Appendix I DOCUMENTS RECEIVED OR USED IN PREPARATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE STRECKER FOREST DEVELOPMENT SITE, WILDWOOD MO

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1 Appendix I DOCUMENTS RECEIVED OR USED IN PREPARATION OF THE HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE STRECKER FOREST DEVELOPMENT SITE, WILDWOOD MO ATSDR TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLORINATED DIBENZO-p- DIOXINS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. December Berg, Martin Van den, Linda S. Birnbaum, Michael Denison, Mike De Vito, William Farland, Mark Feeley, Heidelore Fiedler, et al "The 2005 World Health Organization Reevaluation of Human and Mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds." Toxicological Sciences 93, no. 2: BLACK & VEATCH, ENGINEERS-ARCHITECTS REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION. Ellisville Hazardous Waste Disposal Site. Ellisville, Missouri. Volume 1 Summary Report. Contract NO September 21, BLACK & VEATCH, ENGINEERS-ARCHITECTS REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION. Ellisville Hazardous Waste Disposal Site. Ellisville, Missouri. Volume 2 Appendices. Contract NO September 21, Brucker Engineering Limited Phase II Environmental Site Assessment for Strecker Forest Wildwood, MO. March 16, CA EPA A Guide to Health Risk Assessment. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Callahan, J The Callahan Property History. Wildwood, MO. March 26, Missouri Department of Natural Resources Missouri Registry Annual Report. Registry of Confirmed Abandoned or Uncontrolled. Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in Missouri. Division of Environmental Quality Hazardous Waste Program. Missouri Department of Natural Resources Addendum to Site Investigation Sampling Report. Ellisville-Bliss NPL Site. Wildwood, Missouri. Order Number March 1, Missouri Department of Natural Resources Site Investigation Sampling Report. Bliss/Ellisville Site Wildwood, Missouri, St. Louis County. September 7, 2006.

2 Missouri Department of Natural Resources Addendum to Site Investigation Sampling Report. Ellisville-Bliss NPL Site, Wildwood, MO. Order Number June 29, Missouri Department of Natural Resources Addendum to Site Investigation Sampling Report. Ellisville-Bliss NPL Site, Wildwood, MO. Order Number November 5, Missouri Department of Natural Resources Site Investigation Sampling Report. Ellisville-Bliss NPL Site. Wildwood, MO, St. Louis County. Order ID Numbers , , , , & September 2-5 & 16-18, 2008 Missouri Department of Natural Resources Monitoring Well Installation Report. Bliss-Ellisville Site. Shallow Groundwater Investigation. St. Louis County. April Missouri Department of Natural Resources Missouri Risk-Based Corrective Action. Technical Guidance. April Mundell & Associates, Inc Workplan for Phase II Environmental Site Assessment. Strecker Forest Development Site. Wildwood, MO. August 22, Mundell & Associates, Inc Strecker Forest Development Site: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Report. March 3, Paschal, E., F Oversight of Missouri Department of Natural Resources Contaminated Soil Investigation. Custom Environmental Services. Paschal, E., F Review of Mundell s Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Report. Custom Environmental Services. Pohl, Hana R., Moiz M. Mumtaz, Franco Scinicariello, and Hugh Hansen "Binary weight-of-evidence evaluations of chemical interactions 15 years of experience." Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology: RTP 54, no. 3: Ramsey, Wood Bliss Ellisville Site, SS#0708. Wildwood, MO, Remedial Action. On-Scene Coordinator. Emergency Response and Removals Branch. January- September SCI Engineering, Inc Phase One Environmental Site Assessment. St. Peters, MO. March 15, 2000.

3 Stehr, P A, D Forney, G Stein, H D Donnell, H Falk, R Hotchkiss, W A Spratlin, E Sampson, and S J Smith "The public health response to 2,3,7,8-TCDD environmental contamination in Missouri." Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974) 100, no. 3: Stehr-Green, Paul A., John S. Andrews, Richard E. Hoffman, Karen B. Webb, and Wayne F. Schramm "An Overview of the Missouri Dioxin Studies." Archives of Environmental Health 43, no. 2. Sterling Engineering Company Strecker Forest Development Plan. Received June 30, U.S. EPA Health Assessment Document for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins. EPA/600/8-84/014F. September U.S. EPA. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. U.S. EPA EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Ellisville Site, MO. EPA ID: MOD U.S. EPA EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Ellisville Site, MO. EPA ID: MOD U.S. EPA Indoor Air Facts No. 4 (Revised). Sick Building Syndrome. Research and Development (MD-56). Air and Radiation (6609J). U.S. EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Ellisville Area, MO. EPA/ROD/R07-91/047. U.S. EPA CERCLA REMOVAL for the BLISS-ELLISVILLE SITE, WILDWOOD, MO. Volume I of IV. SUPERFUND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE TEAM. Contract No. 68-W November U.S. EPA CERCLA REMOVAL for the BLISS-ELLISVILLE SITE, WILDWOOD, MO. Volume II of IV. SUPERFUND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE TEAM. Contract No. 68-W November U.S. EPA CERCLA REMOVAL for the BLISS-ELLISVILLE SITE, WILDWOOD, MO. Volume III of IV. SUPERFUND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE TEAM. Contract No. 68-W November U.S. EPA CERCLA REMOVAL for the BLISS-ELLISVILLE SITE, WILDWOOD, MO. Volume IV of IV. SUPERFUND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE TEAM. Contract No. 68-W November 1996.

