biologic tissue. Consequences of ionization in human cells are listed in Box 1-1 and are discussed in Chapter 7 of this text. BOX 1-1 Consequences of Ionization in Human Cells * Creation of unstable atoms Production of free electrons Production of low-energy x-ray photons Creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell Creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell Injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function * Each of these consequences is fully discussed in subsequent chapters. By using the knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that has been gained over many years and by employing effective methods to limit or eliminate those hazards, humans can safely control the use of radiant energy. An example of controllable radiant energy is the radiation produced from an x-ray tube ( Fig. 1-1 ). Radiologic technologists and radiologists: Are educated in the safe operation of radiation-producing imaging equipment. Use protective devices whenever possible. Follow established procedures. Select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and to themselves. Through these good practices, technologists and radiologists minimize the possibility of causing damage to healthy biologic tissue. EFFECTIVE RADIATION PROTECTION Diagnostic imaging professionals have an ongoing responsibility to ensure radiation safety during all medical radiation procedures. They fulfill this obligation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Radiation protection may be defined simply as effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. This is any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical
3 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 3 Glass envelope X-ray beam (electromagnetic waves) Target (anode +) High-speed electron stream Filament (cathode ) FIGURE 1-1 Radiant energy is emitted from the x-ray tube in the form of waves (or particles). This manmade energy can be controlled by the selection of equipment components and devices made for this purpose and by the selection of appropriate technical exposure factors. needs or any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of the study. Effective protective measures take into consideration both human and environmental physical determinants, technical elements, and procedural factors. They consist of tools and techniques primarily designed to minimize radiation exposure while producing optimal-quality diagnostic images. To comprehend that process more fully, this textbook has been designed to introduce to its readers at appropriate times in the following chapters the relevant scientific principles that underlie those tools and techniques. In science, fundamental pieces of information are necessary to describe physical processes correctly. Some basic examples are the concepts of length, force, energy, and time. To know these concepts in a quantitative way, which is what scientific reality demands, units have been constructed to quantify every such concept uniquely. Unfortunately, there is not just one unique set or system of these units. Rather, three such unit systems are currently in existence, and each one has a significant area of usage. Appendix A contains detailed lists of all the major units comprising each of the three systems and furthermore gives the numeric relationships among the corresponding units of each system. Need to Safeguard against Significant and Continuing Radiation Exposure Biologic Effects. The need for safeguarding against significant and continuing radiation exposure is based on evidence of harmful biologic effects (i.e., damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation). Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including medicine, and for the population at large. In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited, thereby reducing the potential for adverse biologic effects. This book focuses on radiation protection for patients, diagnostic imaging personnel, and the general public. Biologic effects are also discussed extensively in Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10. JUSTIFICATION AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMAGING PROCEDURES Benefit versus Risk Radiation exposure should always be kept at the lowest possible level for the general public. However, when illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent, a patient may elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing
4 4 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection FIGURE 1-2 Mammography continues to be the most effective tool for diagnosing breast cancer. It can be used as a screening tool or a diagnostic procedure. In either instance, the directly realized benefit, in terms of medical information obtained, far outweighs any slight risk of possible biologic damage. radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information. A prime example of such a voluntary assumption of risk occurs when women elect to undergo screening mammography to detect breast cancer in its early stages ( Fig. 1-2 ). Because mammography continues to be the most effective tool for diagnosing breast cancer early, when the disease can best be treated, 1 its use contributes significantly to improving the quality of life for women. When ionizing radiation is used in this fashion for the welfare of the patient, the directly realized benefits of the exposure to this radiant energy far outweigh any slight risk of inducing a radiogenic malignancy or any genetic defects ( Fig. 1-3 ). Diagnostic Efficacy Diagnostic efficacy is the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient. It is maximized when essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines. Potential benefits Potential risk of adverse biologic effects FIGURE 1-3 The potential benefits of exposing the patient to ionizing radiation must far outweigh the potential risk of adverse biologic effects. Efficacy is a vital part of radiation protection in the healing arts. It provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified ( Box 1-2 ). The referring physician carries the responsibility for determining this medical necessity for the patient. After ordering
5 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 5 BOX 1-2 Achievement of Diagnostic Efficacy Imaging procedure Minimal Optimal or practice justified radiation image() s by referring exposure produced physician Presence or absence Diagnostic = of disease efficacy revealed an x-ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for protecting the patient from nonuseful radiation exposure. The physician exercises this responsibility by relying on qualified imaging personnel. As health care professionals, radiographers accept a portion of the responsibility for the patient s welfare by providing high-quality imaging services. The radiographer and participating radiologist share in keeping the patient s medical radiation exposure at the lowest level possible. In this way imaging professionals help ensure that both occupational and nonoccupational doses remain well below maximum allowable levels, that is, the upper boundary doses of ionizing radiation for which there is a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage. This can best be accomplished by using the smallest radiation exposure that will produce useful images and by producing optimal images with the first exposure. Repeated examinations made necessary by technical error or carelessness ( Fig. 1-4 ) must be avoided because they significantly increase radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiation worker. AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE (ALARA) PRINCIPLE Concepts of Radiologic Practice ALARA is an acronym for as low as reasonably achievable. This term is synonymous with the term optimization for radiation protection ( ORP ). The intention behind these concepts of radiologic practice is to keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level ( Fig. 1-5 ). The rationale for this intention comes from evidence compiled by scientists over the past century. 2 At the time of this publication, radiation protection guidelines are rooted in the philosophy of ALARA. Therefore, this philosophy, as low as reasonably achievable, should be a main part of every health care facility s personnel radiation control program. In addition, because no dose limits have been established for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures, the ALARA philosophy should be established and maintained and must show that we have considered reasonable actions that will reduce doses to patients and personnel below required limits. Radiation-induced cancer does not have a fixed threshold, that is, a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease. Therefore, because it appears that no safe dose levels exist for radiation-induced malignant disease, radiation exposure should always be kept ALARA for all medical imaging procedures, and ALARA should serve as a guide to radiographers and radiologists for the selection of technical exposure factors. For many radiation regulatory agencies (see Chapter 10 ), the ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. An example using this method is provided in Box 1-3. Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection The three basic principles of radiation protection are as follows: Time Distance Shielding
6 6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection A B C D FIGURE 1-4 A, Posteroanterior chest projection requiring repeat examination because of multiple external foreign bodies (several necklaces and an underwire bra) that should have been removed before the x-ray examination. B, Anteroposterior projection of a right hip requiring a repeat examination because of poor collimation and the presence of an external foreign body (a cigarette lighter) overlying the anatomy of concern. The patient s slacks with the pocket containing the lighter should have been removed before the x-ray examination. C, Double exposure (two lateral projections of the cervical spine) requiring a repeat examination. D, Conventional radiograph of left hip demonstrating an off-level grid error. This occurs when the patient s weight is not evenly distributed on the grid, thus causing the grid to tilt so that it is not properly aligned with the x-ray tube.
7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 7 A FIGURE 1-5 A, Patient protection. B, Radiographer protection. Medical radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for the patient and for imaging personnel. B BOX 1-3 Example of ALARA Method to Compare the Amount of Radiation That Various Health Care Facilities in a Particular Area Use for Specific Imaging Procedures If patients in a particular location were receiving on average approximately the same entrance skin exposure (ESE ) for a specific imaging procedure in every health care facility in that same area, then that ESE would represent the radiation exposure and consequent dose that is reasonably achieved within that specific location. However, if one of the health care facilities in this same area began giving its patients higher-radiation ESEs and subsequent doses, that institution would no longer be in compliance with ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) standards. The noncompliant facility would have to take the necessary action to bring the ESE values and subsequent doses back to a level that would comply with regulatory standards. These principles can be applied to the patient and the radiographer. To reduce the exposure to the patient: Reduce the amount of the x-ray beam-on time. Use as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination. Always shield the patient with appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices. Occupational radiation exposures of imaging personnel can be minimized by the use of these cardinal principles: Shortening the length of time spent in a room where x-radiation is produced Standing at the greatest distance possible from an energized x-ray beam Interposing a radiation-absorbent shielding material between the radiographer and the source of radiation These principles are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 13. Responsibility for Maintaining ALARA in the Medical Industry Both employers of radiation workers and the workers themselves have a responsibility for radiation safety in the medical industry. For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have an effective
8 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection radiation safety program. This requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by all participants. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program. A written policy statement describing this program and identifying the commitment of management to keeping all radiation exposure ALARA must be available to all employees in the workplace. In a hospital setting, an individual called the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) is expressly charged by the hospital administration to be directly responsible for the Execution Enforcement Maintenance of the ALARA program. In Chapter 10, pp , the duties of the RSO are described in much more detail. To determine how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered, management should perform periodic exposure audits. 3 Radiation workers with appropriate education and work experience must function with awareness of rules governing the work situation. They are required to perform their occupational practices in a manner consistent with the ALARA principle ( Box 1-4 ). When radiation is safely and prudently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be maximized while the potential risk of biologic damage is minimized. Additional information on the ALARA concept can be found in Chapter 10. PATIENT PROTECTION AND PATIENT EDUCATION Educating Patients about Imaging Procedures Facilities that provide imaging services have a responsibility to ensure the highest quality of service. An important aspect is education of patients about imaging procedures. Patients not only should be made aware of what a specific procedure involves and what type of cooperation BOX 1-4 Responsibilities for an Effective Radiation Safety Program Employers Responsibilities Implement and maintain an effective radiation safety program in which to execute ALARA * by providing the following: Necessary resources Appropriate environment for ALARA program Make a written policy statement describing the ALARA program and identifying the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA available to all employees in the workplace. Perform periodic exposure audits to determine how to lower radiation exposure in the workplace. Radiation Workers Responsibilities Be aware of rules governing the workplace. Perform duties consistent with ALARA. *ALARA, As low as reasonably achievable. is required, but also they must be informed of what needs to be done, if anything, as a follow-up to their examination. Through appropriate and effective communication, patients can be made to feel that they are active participants in their own health care ( Fig. 1-6 ). Risk of Imaging Procedure versus Potential Benefit In general terms, risk can be defined as the probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity. In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, risk is the possibility of inducing radiogenic cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation. Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved. Regarding exposure to ionizing radiation, patients who understand the medical benefit of an imaging procedure because they received factual information about the study before the examination are more likely to overcome any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small risk of possible biologic damage. Greater understanding of biologic effects
9 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 9 FIGURE 1-6 Effective communication is an important part of the patient-radiographer relationship. Patients need to be educated about imaging procedures so that they can understand what the procedure involves and what type of cooperation is required. The radiographer must answer patient questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure honestly. To create understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient, the radiographer can provide an example that compares the amount of radiation received for a specific procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period of time. associated with diagnostic radiology was gained throughout the twentieth century. The medical imaging industry currently continues to build on this knowledge. This information, coupled with better design of medical imaging equipment and improved radiation safety standards, has greatly reduced risk from imaging procedures for both patients and radiographers. When radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patients questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate patients apprehension and fears during a routine radiologic examination. Background Equivalent Radiation Time Another way that radiographers can improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient is to use the background equivalent radiation time ( BERT ) method. On occasion, a patient will ask the radiographer, Are x-rays safe? Radiologic technologists have a responsibility to give a reasonable, honest, and understandable answer to the patient. Radiographers correctly tell patients that for normal diagnostic examinations there are no existing data of any unsafe effects from the x-rays used in the ex - amination. The question about the amount of radiation to the patient is difficult to answer in an understandable way because (1) the received dose is measured in a number of different units and (2) scientific units for radiation dose are not comprehensible by the patient. The purpose is not to provide high scientific accuracy but to relieve anxiety about radiation by giving an understandable and reasonable correct answer. The BERT method compares the amount of radiation received, for example, from a patient s chest x-ray examination or from radiography of any other part of the anatomy, with natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months, or years ( Table 1-1 ). This method is also recommended by the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 4 For example, a patient is having a chest x-ray study and asks the radiographer, How much radiation will I receive from this x-ray? The radiographer can respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received, for example, over a certain number of days. Thus the radiographer can reply, The radiation received from having a chest x-ray is equivalent to what would be received while spending approximately 10 days in your natural surroundings (see Table 1-1 ). BERT is based on an annual U.S. population exposure of approximately 3 millisieverts per year. * Using the BERT method in this context has the following advantages: BERT does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison. BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment. The answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend. * The millisievert ( msv ), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal to of a sievert. The sievert ( Sv ) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of measure for the radiation quantity equivalent dose.