4 U.S. EPA Additional Remedial Investigation of The Bliss-Ellisville Site, Wildwood, MO. CERCLIS No. MOD Contract No. 68 W U.S. EPA Approach for Addressing Dioxin in Soil at CERCLA and RCRA Sites. OSWER Directive U.S. EPA Calculating Upper Confidence Limits for Exposure Point Concentrations at Hazardous Waste Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. December, U.S. EPA Groundwater Sampling Analytical Review Report of Findings. Bliss- Ellisville Site-Wildwood, MO. Contract No. EP-S , Task Order No June 12, U.S. EPA Pilot Survey of Levels of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Mercury in Rural Soils of the United States. EPA/600/R-05/048F U.S. EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/R-06/096F. EP A/600/R-06/096F U.S. EPA Exposure Factors Handbook 2009 Update. EPA/600/R-09/052A. U.S. EPA DRAFT RECOMMENDED INTERIM PRELIMINARY REMEDIATION GOALS FOR DIOXIN IN SOIL AT CERCLA AND RCRA SITES. OSWER December 30, U.S. EPA Review of International Soil Levels for Dioxin. OSWER December 29, U.S. EPA Review of State Soil Cleanup Levels for Dioxin. U.S. EPA Region Ellisville Site Description. EPA ID# MOD Webb, K, R G Evans, P Stehr, and S M Ayres "Pilot study on health effects of environmental 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Missouri." American Journal Of Industrial Medicine 11, no. 6: WHO Consultation Executive Summary. Assessment of the Health Risk of Dioxins: Re-evaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI).

5 Appendix II DERIVATION OF THREE CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR ESTIMATING DIOXIN TEQ CONCENTRATIONS Precipitation Data for precipitation in the St. Louis region was available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website. On average, precipitation is 38 in/yr. The maximum annual precipitation rate was 58 in/yr; the minimum was 21 in/yr. The greatest rainfall over a seasonal span was in/3 months. The greatest rainfall over a day was 8.78 in/day. Drainage area The drainage area of the ravine is approximately 720,000 ft 2. Rain water to the subsurface As discussed in the karst aquifer section of this report, the amount of precipitation that enters groundwater through recharge is dependent on the degree of cracking in the clay. As a worst case scenario, let us assume that negligible precipitation water is lost to the subsurface. Evapotranspiration/lost to canopy Evapotranspiration and rainfall lost to the overlying canopy is another difficult parameter to establish, but is approximated by NOAA to be approximately 40% combined. This is dependent on weather conditions during flooding and the duration of flooding. Precipitation as streamflow Table 1 presents precipitation rates, the amount of precipitation approximated to enter streams (after removing evapotranspiration and water lost to the canopy), and the resulting streamflow at the ravine outlet. Table 1: Precipitation rates, the amount of precipitation going to streams, and the resulting streamflow at the outlet of the ravine in Strecker Forest (precipitation and evapotranspiration rates from NOAA 2010). Precipitation To streams Streamflow (cfd) 38 in/yr (average) in/3 months (average) 22.8 in/yr in/3 mon

6 Streamflow (cfd) Mean Depth (ft) Actual Shear Stress (τ a ) (lbs/ft 2 ) Erosion rate (ε) (lbs/ft 2 yr) Mass flux out (kg/day) Concentration out (µg/kg) Average annual rainfall Maximum 3 month rainfall Average 3 month rainfall , ,985 Shear Stress To estimate the erosion of clay from the ravine, we will assume a silt/clay content (SC) of 100%. To determine erosion, we must first determine the amount of stress that water must apply to a soil to begin the process of erosion, known as critical shear stress. Per Julian and Torres (2006), critical shear stress (τ c ) is defined as: Table 2: τ c = *SC *(SC) E-5*(SC) 3 = lbs/ft 2 Critical shear stress can then be used to estimate the soil erodibility rate constant k d with the empirical formula: k d = 0.2* τ c -0.5 = /yr The actual shear stress which the surface water exerts on the soil is known as excess shear stress and can be calculated as: τ a = 62*R*S where R = mean depth and S = slope. In the ravine, using surface elevations at MW-2 and MW-5, S was approximated as 75 ft/4200 ft = R is dependent on precipitation conditions; R was estimated as 0.5ft for an average year, 9ft during the three month maximum precipitation period, and 4 ft for average rainy period conditions. Resulting shear stress values are presented in Table 2. Erosion rate and mass rate out Erosion rate ε is the mass of soil that can be removed per unit area per year and can be estimated as:

7 ε = k d (τ a -τ c ) Erosion rate values are presented in Table 2. The mass rate of clay leaving the watershed can be approximated as the erosion rate multiplied by the drainage area of the ravine (720,000 ft 2 ). Mass rates have been converted to SI units and are presented in Table 2. Concentrations of dioxin TEQ sorbed to particulates in outflow Let us calculate the concentration of contaminants sorbed to clay in the streamflow leaving the watershed during a year with average recharge conditions. We estimated that the streamflow was approximately 4000 cfd and that the mass flux out of the stream was approximately 10,000 kg/yr. Dioxin TEQ in the ravine ranged from less than 0.01 µg/kg in the upper portions of the ravine to greater than 400 µg/kg at the outlet. Let us assume an average of 300 μg/kg, with the understanding that flow at the ravine outlet will have a greater concentration than at higher elevations in the ravine. Hence, the estimated concentration of contaminants sorbed to particulates, on average, is C = [(10,000 kg/yr)*(1 yr/365 d)*(300 μg/kg)]/[(4000 cfd)*(1 kg/m 3 )*(1 m 3 /(3.28 ft) 3 ) ] = 0.06 μg/kg Let us now consider the maximum streamflow over a three month period, approximately 10,000 cfd. The mass rate leaving the watershed is approximately 350,000 kg/3 months. Thus: C = [(350,000 kg/3 months)*(3 months/90 d)*(300 μg/kg)]/[(10,000 cfd)*(1 kg/m 3 )*(1 m 3 /(3.28 ft) 3 ) ] = 3.3 μg/kg

8 Appendix III ESTIMATION FOR THE STREAMFLOW CONCENTRATIONS OF NAPHTHALENE AND TRIMETHYBENZENE AT THE OUTLET OF THE RAVINE During the sampling period, there was no streamflow in the ravine, indicating that the water table was below the surface. However, the groundwater level at MW-07 indicates that the water table is just below the surface. Hence, during a storm event, we expect that the water table will rise and that the stream will be fed by groundwater, allowing for soluble contaminants such as naphthalene to be present at the outflow of the ravine. What is uncertain is how much the groundwater will be diluted. This can be estimated with mass balance, where: C tot *(Q tot ) = C GW *Q GW + C rainfall *Q rainfall We estimated Q tot for the average rainy period conditions to be 4500 cfd (we will not consider the other cases). We also assume that C rainfall = 0. Hence, we can determine C tot as: C tot = C GW *(Q GW / Q tot ) In other words, we need to determine what percentage of the flow in the stream during rainy conditions is attributable to groundwater, commonly referred to as a dilution factor. For a stream which is poorly connected to groundwater, a dilution factor of 0.1 would be conservative; we expect most of the water which drives the stream to come from overland runoff. A more detailed analysis would be required for a more accurate assessment, here we likely overestimate concentration in the outflow. For naphthalene, groundwater concentration was measured at MW-06 to be 390 µg/l. We can then estimate the stormflow concentration as 390 µg/l*0.1 = 39 µg/l. For trimethylbenzene, groundwater concentration was measured at MW-06 to be 210 µg/l, or 21 µg/l in stormflow.

9 Appendix IV COMPLETE LIST OF CALCULATIONS FOR QUANTIFICATION OF EXPOSURE 1) B26- Dermal, Ingestion, and Inhalation 1a) Dermal contact with soil at B26- Dioxin TEQ (CS * CF * SA * AF * ABS * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p SA = surface area available for contact (cm 2 /event) = 1.16 cm 2 /event Assumption: child has average surface area available for contact Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: surface areas vary per TO AF = soil to adhesion factor = 2.77 mg/cm 2 Assumption: 100% kaolin clay Source: RAGS p. 6-42; user estimation Uncertainty: soil composition and TO usage of potting soil may vary ABS = absorption factor (unitless) = 0.03 Assumption: ABS is representative, Dioxin TEQ is 2,3,7,8-dioxin Source: USEPA 1992 Uncertainty: ABS can vary per methodology EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 200 events/yr

10 Assumption: child plays in the soil 200 times each year Source: target organism description Uncertainty: gardening habits vary per TO; seasonal variations affect playing habits ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop Noncancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.03 * 200 events/yr * = 6.53E-11 mg/kg-day 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr

11 Cancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.03 * 200 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 9.33E-12 mg/kg-day 1b) Dermal contact with soil at B26- benzene (CS * CF * SA * AF * ABS * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p SA = surface area available for contact (cm 2 /event) = 1.16 cm 2 /event Assumption: child has average surface area available for contact Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: surface areas vary per TO AF = soil to adhesion factor = 2.77 mg/cm 2 Assumption: 100% kaolin clay Source: RAGS p. 6-42; user estimation Uncertainty: soil composition and TO usage of potting soil may vary

12 ABS = absorption factor (unitless) = 0.1 Assumption: ABS is representative Source: USEPA 1992 Uncertainty: ABS can vary per methodology EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 200 events/yr Assumption: child plays in the soil 200 times each year Source: target organism description Uncertainty: gardening habits vary per TO; seasonal variations affect playing habits ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

13 Noncancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.1 * 200 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 5.02E-13 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.1 * 200 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 7.17E-14 mg/kg-day 1c) Dermal contact with soil at B26- di-n-octyl phthalate (CS * CF * SA * AF * ABS * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = 0.15 mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p SA = surface area available for contact (cm 2 /event) = 1.16 cm 2 /event

14 Assumption: child has average surface area available for contact Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: surface areas vary per TO AF = soil to adhesion factor = 2.77 mg/cm 2 Assumption: 100% kaolin clay Source: RAGS p. 6-42; user estimation Uncertainty: soil composition and TO usage of potting soil may vary ABS = absorption factor (unitless) = 5.70E-6 Assumption: ABS is representative Source: USEPA 1992 Uncertainty: ABS can vary per methodology EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 200 events/yr Assumption: child plays in the soil 200 times each year Source: target organism description Uncertainty: gardening habits vary per TO; seasonal variations affect playing habits ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

15 Noncancer Exposure 0.15 mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 5.7E-6 * 200 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 5.02E-13 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure 0.15 mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 5.7E-6 * 200 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 7.17E-14 mg/kg-day 1d) Ingestion of soil at B26- benzene (CS * CF * IR * FI * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p IR = ingestion rate of soil = 200 mg soil/day

16 Assumption: child has average ingestion rate Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary FI = fraction ingested from contaminated source = 1.0 Assumption: assume all soil ingested is contaminated Source: RAGS p. 6-40; user estimation Uncertainty: uncontaminated soil may also be ingested EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: child ingests soil every day Source: target organism description Uncertainty: could be greater on days when playing occurs ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

17 Noncancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 2.47E-7 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 3.53E-8 mg/kg-day 1e) Ingestion of soil at B26- benzene (CS * CF * IR * FI * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p IR = ingestion rate of soil = 200 mg soil/day Assumption: child has average ingestion rate

18 Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary FI = fraction ingested from contaminated source = 1.0 Assumption: assume all soil ingested is contaminated Source: RAGS p. 6-40; user estimation Uncertainty: uncontaminated soil may also be ingested EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: child ingests soil every day Source: target organism description Uncertainty: could be greater on days when playing occurs ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

19 Noncancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 2.0E-8 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 2.86E-9 mg/kg-day 1f) Ingestion of soil at B26- di-n-octyl phthalate (CS * CF * IR * FI * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg) = 0.15 mg/kg Assumption: contact with soil is near the proposed residential development site Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: This data was measured at 4-8 ft deep, concentrations above unknown and the effect of residential construction is unknown CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p IR = ingestion rate of soil = 200 mg soil/day Assumption: child has average ingestion rate

20 Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary FI = fraction ingested from contaminated source = 1.0 Assumption: assume all soil ingested is contaminated Source: RAGS p. 6-40; user estimation Uncertainty: uncontaminated soil may also be ingested EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: child ingests soil every day Source: target organism description Uncertainty: could be greater on days when playing occurs ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

21 Noncancer Exposure 0.15 mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 1.0E-5 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure 0.15 mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 200 mg/day * 1.0 * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 1.43E-6 mg/kg-day 1g) Inhalation at B26- benzene (CS * IR * IT * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS min = volatile chemical concentration (mg/kg) = 3.38E-5 Assumption: Henry's Law constant is at 5 C Source: Mundell & Associates Inc. 2010; U.S. EPA 2010c Uncertainty: Henry's Law is dependent on many conditions, varies per methodology CS max = volatile chemical concentration (mg/kg) = 8.06E-5 Assumption: Henry's Law constant is at 25 C Source: Mundell & Associates Inc. 2010; U.S. EPA 2010c Uncertainty: Henry's Law is dependent on many conditions, varies per methodology