10 10 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection TABLE 1-1 Typical Adult Patient Effective Dose (EfD) and Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT) Values Radiologic Procedure EfD (msv) Dental, intraoral wk Chest radiograph days Cervical spine wk Thoracic spine mo Lumbar spine yr Upper GI series yr Lower GI series yr Skull day Hip wk Pelvis mo Abdomen mo Limbs and joints (except hip) <0.01 <1.5 days CT brain yr CT chest yr CT abdomen/pelvis yr BERT (Amount of Time to Receive the Same EfD from Nature) Adapted from BF Wall: Patient dosimetry techniques in diagnostic radiology, York, UK, 1988, Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, pp 53, 117; Cameron JR: Med Phys World, 15:20, 1999; Stabin MG: Radiation protection and dosimetry: an introduction to health physics, New York, 2008, Springer. CT, Computed tomography; GI, gastrointestinal; msv, millisievert. Patients may mistakenly think that manmade radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation. Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes from natural radioactivity in their own body. Radiation phobia can be greatly reduced by explaining the diagnostic radiation dose to the patient by using the BERT method. Radiologic technologists have a responsibility to educate patients and others who ask them about radiation. The BERT concept is understandable. BERT is not a radiation quantity. It is a method of explaining radiation to the public. The word BERT is never used in the explanation. 5 Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE) Program In 2010 Toshiba American Medical Systems awarded six Putting Patients First Grants to individual hospitals throughout the United States to create a radiation dose awareness and dose reduction program for patients through the process of education for these individuals, for the community, for health care workers employed in the medical imaging profession, and for physicians. 6,7 The main components of the program include technologic enhancements such as embedded software capable of recording and reporting dose, timely notification of the patient and the referring physician when the radiation dose is greater than 3 Gy, and substantial lowering of computed tomography (CT) doses through improved technology and alterations to existing protocols. 7 This process is known as the Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE) Program. It consists of two phases: 1. Formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community education 2. Technologic enhancements
11 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 11 During phase one of the TRACE Program, after new and more definitive radiation safety policies and procedures have been written, some ways of providing patient and community education are through the use of: 1. Informational posters placed strategically throughout the health care facility. 2. Brochures that describe imaging procedures in simple terms. 3. Basic information on a specific website designed for patient education. 4. Use of a wallet-size card on which a person s radiation exposure can be recorded and tracked. Some ways of providing education for imaging department staff are: 1. Providing in-service education on various radiation safety topics to accommodate individual needs of staff members. 2. Handing out a facts-to-remember sheet at the end of an in-service program. 3. s highlighting the most important topics covered in a staff in-service program to imaging staff members to help reinforce and retain vital information. Some ways of providing education for nonradiologist physicians who perform fluoroscopic procedures can include: 1. Creating increased awareness of radiation dose for specific procedures through discussion. 2. Establishing goals for lowering radiation dose for patients, assisting personnel, and themselves. 3. Radiographers helping physicians performing fluoroscopic procedures by informing them that they have reached a specific dose, 7 thereby giving fluoroscopists the opportunity to decide to continue or stop a procedure. During phase two of the TRACE Program, to accommodate technologic enhancements, the following items are required: 1. An operational or capital budget, such as acquiring CT dose reduction technology 7 2. Utilization of tools for recording and reporting dose 7 3. Providing notification for excessive radiation dose 7 Introducing and implementing the TRACE Program in a medical imaging department can lead to greater radiation safety through patient and community education. Patients become empowered and benefit through their inclusion in decisions concerning their own radiologic care. Physicians become better able to make decisions involving the use of ionizing radiation because the TRACE Program creates greater awareness of radiation doses. 6 The end result of this program is a reduction in dose to the patient. Standardized Dose Reporting Standardization of dose reporting can also lead to a reduction in radiation dose for patients. A large variability in radiation dose still exists for many procedures. The radiation dose to the patient for individual procedures, such as those involving general fluoroscopy, CT, and interventional procedures, needs to be dictated into every radiologic report. Many newer CT systems and interventional fluoroscopic units possess the technical capability for standardized dose structured reporting. 8 However, other ionizing radiation equipment may not as yet have such a capability. The benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient s radiation dose history is the option of knowing whether ordering an additional radiologic procedure is advisable. The need to develop a way for each radiationproducing modality to record a patient s radiation dose persists. SUMMARY Ionizing radiation has both a beneficial and a destructive potential. Healthy normal biologic tissue can be injured by ionizing radiation; therefore, it is
12 12 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection necessary to protect humans against significant and continuous exposure. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation; therefore, their use in medicine for the detection of disease and injury requires protective measures. To safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public, effective radiation protection measures should always be employed when diagnostic imaging procedures are performed. Radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) to minimize the probability of any potential damage to people. Referring physicians should justify the need for every radiation procedure and accept basic responsibility to protect the patient from excessive ionizing radiation. The benefits of exposing patients to ionizing radiation should far outweigh any slight risk of inducing radiogenic cancer or genetic effects after irradiation. Radiographers should select the smallest radiation exposure that produces the best radiographic results and should avoid errors that result in repeated radiographic exposures. Imaging facilities must have an effective radiation safety program that provides patient protection and patient education. Background equivalent radiation time (BERT) is used to compare the amount of radiation a patient receives from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specific period of time. The millisievert (msv) is equal to of a sievert (Sv). The Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education (TRACE) Program helps patients and the community to enhance understanding for using radiation safely and for enabling these people to participate in their own medical decisions more actively. Methods for standardized patient radiation dose reporting must be developed and implemented. REFERENCES 1. Women s breast health: annual reminder needed for mammography. RT Image 17 : 35, National Research Council, Commission of Life Sciences, Committee on Biological Effects on Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V), Board on Radiation Effects Research : Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiations, Washington, DC, 1989, National Academy Press. 3. Gollnick DA : Basic radiation protection technology, ed 4, Altadena, Calif, 2000, Pacific Radiation Corporation. 4. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) : Research needs for radiation protection, Report No Bethesda, MD, 1993, NCRP, p Ng K-H, Cameron JR: Using the BERT concept to promote understanding of radiation, International conference on the radiological protection of patients organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Malaga, Spain, March C&S Paper Series 7/P, Austria, Vienna Radiation Safety Awareness. Available at : healthoutlook.com/summer-2011/106-radiation-safety -awareness. Accessed September 8, Rinehart B : TRACE Program: improving patient safety. Radiol Manage 33 : 35, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration: White Paper: initiative to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from medical imaging, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, February GENERAL DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are the consequences of ionization in the human cell? 2. When is medical radiation exposure considered unnecessary? 3. How can the background equivalent radiation time (BERT) method be used to eliminate a patient s fears about medical radiation exposure? 4. Describe how radiographers can use the ALARA concept in the performance of their daily responsibilities. 5. How does implementation of the TRACE Program improve patient safety? 6. How will a patient benefit from standardized radiation dose reporting?
13 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection Why should the ALARA philosophy be established and maintained as a main part of every health care facility s radiation safety program? 8. When are patients more likely to overcome any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small risk of possible biologic damage? 9. On what premise is BERT based? 10. In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, how is risk defined? REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. A patient may elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when: 1. Illness occurs 2. Injury occurs 3. A specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3 2. Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation define: A. Diagnostic efficacy. B. Optimization. C. Radiation protection. D. The concept of equivalent dose (EqD). 3. Which of the following is a method that can be used to answer patients questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure? A. ALARA concept B. BERT C. BRET D. EPA 4. The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with the term: A. As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). B. Background equivalent radiation time (BERT). C. Equivalent dose (EqD). D. Diagnostic efficacy (DE). 5. Standardized dose reporting for radiologic procedures can lead to: A. An invasion of patient privacy. B. An increase in patient radiation dose. C. A reduction in patient radiation dose. D. Elimination of the need for imaging equipment radiation safety features. 6. Which of the following is a two-phase program to create radiation awareness and community education? A. ALARA B. BERT C. DE D. TRACE 7. The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient defines which of the following terms? A. Radiation protection B. Radiographic pathology C. Effective diagnosis D. Diagnostic efficacy 8. The millisievert (msv) is equal to: A of a sievert. B of a sievert. C of a sievert. D. 1 10, 000 of a sievert. 9. An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by: 1. Facilities providing imaging services 2. Radiation workers 3. Patients A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
14 14 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Radiation Protection 10. If patients in facilities in the same location are receiving on average approximately the same entrance skin exposure (ESE) in every health care facility for a specific imaging procedure with the exception of one facility, in which higher-radiation ESEs and subsequent doses are being received for the same procedure, that institution would: A. Be excluded from the group of compliant facilities for comparison purposes. B. No longer be in compliance with ALARA standards and would have to take the necessary action to bring the ESE values and subsequent doses back to a level that would comply with regulatory standards. C. Simply establish their own ESE values for the specific procedure in question and ignore ALARA standards. D. Be required to close down the facility immediately.
Radiation Dose Specification
Chapter 9 Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Dose Limits for exposure to Ionizing Radiation apply to: Occupational workers Nonoccupational workers Radiation Dose Specification Equivalent Dose
More informationcreated by high-voltage devices Examples include medical and dental x-rays, light, microwaves and nuclear energy
What is radiation? Radiation is energy emitted from a source, that travels through space and can penetrate matter. Listed below are two types that we are exposed to and contribute to our overall radiation
More informationBasic radiation protection & radiobiology
Basic radiation protection & radiobiology By Dr. Mohsen Dashti Patient care & management 202 Wednesday, October 13, 2010 Ionizing radiation. Discussion issues Protecting the patient. Protecting the radiographer.
More informationTable of Contents. Introduction 3. Background 4
Training manual Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 4 What are X-rays? 4 How are X-rays Generated? 5 Primary and Scatter Radiation 6 Interactions with Matter 6 Biological Effects of Radiation 7
More informationUtilize radiation safety principles to reduce the amount of radiation used to achieve desired clinical result.
Minimizing Dose Understand the importance and methods of pre-procedure patient assessment including a review of previous radiologic exams, disease processes and anatomical considerations that may increase
More informationSection 7 ALARA Program
Page 7-1 Section 7 ALARA Program Contents A. ALARA Principle... 7-2 1. Biological Basis... 7-2 2. Applied Practices... 7-3 3. Operational Dose Limits... 7-3 4. Collective Dose... 7-3 B. Radiation Safety
More informationUQ X-ray Safety Training Module
UQ X-ray Safety Training Module 23 January 2018, v2 1 UQ X-ray Safety Training Module Course Overview: This training module has been developed for workers at the University of Queensland, and forms part
More informationDETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE FROM DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY OF HUMAN CHEST AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA
DETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE FROM DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY OF HUMAN CHEST AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA Full Length Research Article 1 Ibrahim, U, 3 Daniel, I.H., 3 Ayaninola, O., 4 Ibrahim,
More informationPage 1 of 5 Patient Safety: Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams What are x-rays and what do they do? X-rays are forms of radiant energy, like light or radio waves. Unlike light, x-rays can penetrate the
More informationMapping the ASRT Objectives for Radiation Protection (47 Objectives) and Radiation Biology (21 Objectives) to this Text
Appendix B Mapping the ASRT Objectives for Radiation Protection (47 Objectives) and Radiation Biology (21 Objectives) to this Text 1. Identify and justify the need to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure
More informationThe x-rays produced penetrate the body which absorbs, refracts, or reflects the x-ray beam energy depending on the tissue. Bone
Authors Sari Cohen, Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong, Siew Hong Lau, Donna Russell-Larson 1.6.2 Image intensifier Poh Yan Lim, Merng Koon Wong The discovery of x-rays had a profound impact on the diagnosis
More informationRADIATION SAFETY. Junior Radiology Course
RADIATION SAFETY Junior Radiology Course Expectations for the Junior Radiology Course Medical School wants students to learn basic principles, factual knowledge, safety info, etc. Medical Students want
More informationRadiation Safety For Anesthesiologists. R2 Pinyada Pisutchareonpong R2 Nawaporn Sateantantikul Supervised by Aj Chaowanan Khamtuicrua
Radiation Safety For Anesthesiologists R2 Pinyada Pisutchareonpong R2 Nawaporn Sateantantikul Supervised by Aj Chaowanan Khamtuicrua Modern World Non Ionizing VS Ionizing Non Ionizing Harmless Ex. visible
More informationRadiation exposure of the Yazd population from medical conventional X-ray examinations
Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2007; 4 (4): 195-200 Radiation exposure of the Yazd population from medical conventional X-ray examinations F. Bouzarjomehri 1*, M.H. Dashti 2, M.H. Zare 1 1 Department of Medical
More informationIonizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. David A. Schauer Executive Director
Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States David A. Schauer Executive Director Key Dates in NCRP s s History 1929: U.S. Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection 1946: U.S.
More informationPRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION Lesson Outcomes At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: Define what is radiation protection (RP) Describe basic principles of RP Explain methods
More informationCode of Practice for Radiation Protection in Dentistry. Code of Practice For Radiation Protection in Dentistry
Code of Practice for Radiation Protection in Dentistry Code of Practice For Radiation Protection in Dentistry 10 OCTOBER 2017 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 1.0 CITATION... 3 1.1 BACKGROUND... 3 1.2 PURPOSE
More informationIONISING RADIATION REGULATIONS 99
IONISING RADIATION REGULATIONS 99 & IRMER IONISING RADIATION MEDICAL EXPOSURE REGULATIONS BARBARA LAMB Specialist Radiographer Dental and maxillofacial radiography BarbaraHLamb@googlemail.com 07775994424
More informationCT Dose Reduction in Pediatric Patients
CT Dose Reduction in Pediatric Patients By Kelly Firestine, RT(R)(CT)(M) Executive Summary CT is an incredibly valuable imaging tool, but there are unique concerns with pediatric patients, including the
More informationRadiation Safety & Determining Need for Radiographs
Radiation Safety & Determining Need for Radiographs Guidelines for Radiographic Examination All radiation is harmful! These guidelines have been established to protect the patient and operator from unnecessary
More informationPeople Exposed to More Radiation from Medical Exams
People Exposed to More Radiation from Medical Exams With its release of a new report, titled Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States (Report No. 160, 2009), the National Council
More informationRadiation Safety Guide. Analytical X-Ray Equipment
Radiation Safety Guide Analytical X-Ray Equipment Table of Content Page 1. Radiation 2 A. Radiation Quantities 2 B. Background Radiation 2 C. Biological Effect of Radiation 3 D. Radiation Injury To The
More informationThe New Jersey Radiographic Quality Assurance Program at 5 Years
The New Jersey Radiographic Quality Assurance Program at 5 Years Julie Timins, MD a, Paul Orlando, BS b, Jill Lipoti, PhD b Purpose: Five years ago, the New Jersey Bureau of Radiological Health decided
More informationRadiation Safety for New Medical Physics Graduate Students
Radiation Safety for New Medical Physics Graduate Students John Vetter, PhD Medical Physics Department UW School of Medicine & Public Health Background and Purpose of This Training This is intended as
More informationRadiation Safety Manual
King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry Radiation Safety Manual FOR X-RAY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS October 2009 Radioactivity and Radiation All matter in our environment is made of atoms. Most atoms
More informationTwelfth Annual Warren K. Sinclair Keynote Address
THE INFLUENCE OF NCRP ON RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE U.S.: REGULATION AND GUIDANCE Twelfth Annual Warren K. Sinclair Keynote Address Kenneth R. Kase Annual Meeting of NCRP 16 March 2015 1 OUTLINE Introduction
More informationCHAPTER 28 RADIATION CONTROL
CHAPTER 28 RADIATION CONTROL BOARD OF HEALTH ROLE AT A GLANCE Be aware of radioactive materials in the community and request technical assistance in response to incidents involving the possession, handling,
More informationin developing institutional policies, procedures, and /or protocols. The Canadian Society of
1 TITLE: GUIDELINES FOR RADIATION SAFETY APPROVED; October 2015 REVISION DATE: February 2016 Disclaimer The Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates present this guideline for use in
More informationThe activity. Suggested Answers
Teacher notes Introduction This activity encourages students to consider the principles of radiation protection and how they might apply in the nuclear industry and in medicine. They discuss and answer
More informationManaging Patient Dose in Computed Tomography (CT) INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography (CT) International Commission on Radiological Protection Information abstracted from ICRP Publication 87 Available at www.icrp.org Task Group: M.M. Rehani,
More information3/5/2015. Don t Electrocute Me!: Common Misconceptions in Imaging and Radiation Safety (and What to Do About Them)
Don t Electrocute Me!: Common Misconceptions in Imaging and Radiation Safety (and What to Do About Them) Rebecca Milman Marsh, Ph.D. University of Colorado Department of Radiology Who in the Facility Works
More informationCatalog Addendum
Catalog Addendum - 2018 Day Class RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY (Levittown) HEGIS CODE: 5207.00 Radiologic Technologies (X-Ray) Day Program - 2005 Hours (16 mos./67 wks.) Diploma Program Hunter Business School
More informationPrepublication Requirements
Issued Prepublication Requirements Standards Revisions for Organizations Providing Fluoroscopy Services The Joint Commission has approved the following revisions for prepublication. While revised requirements
More informationREVISED CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR IRRADIATED FOODS CODEX STAN , REV
Irradiated foods Page 1 of 10 1. SCOPE REVISED CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR IRRADIATED FOODS CODEX STAN 106-1983, REV.1-2003 This standard applies to foods processed by ionizing radiation that is used in
More informationManaging the imaging dose during Image-guided Radiotherapy. Martin J Murphy PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Virginia Commonwealth University
Managing the imaging dose during Image-guided Radiotherapy Martin J Murphy PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Virginia Commonwealth University Radiographic image guidance has emerged as the new paradigm
More informationRadiologic Units: What You Need to Know
Radiologic Units: What You Need to Know TODD VAN AUKEN M.ED. RT (R)(MR) Agenda Greys, Sieverts, Coulombs per kg, & Becquerel's Conventional Units Other Concepts (LET, Q-Factor, Effective Dose, NCRP Report
More informationRadiation Protection- Cath lab
Radiation Protection- Cath lab Dr. Mawya A Khafaji Associate Prof. Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, KAU Head of Medical Physics Unit Dept. of Radiology -KAUH Head, Volunteer Office -KAUH Outline:
More informationPatti Edwards, Senior Radiographer, West Herts Hospitals, UK. February Radiation Safety
Patti Edwards, Senior Radiographer, West Herts Hospitals, UK. February 2008. Radiation Safety Sub -headings Background Radiation Effects of Radiation Safe Levels Effective Doses ALARA Principle Radiation
More informationALBERTA REGULATION 182/2003 RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATION
Us (Consolidated up to 74/2004) Radiation Protection Act Table of Contents ALBERTA REGULATION 182/2003 RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATION 1 Interpretation Part 1 General Provisions 2 Prohibited radiation
More informationProcedure. Identify all possible radiation hazards.