22 IR = inhalation rate = 20 m 3 /hr Assumption: child has average inhalation rate Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: inhalation rates vary ET = exposure time = 24 hrs Assumption: exposed to high levels through basement Source: RAGS p. 6-44; user estimation Uncertainty: may have variable exposure throughout the day EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: none Source: target organism description Uncertainty: none ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

23 Annual Lowpoint Noncancer Exposure 3.38E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 5.4E-4 mg/kg-day Annual Lowpoint Cancer Exposure 3.38E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 7.72E-5 mg/kg-day Annual Highpoint Noncancer Exposure 8.06E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 1.29E-3 mg/kg-day Annual Highpoint Cancer Exposure 8.06E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 1.84E-4 mg/kg-day

24 1h) Inhalation at B26- di-n-octyl phthalate (CS * IR * IT * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS min = volatile chemical concentration (mg/kg) = 3.06E-5 Assumption: Henry's Law constant is at 5 C Source: Mundell & Associates Inc. 2010; U.S. EPA 2010c Uncertainty: Henry's Law is dependent on many conditions, varies per methodology CS max = volatile chemical concentration (mg/kg) = 4.85E-4 Assumption: Henry's Law constant is at 25 C Source: Mundell & Associates Inc. 2010; U.S. EPA 2010c Uncertainty: Henry's Law is dependent on many conditions, varies per methodology IR = inhalation rate = 20 m 3 /hr Assumption: child has average inhalation rate Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: inhalation rates vary ET = exposure time = 24 hrs Assumption: exposed to high levels through basement Source: RAGS p. 6-44; user estimation Uncertainty: may have variable exposure throughout the day EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: none Source: target organism description Uncertainty: none ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description

25 Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop Annual Lowpoint Noncancer Exposure = 4.9E-4 mg/kg-day Annual Lowpoint Cancer Exposure = 7.0E-5 mg/kg-day 3.06E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr 3.06E-5 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr

26 Annual Highpoint Noncancer Exposure 4.85E-4 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 7.76E-3 mg/kg-day Annual Highpoint Cancer Exposure 4.85E-4 mg/kg * 20 m 3 /hr * 24 hr * 365 days/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 1.11E-3 mg/kg-day

27 2) B33- Dermal, Ingestion, and Inhalation The calculations conducted at B26 were repeated at B33 for the following contaminants: naphthalene, toluene, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethane, trimethylbenzene, and dioxin TEQ (no inhalation for dioxin TEQ). The assumptions are the same. The calculations will not be repeated here, instead Table 1 summarizes the relevant assumptions made for each that were not covered in the B26 calculations: soil concentration, ABS, Henry's Coefficients, and volatilized concentrations. Table 2: Concentrations (Mundell Associates Inc 2010), ABS (EPA 1992), Henry's Law Coefficients (EPA 2010), and volatilized contaminant concentrations at different temperatures at B33 in Strecker Farms. Conc. (mg/kg) ABS Henry's Coefficient 5 C Henry's Coefficient 25 C Volatilized conc. (mg/kg) at 5 C Volatilized conc. (mg/kg) at 25 C Dioxin TEQ NA NA NA NA Ethylbenzene E E-4 Naphthalene E E-5 Tetrachloroethane E E-3 Toluene E E-4 Trimethylbenzene E E E-3 3) Historical Groundwater Ingestion Note: the same calculation was used for adult males and females, the only difference being that males had an estimated weight of 87 kg and females 74 kg. Contaminant concentrations varied per monitoring well. A summary is presented in Table 2. Table 3: Groundwater concentrations (mg/l) of three chemicals in observed in the 7 monitoring wells of Strecker Farms. MW1 MW2 MW3 MW4 MW5 MW6 MW7 Naphthalene NA 1.9E-4 NA NA NA 0.25 NA Trimethylbenzene NA NA NA NA NA 0.21 NA

28 Dioxin TEQ 6.00E E E E E E-08 NA For illustrative purposes, we will present the calculation for an adult male ingesting naphthalene through groundwater pumped near MW6 for a span of 30 years. 3a) Ingestion of groundwater near MW6- naphthalene (CW * IR * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in groundwater (mg/l) = 0.25 mg/l Assumption: groundwater pumped from near MW6 Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: Groundwater chemical concentrations are difficult to determine without more data IR = ingestion rate of water = 2 L/day Assumption: all water ingested from groundwater Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 365 events/yr Assumption: child ingests water everyday Source: target organism description Uncertainty: could be greater for certain individuals ED = exposure duration (years) = 30 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 30 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 87 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for an adult male

29 Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: body weights vary AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 30 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop Noncancer Exposure = 5.75E-3 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure = 2.46E-3 mg/kg-day 0.25 mg/l * 2 L/day * 365 days/yr * 30 years 87 kg * 30 years * 365 days/yr 0.25 mg/l * 2 L/day * 365 days/yr * 30 years 87 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr 4a) Ingestion of surface water- naphthalene (CW * IR * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in groundwater (mg/l) = mg/l Assumption: Dilution factor of 0.1

30 Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: Dilution factor unknown without additional field data CR = Contact Rate (L/hr) = 50 ml/hr Assumption: 50 ml of water is ingested per every hour of swimming Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary IR = Ingestion Rate (L/day) = 0.15 ml/hr Assumption: 3 hours per swimming event Source: TO description Uncertainty: swimming times will vary EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 7 events/yr Assumption: child swims 7 days every year Source: RAGS pg Uncertainty: could be greater for certain individuals ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 30 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

31 Noncancer Exposure mg/l * 0.15 L/day * 7 days/yr * 10 years 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 3.74E-6 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure mg/l * 0.15 L/day * 7 days/yr * 10 years 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 5.34E-7 mg/kg-day 4b) Ingestion of surface water- trimethylbenzene (CW * IR * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical concentration in groundwater (mg/l) = mg/l Assumption: Dilution factor of 0.1 Source: Mundell & Associates Inc Uncertainty: Dilution factor unknown without additional field data CR = Contact Rate (L/hr) = 50 ml/hr Assumption: 50 ml of water is ingested per every hour of swimming Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: ingestion rates vary IR = Ingestion Rate (L/day) = 0.15 ml/hr Assumption: 3 hours per swimming event

32 Source: TO description Uncertainty: swimming times will vary EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 7 events/yr Assumption: child swims 7 days every year Source: RAGS pg Uncertainty: could be greater for certain individuals ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 30 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop Noncancer Exposure = 2.01E-6 mg/kg-day mg/l * 0.15 L/day * 7 days/yr * 10 years 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr

33 Cancer Exposure = 2.88E-7 mg/kg-day mg/l * 0.15 L/day * 7 days/yr * 10 years 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr 4c) Dermal contact with surface water- dioxin TEQ (here, the sorption is the same as would be contact with soil, as dioxins are assumed sorbed to soil) (CS * CF * SA * AF * ABS * EF * ED) (BW * AT) CS = chemical surface water (mg/l) = 6.0E-4 mg/l concentration in Assumption: see Appendix 1 Source: Mundell & Associates Inc. 2010, sheer stress calculations Uncertainty: Sheer stress calculations required many assumptions about stream depth, erosion rate, etc. CF = conversion factor = 10-6 kg/mg Source: RAGS p SA = surface area available for contact (cm 2 /event) = 1.16 cm 2 /event Assumption: child has average surface area available for contact Source: RAGS p Uncertainty: surface areas vary per TO AF = soil to adhesion factor = 2.77 mg/cm 2 Assumption: 100% kaolin clay Source: RAGS p. 6-42; user estimation Uncertainty: soil composition and TO usage of potting soil may vary

34 ABS = absorption factor (unitless) = 0.03 Assumption: ABS is representative, dioxin TEQ is 2,3,7,8-dioxin Source: USEPA 1992 Uncertainty: ABS can vary per methodology EF = exposure frequency (events/yr) = 7 events/yr Assumption: child swims 7 times each year Source: target organism description Uncertainty: swimming habits vary per TO ED = exposure duration (years) = 10 years Assumption: TO have lived on site for 10 years Source: TO description Uncertainty: exposure durations vary per TO BW = body weight (kg) = 30 kg Assumption: TO weight is approximated for a 10 year old child Source: user estimation Uncertainty: body weights vary per child AT = averaging time (days) = Noncancer - (10 years * 365 days/year) and Cancer (70 years * 365 days/year) Assumptions: Noncancer TO has lived on site for 10 years; Cancer Standard Source: Noncancer TO description; Cancer RAGS p Uncertainty: Noncancer averaging times vary per TO; Cancer 70 years is a lifetime average estimate for cancer to develop

35 Noncancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.03 * 7 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 10 years * 365 days/yr = 5.02E-13 mg/kg-day Cancer Exposure mg/kg * 10-6 kg/mg * 1.16 cm 2 /event * 2.77 mg/cm 2 * 0.03 * 7 events/yr * 10 yr 30 kg * 70 years * 365 days/yr = 7.17E-14 mg/kg-day