Guidance Notes on Radiation Risk Assessment Prior to commencing any new work practice involving a source of ionising radiation it is important that a realistic assessment of the radiation risks is carried
More informationRadiation Dose in Pediatric Imaging
Radiation Dose in Pediatric Imaging A Brief History of Radiology Dose: Why Does It Matter? Measuring Exposure and Dose Deterministic Effects Stochastic Effects Common Exams: What is the Risk? Reducing
More informationSession 83X Dose Management: Patient and Staff Radiation Safety in Radiology
Prepared for the Foundation of the American College of Healthcare Executives Session 83X Dose Management: Patient and Staff Radiation Safety in Radiology Presented by: Bert Van Meurs Christoph Wald, MD
More informationManaging Patient Dose in Computed Tomography (CT)
Managing Patient Dose in Computed Tomography (CT) International Commission on Radiological Protection Information abstracted from ICRP Publication 87 Available at www.icrp.org Task Group: M.M. Rehani,
More informationBackground Radiation in U.S. ~ msv/yr msv/yr ~0.02 ~0.02 msv msv/day /day (~2 m rem/day) mrem/day) NCRP 4
Patient Safety Concerns in Diagnostic Radiology? Lawrence T. Dauer, PhD, CHP Assistant Attending Health Physicist Department of Medical Physics RAMPS/GNYCHPS Spring Symposium April 30, 2010 Benefits?
More informationVariation of Occupational Doses among Subspecialties in Diagnostic Radiology. A.N. Al-Haj, C.S. Lagarde, A.M. Lobriguito
Variation of Occupational Doses among Subspecialties in Diagnostic Radiology A.N. Al-Haj, C.S. Lagarde, A.M. Lobriguito Biomedical Physics Department, MBC 03 King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research
More informationRadiation Safety General Awareness and ALARA Training
Radiation Safety General Awareness and ALARA Training Authorized User The following materials should be used to provide training to laboratory personnel that do not use radioactive material. Have each
More informationX-RAY REGULATORY GUIDE
Minnesota Department of Health Radiation Control, X-ray Unit Protecting, maintaining and improving the health of all Minnesotans by promoting radiation safety through guidance and collaboration with the
More informationKrueger-Gilbert Health Physics, Inc.
Krueger-Gilbert Health Physics, Inc. 1 Educational Objectives Radiation bioeffects Sources of radiation for the US population Typical radiation doses in diagnostic imaging Maryland, FDA and JCAHO guidelines
More informationWhy radiation protection matters?
Why radiation protection matters? Elias Brountzos Professor of Radiology 2 nd Department of Radiology Medical School, University of Athens Athens, Greece A definition for radiation protection Radiation
More informationRELIANT HOLDINGS LTD AND ITS AFFILIATES Safety Management System. Preparation: Safety Mgr Authority: CEO Issuing Dept: Safety Page: Page 1 of 5
Preparation: Safety Mgr Authority: CEO Issuing Dept: Safety Page: Page 1 of 5 Purpose The purpose of this program is to protect employees who may encounter ionizing radiation and its hazards while performing
More informationHEALTH SCIENCES AND ATHLETICS Institutional (ILO), Program (PLO), and Course (SLO) Alignment
HEALTH SCIENCES AND ATHLETICS Institutional (ILO), Program (PLO), and Course (SLO) Program: Radiologic Technology Number of Courses: 19 Date Updated: 09.08.2014 Submitted by: R. Serr, ext. 3811 ILOs SLO-PLO-ILO
More informationMONITORING OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES
GUIDE YVL 7.10 / 29 JANUARY 2002 MONITORING OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES 1 GENERAL 3 2 PROVISIONS OF THE RADIATION ACT AND DECREE 3 3 MONITORING OF RADIATION EXPOSURE 4 3.1 General requirements
More informationWhy is CT Dose of Interest?
Why is CT Dose of Interest? CT usage has increased rapidly in the past decade Compared to other medical imaging CT produces a larger radiation dose. There is direct epidemiological evidence for a an increase
More informationA Study of dose Distribution and Radiation Protection in Industrial Radiography in Ireland
A Study of dose Distribution and Radiation Protection in Industrial Radiography in Ireland L. Currivan, J. T. Duffy, D. Spain and D. Pollard Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, 3 Clonskeagh Square,
More informationRadiation Safety - Things You Need to Know
Radiation Safety - Things You Need to Know Michael Casey Ph.D. Phlebotomy Autumn Seminar 13 th October 2012 Radiation is a form of energy transport What is Radiation? It is caused by electrical disturbances
More informationKrueger Gilbert Health Physics, Inc.