36 Appendix V ADDITIONAL DETECTED CONTAMINANTS: TOXICITY PROFILES The following chemicals were found above detection limits on the Proposed Strecker Forest Development Site. The detected levels of these chemicals fell below their respective MRBCA, PRG, or MCL. VOCs and SVOCs found above detection limits in soil only: 2-Methylphenol, also known as o-cresol, evaporates slowly from soil and water but can be degraded by bacteria quickly. Since it is a corrosive substance, breathing, ingesting or touching it at high levels can cause harm. Inhalation at high levels results in irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Ingestion at high levels can cause mouth and throat burns, stomach pain, vomiting, kidney problems, and effects on the blood and nervous system. Skin contact can burn the skin and damage the kidneys, liver, blood, lungs, and brain. Inhalation and skin contact may cause death. The EPA determined that 2- methylphenol is a possible human carcinogen. No studies exist on the effects of 2- methylphenol on children. However, a baby, who accidentally had a solution of cresol spilled on his head, suffered damage to the skin, liver, and kidneys, became comatose and died within 4 hours. OSHA has established a permissible exposure limit of 5ppm for cresols in the air (ATSDR 2009a). Isopropylbenzene, also known as cumene, is a colorless liquid with a sharp odor. Exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, skin and/or eye contact. Exposure may cause skin and eye irritation, headaches, dermatitis, narcosis, and coma. OSHA has established permissible exposure limits as 50 parts per million for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (CDC 2009). n-butylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid. This chemical is mildly toxic when ingested, and it is incompatible with oxidizing materials (Lewis 2008).

37 n-propylbenzene, also known as isocumene, is a clear, flammable liquid that is insoluble in water. It is a dangerous fire hazard and mildly toxic when ingested (Lewis 2008). o-xylene is an isomer of xylene and is highly flammable. It is a colorless liquid which is sweet smelling and naturally occurs in petroleum and coal tar. o-xylene is widely used in leather, printing and rubber industries as a solvent. Exposure may cause developmental affects and negatively impact the liver, nervous system, and renal system. Exposure can also cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. Exposure may also cause dizziness, reduced muscle coordination and even death. The limit for drinking water is 10 parts per million and for air in the workplace it is 100 parts per million for an 8-hour day,40-hour workweek (ATSDR 2009a). p-isopropyltoluene, also known as p-cymene, is an odorless and colorless to paleyellow liquid. This chemical is flammable and mildly toxic. Exposure may cause skin irritation and negative effects on the central nervous system (Lewis 2008). VOCs and SVOCs found above detection limits in soil only: 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is an volatile organic compound derived from benzene. Studies have shown that exposure to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene can lead to an increase in adrenal gland weights. According to the EPA it is not considered to be carcinogenic. The EPA has set a reference dose of 1x10-2 mg/kg/day (US EPA 2010). 1,2-Dichlorobenzene ranges from colorless to pale-yellow, has a pleasant smell, and is poorly soluble in water. Exposure may occur through inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact. Exposure to high levels may cause eye and nose irritation, upset stomach, skin blisters, difficulty breathing, and liver and/or kidney damage (CDC 2009). The EPA has set a reference dose at 9x ,2- dichlorobenzene is not classified as a human carcinogen (US EPA 2010).

38 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol exists in crystal form and has been shown to cause adverse effects to the liver and kidneys. The EPA has not assessed the carcinogenic risk of this substance but placed a reference dose at 1x10-1 mg/kg/day (US EPA 2010). 4-Methylphenol, also known as p-cresol, has similar properties and health effects to 2- methylphenol, or o-cresol. In addition to the health effects described for 2- Methylphenol, studies on animals have found lesions inside the nose and thyroid gland damageafter ingesting food containing 4-methylphenol. The EPA classifies 4- methylphenol as a possible human carcinogen. OSHA has set a limit of 5parts per million of methylphenols in the air to protect workers for 8-hour day, 40-hour workweeks (ATSDR 2009a). Acenaphthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is known to cause hepatotoxicity, and the EPA has set a reference dose at 6x10-2 mg/kg/day. It has not been assessed for its carcinogenicity by the EPA (US EPA 2010). Benzo(a)pyrene is a PAH that is a black or brown amorphous residue. Acute exposure can lead to skin rash or eye irritation with a burning sensation. Chronic exposure can lead to a loss of color and reddish areas on the skin, thinning of the skin, warts, and bronchitis (NIOSH 2009).Benzo(a)pyrene is classified by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen and the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen based on sufficient animal studies (US EPA 2010). Benzo(b)fluoranthene is a PAH. According to the EPA it is a probable human carcinogen based on animal studies (US EPA 2010). The OSHA permissible exposure limit is set at 0.2 mg per cubic meter for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (OSHA 2010). Benzo(ghi)perylene is a PAH. The EPA has not classified this substance as a human carcinogen (US EPA 2010). Other data about human health effects are insufficient.