Krueger Gilbert Health Physics, Inc. 1 Educational Objectives Radiation bioeffects Sources of radiation for the US population Typical radiation doses in diagnostic imaging Maryland, FDA and JCAHO guidelines
More informationRadiation physics and radiation protection. University of Szeged Department of Nuclear Medicine
Radiation physics and radiation protection University of Szeged Department of Nuclear Medicine Radiation doses to the population 1 Radiation doses to the population 2 Sources of radiation 1 Radiation we
More informationThe Radiation Health and Safety Act, 1985
1 The Radiation Health and Safety Act, 1985 Repealed by Chapter S-15.1 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 2013 (effective April 29, 2014) Formerly Chapter R-1.1 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1984-85-86
More informationSUMMARY AND EXTRACTS FROM THE 2010 GUIDANCE ON THE SAFE USE OF DENTAL CONE BEAM CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) EQUIPMENT
SUMMARY AND EXTRACTS FROM THE 2010 GUIDANCE ON THE SAFE USE OF DENTAL CONE BEAM CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) EQUIPMENT The use of dental CBCT equipment must comply with all the regulations (IRR99 and IR(ME)R2000)
More informationPERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES
PERSONNEL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRY POLICIES All individuals who are required to have their exposure to ionizing radiation monitored must be trained prior to using the source(s) of radiation. The radioactive
More informationRADIATION PROTECTION INSTITUTE GHANA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION P. O. BOX LG 80, LEGON ACCRA. PROSPECTUS FOR
RADIATION PROTECTION INSTITUTE GHANA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION P. O. BOX LG 80, LEGON ACCRA. PROSPECTUS FOR NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY FOR RADIOGRAPHERS AND X-RAY TECHNICIANS,
More informationTHE UTILIZATION OF A DOSE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION TO LOWER RADIATION DOSES IN MEDICAL IMAGING
White paper THE UTILIZATION OF A DOSE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION TO LOWER RADIATION DOSES IN MEDICAL IMAGING This paper discusses why radiation exposure in medical imaging is such a hot topic, how a dose management
More informationAccelerator Laboratory GENERAL EMPLOYEE RADIATION TRAINING
f Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory GENERAL EMPLOYEE RADIATION TRAINING Operated by Universities Research Association, Inc. under contract with the United States Department of Energy October, 1999
More informationDosimetric Consideration in Diagnostic Radiology
Dosimetric Consideration in Diagnostic Radiology Prof. Ng Kwan-Hoong Department of Biomedical Imaging University of Malaya ngkh@um.edu.my Radiation Dosimetry Workshop, 28-29 March 2014 2 Why do we measure
More informationAustralian Per Caput Doses from Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine
Australian Per Caput Doses from Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine A.J.M Hayton, P.N Johnston, J Baldas, P.A Marks, K Edmonds, A.B Wallace Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency,
More informationRadiation Quantities and Units
Radiation Quantities and Units כולנו מתעסקים יום יום עם אמצעי דימות שונים החושפים את הנבדק לקרינה מייננת. בשנים האחרונות השימוש ב- CT עולה באופן חד ביותר בבתי החולים ובקהילה. מה אנחנו באמת יודעים לגבי
More informationRevised: 8/05; 9/08; 9/09; 8/11; 8/12; 1/13 Reviewed: 3/10
DCH RADIOGRAPHY PROGRAM CURRICULUM 17 Hours of Pre-requisites are required before entering into the professional phase of the Radiography Program. Pre-requisites English Comp I Intermediate College Algebra
More informationIonising Radiation Policy
Ionising Radiation Policy CONTENTS 1. University Policy. 2. Procedures / Guidance. 2.1 Responsibilities of the Deans of Schools and/or Heads of Departments 2.2 Radiation Protection Advisor / Radiation
More informationOn successful completion of the Unit the learner will be able to:
Higher National Unit specification General information Unit code: H9R8 34 Superclass: PF Publication date: September 2015 Source: Scottish Qualifications Authority Version: 03 Unit purpose This Unit is
More informationUpon successful completion of the course, the student should be competent in the following tasks:
COURSE INFORMATION Course Prefix/Number: RAD 201 Course Title: Radiation Biology Lab Hours/Week: 3.0 Credit Hours/Semester: 2.0 VA Statement/Distance Learning Attendance Textbook Information Student Code
More informationThe use of gonadal shielding in singular common diagnostic radiographic procedures
Australian Institute of Radiography Student paper The Radiographer 2007; 54 (2): 13 17 The use of gonadal shielding in singular common diagnostic radiographic procedures Sean A. Bowen, Ryan Clarke, Samuel
More informationIONIZING RADIATION, HEALTH EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES
May 2011 IONIZING RADIATION, HEALTH EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES KEY FACTS Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. People are exposed
More informationCT Radiation Risks and Dose Reduction
CT Radiation Risks and Dose Reduction Walter L. Robinson, M.S. D.A.B.S.N.M., D.A.B.M.P., D.A.B.R. Consultant Certified Medical Radiation Health & Diagnostic Imaging Physicist Medical Radiation and Children
More informationRadiation Safety. - Orientation Session - Environmental Health, Safety & Risk Management Health Physics Services Unit
Environmental Health, Safety & Risk Management Health Physics Services Unit Radiation Safety - Orientation Session - Mohamad Houssam Tamim University Radiation Safety Officer B.E. Communications and Electronics
More informationAppendix I. List of stakeholders consulted with on the Patient Radiation Protection Manual and members of the Medical Exposure Radiation Unit
References References The accuracy, quality and relevance of these works are not guaranteed or uniform and more recent information may have superseded these works. This list is not exhaustive. It does
More informationPatient dose in routine X-ray examinations in Yazd state
Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2004; 1(4): 199-204 Patient dose in routine X-ray examinations in Yazd state F. Bouzarjomehri Health Physics Dept. Shahid Sadoghi Univ. of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ABSTRACT Background:
More informationDebra Pennington, MD Director of Imaging Dell Children s Medical Center
Debra Pennington, MD Director of Imaging Dell Children s Medical Center 1 Gray (Gy) is 1 J of radiation energy/ 1 kg matter (physical quantity absorbed dose) Diagnostic imaging doses in mgy (.001 Gy)
More informationTesting of the Implementation of the Code of Practice on Dosimetry in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology Hungarian Contribution
Testing of the Implementation of the Code of Practice on Dosimetry in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology Hungarian Contribution Ferenc Giczi a*, Sándor Pellet b, Ian Donald McLean c and Ahmed Meghzifene c a Széchenyi
More informationLimited X-ray Machine Operator (LXMO) Curriculum Analysis
Program Number Program Name Date / /20 Limited X-ray Machine Operator (LXMO) Curriculum Analysis DIRECTIONS: Determine the course(s) in which each of the following content area is covered and enter the
More informationBreast Tomosynthesis. What is breast tomosynthesis?
Scan for mobile link. Breast Tomosynthesis Breast tomosynthesis is an advanced form of mammography, a specific type of breast imaging that uses low-dose x-rays to detect cancer early when it is most treatable.
More informationBiologic Effects of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
Biologic Effects of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities Gerald R. Aben, MD FACR Department of Radiology College of Osteopathic Medicine 6/12/2012 DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY 1 Biologic Effects 6/12/2012 DEPARTMENT
More informationX-rays How safe are they?
X-rays How safe are they? Patient information Thirty years ago, X-rays were the only way to see what was going on inside your body. Now other methods of medical imaging are available, some using different
More informationPractice and Risk at Medical Facilities in Agency Operations
Practice and Risk at Medical Facilities in Agency Operations Igor Gusev Radiation Protection Unit IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Outline What is medical radiation exposure? Radiation sources and
More informationIonising Radiation Safety Type: Policy Register No: Status: Public. For compliance with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999
Ionising Radiation Safety Type: Policy Register : 14022 Status: Public Developed in response to: Contributes to CCQ Core Outcome 4 For compliance with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Consulted
More informationSTANDARD OF PRACTICE. Dental CT Scanners CONTENTS. April 2011
April 2011 STANDARD OF PRACTICE Approved by Council April 18, 2011 Dental CT Scanners This document is the standard of practice in relation to the use of dental computed tomography (CT) scanners with respect
More informationRADIATION HAZARDS AND SAFETY
RADIATION HAZARDS AND SAFETY Dr. S. P. Tyagi All types of radiation produce changes in the living tissues. The resultant cellular injury causes physiological and pathological changes leading to Radiation
More informationRadiation Safety Training Module: Diagnostic Radiology Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology
Radiation Safety Training Module: Diagnostic Radiology Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology Radiological Safety Division Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Content Mission of AERB ICRP-Principle for
More informationRadiation Protection in Laboratory work. Mats Isaksson, prof. Department of radiation physics, GU
Radiation Protection in Laboratory work Mats Isaksson, prof. Department of radiation physics, GU mats.isaksson@radfys.gu.se Fundamental principles (ICRP) Justification Optimisation Application of dose
More information"Optimal Dose Techniques and Image Quality: Can We Have Both?" Lorusso, J. R., Fitzgeorge, L., Lorusso, D., & Lorusso, E. 2014
"Optimal Dose Techniques and Image Quality: Can We Have Both?" Lorusso, J. R., Fitzgeorge, L., Lorusso, D., & Lorusso, E. 2014 Introduction Background Important to regularly investigate dose optimization
More informationIonizing Radiation. Michael J. Vala, CHP. Bristol-Myers Squibb
Ionizing Radiation Michael J. Vala, CHP Bristol-Myers Squibb michael.vala@bms.com 732-227-5096 2013 American Industrial Hygiene Association, New Jersey Section, Inc. Course Objectives At the end of this
More informationJoint ICTP/IAEA Advanced School on Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology and its Clinical Implementation May 2009
2033-4 Joint ICTP/ Advanced School on Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology and its Clinical Implementation 11-15 May 2009 Dosimetry for General Radiology and Clinical Uncertainty Peter Homolka EFOMP Training
More informationRadiation Safety in the Catheterization Lab
SCAI FALL FELLOWS COURSE - 2015 Radiation Safety in the Catheterization Lab V. Vivian Dimas, MD, FSCAI Associate Professor Pediatrics, Cardiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX None Disclosures
More informationRisk and Risk Reduction. Environmental Health and Safety. Radiation Safety. Radiation is all around us
Risk and Risk Reduction Radiation is all around us Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety Risk and Risk Reduction Risk Webster s dictionary defines risk as the chance of injury, damage, or loss;
More informationEvening session 1 Stakeholder platform opportunity 18:30-20:00 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Evening session 1 Stakeholder platform opportunity 18:30-20:00 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Evening session 1 1. Foster dialogue between various stakeholders to deepen discussion on points of
More informationThe Increasing Use of CT and Its Risks
STUDENT SCOPE The Increasing Use of CT and Its Risks Matthew Voress is a radiography student at Owens Community College in Toledo, Ohio. This article was awarded first prize in the Ohio Society of Radiologic
More informationRadiation Protection education of Radiology trainees
Radiation Protection education of Radiology trainees A' Radiology Department- Aretaieion Hospital- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens M. Lyra,, C. Armpilia,, C. Antypas and A.Gouliamos The aim
More informationEstablishing a quality assurance baseline for radiological protection of patients undergoing diagnostic radiology
Establishing a quality assurance baseline for radiological protection of patients undergoing diagnostic radiology G K Korir, BSc, MSc (Nuclear Science), PhD (Radiological Science) Department of Physics
More informationGUIDELINES ON IONISING RADIATION DOSE LIMITS AND ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
RADIATION PROTECTION AUTHORITY OF ZIMBABWE (RPAZ) RADIATION PROTECTION ACT [CHAPTER 15:15] GUIDELINES ON IONISING RADIATION DOSE LIMITS AND ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Compiled by Radiation
More informationROMANIA MEDICAL EXPOSURE IN 2016 IN ROMANIAN RADIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS. Olga GIRJOABA and Alexandra CUCU
ROMANIA MEDICAL EXPOSURE IN 2016 IN ROMANIAN RADIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS Olga GIRJOABA and Alexandra CUCU National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania olga.garjoaba@insp.gov.ro PURPOSE Improvement
More informationCONTROLLABLE DOSE: A discussion on the control of individual doses from single sources. Roger H Clarke
CONTROLLABLE DOSE: A discussion on the control of individual doses from single sources Roger H Clarke (1 October 1998) OVERVIEW Contaminated land is an issue of considerable interest in many countries.
More information