39 Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate, also known as DHEP, does not evaporate or dissolve in water easily. Because it occurs at such low levels in the environment, it is not likely to cause health effects in humans. Also, it is not easily taken up through the skin. Animal studies have shown that high exposures of DEHP can cause reproductive effects and damage to the liver. Based on animal studies, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the EPA have classified DEHP as a probable human carcinogen. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has stated that DEHP cannot be classified as a human carcinogen. The EPA limits the amount of DEHP in drinking water to 6 parts per billion. OSHA set a maximum average of 5 mg per cubic meter of air in the workplace for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workday (ATSDR 2009a). Bromomethane is a colorless gas that has a noticeable odor at very high concentrations. Bromomethane breaks down slowly in the environment. Inhalation exposure may cause headaches, weakness, and nausea. Inhalation of large amounts may lead to a build-up of fluid in the lungs and cause breathing difficulties. Exposure could also possibly cause muscle tremors, seizures, kidney damage, nerve damage, and death at very high levels (1,600-60,000 parts per million). Ingestion of bromomethane can cause stomach irritation and direct contact can cause itching, redness and blisters. The EPA has determined that bromomethane is not a human carcinogen. The FDA limits the amount of bromomethane in the food to parts per million. OSHA limits the average level of bromomethane in the workplace air to 20 parts per million for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (ATSDR 2009a). Chrysene is a PAH that the EPA has classified as a probable human carcinogen based on significant animal studies. The complete health effects of chrysene have not been studied (US EPA 2010). Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene is a PAH that the EPA has classified as a probable human carcinogen based on significant animal studies (US EPA 2010).

40 Fluoranthene is a colorless solid that is poisonous through intravenous exposure. Fluoranthene is moderately toxic through ingestion and dermal contact. This chemical is a questionable carcinogen and combustible when exposed to fire (Lewis 2008). Fluorene is a colorless solid and a PAH. Fluorene causes a decrease in red blood cells and packed cell volume and hemoglobin in animal studies. The EPA and OSHA has not classified fluorene as a human carcinogen and set the reference dose to 0.04 mg/kg/day (US EPA 2010). Methylene chloride is a colorless liquid with a mild, sweet odor. Exposure to methylene chloride commonly occurs by breathing contaminated air or touching the chemical. Large amounts of inhalation exposure may cause dizziness, nausea, and/or numbness in fingers and toes. Smaller amounts of inhalation exposure may affect hand-eye coordination. Skin contact with the chemical may cause burning and redness. The chemical does not occur naturally, and it is commonly used as a paint stripper and for other industrial purposes. It is not clear that methylene chloride causes cancer in humans. OHSA has established permissible exposure limits of 25 parts per million of methylene chloride in workplace air for 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (ASTDR 2009a). Phenanthrene exists as a colorless solid or as monoclinic crystals. The chemical is poisonous when intravenous exposure occurs. Phenanthrene is moderately toxic through ingestion and dermal contact. This chemical is a questionable carcinogen, combustible when exposed to fire, and can react with oxidizing materials (Lewis 2008). Phenol is a colorless to light-pink crystalline solid. Following large and repeated releases, phenol can remain in the air, water, and soil for long periods of time. Acute exposure to phenol can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and burning eyes. Direct contact with the skin to high amounts of phenol can cause skin burns, liver damage, dark urine, irregular heartbeat, and in some cases death. Ingestion of high

41 doses has resulted in burns and death. Animal studies have shown that chronic exposure to high doses of phenol can cause paralysis and injury to the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and in some cases death. The IARC and the EPA have not classified phenol as a human carcinogen. The EPA has limited the amount of phenol in drinking water to 2 mg/l for a lifetime exposure. OSHA has set a limit of 5 parts per million of phenol in the air for 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (ATSDR 2009a). Pyrene is a black or dark-brown amorphous residue. Pyrene is a PAH that has been shown to cause kidney effects such as renal tubular pathology and decreased kidney weights in animals. The EPA has not classified pyrene as a possible human carcinogen based on animal studies. The EPA has set a reference dose for pyrene at 0.03 mg/kg/day (US EPA 2010). Sec-butylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid. The chemical is moderately toxic when ingested, and it may cause irritation if dermal or eye contact occurs. Secbutylbenzene is incompatible with oxidizing materials (Lewis 2008). Trichlorofluoromethane is commonly used as an industrial solvent and refrigerant. Exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, dermal and/or eye contact. Incoordination, dermatitis, asphyxia, cardiac arrest, liquid frostbite, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias may result from exposure. OSHA limits the average level of trichlorofluoromethane in the workplace air to 1000 parts per million for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek (CDC 2009). VOCs and SVOCs found above detection limits in groundwater only: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is an organic compound that does not occur naturally in the environment. It can travel in the air for years and get broken down by the sunlight. Microorganisms can also break down 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Acute inhalation can lead to dizziness, lightheadedness, and loss of coordination. Inhalation of 1,1,1- trichloroethane at higher levels can cause unconsciousness, blood pressure decrease,