Transduction of Receptor Signals by β-arrestins

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1 Science Supporting Online Material Transduction of Receptor Signals by β-arrestins Robert J. Lefkowitz and Sudha K. Shenoy Contents Figs. S1 Tables S1 to S3

2 Table S1. G protein-coupled receptor kinase family Gene Residues (human) Tissue distribution GRK1 563 Rod outer segments, retina Membrane targeting Farnesylation Modulators A= activators I=inhibitors A -Polycations I-Recoverin GRK2 689 biquitous In complex with Gβγ GRK3 688 biquitous In complex with Gβγ A -Gβγ, PKA, PKC, PIP2, c- Src I-ERK1 A -Gβγ, PIP2 GRK4 A-532 * B-500 C-546 D-578 Testes, brain Palmitoylation I-Calmodulin (GRK 4A) GRK5 590 biquitous Phopholipid binding GRK6 A-576 * B-589 C-560 GRK7 553 Retina (cones) Farnesylation A -Polycations, PIP 2 I-PKC, calmodulin biquitous Palmitoylation A -Polycations *Alternatively spliced forms 2

3 Table S2. Arrestin family Gene Residues Distribution Modifiers P=Phosphorylation =biquitination Visual arrestin (arrestin1) Cone arrestin (arrestin4) β-arrestin1 (arrestin2) β-arrestin2 (arrestin3) 404 Rods, Retina PKC (P) 388 Cones/photorec eptor cells, pineal body 418 biquitous MAPK at S 412 (P) Mdm2 () 410 biquitous Casein kinase II at T 383 (P) Mdm2 () 3

4 Table S3 Signaling pathways regulated by β-arrestins in response to 7TMR stimulation Signal Pathway Receptor Cell type Arrestin isoform MAP Kinases i i ERK1/2 Functional consequences AT1aR COS-7 β-arrestin 1& 2 Increase in perk and decrease in ELK activity AT1aR HEK-293 β-arrestin 2 PKC insensitive β-arrestin 2 dependent ERK activation β2ar MEFs, COS1 S-49, HEK-293 β-arrestin 2 ERK activation by inverse agonists PAR2 NIH3T3 β-arrestin 1 Cell migration Pseudopodial extension References A. Tohgo, K. L. Pierce, E. W. Choy, R. J. Lefkowitz, L. M. Luttrell, J Biol Chem 277, (2002). S. Ahn, S. K. Shenoy, H. Wei, R. J. Lefkowitz, J Biol Chem 279, (Aug 20, 2004). M. Azzi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci S A 100, (Sep 30, 2003). L. Ge, Y. Ly, M. Hollenberg, K. DeFea, J Biol Chem 278, (Sep 5, 2003). PAR2 MDAMB-231 β-arrestin 1& 2 Cell migration L. Ge, S. K. Shenoy, R. J. Lefkowitz, K. A. Defea, J Biol Chem (10 14, 2004). PAR2 HeLa, MEFs β-arrestin 1 & 2 Prolonged ERK activation L. Stalheim et al., Mol Pharmacol (Oct 8, 2004). CCR7 HEK-293 β-arrestin 2 ELC stimulated perksensitive to β-arrestin2 sirna NK1R HEK-293T β-arrestin 2 Non apoptotic Programmed Cell Death V2R COS-7 β-arrestin 1 & 2 Increase in perk and decrease in ELK activity T. A. Kohout et al., J Biol Chem 279, (May 28, 2004). S. Castro-Obregon et al., J Biol Chem 279, (Apr 23, 2004). A. Tohgo et al., J Biol Chem 278, (Feb 21, 2003). TrKR PC12 β-arrestin 1 Differentiation S. Rakhit, S. Pyne, N. J. Pyne, Mol Pharmacol 60, (Jul, 2001). mglu(1) cerebellar β-arrestin 1 Increase in perk L. Iacovelli et al., J Biol Chem 278, (Apr 4, 2003). Purkinje cells IGF1R HEK-293 β arrestin 1 Increase in perk F. T. Lin, Y. Daaka, R. J. Lefkowitz, J Biol Chem 273, JNK3 AT1aR COS-7, HEK-293 β-arrestin 2 Scaffolding of active JNK on endosomes (Nov 27, 1998). P. H. McDonald et al., Science 290, (Nov 24, 2000). P38 CXCR4 HEK-293 β-arrestin 2 Chemotaxis Y. Sun, Z. Cheng, L. Ma, G. Pei, J Biol Chem 277, (Dec 20, 2002). S28 COS-7 β-arrestin 2 p38 activation is β-arrestin dependent W. E. Miller, D. A. Houtz, C. D. Nelson, P. E. Kolattukudy, R. J. Lefkowitz, J Biol Chem 278, (Jun 13, 2003). 5

5 Signal Pathway Receptor Cell type Arrestin isoform Functional References implicated consequences Non receptor tyrosine kinases c-src β2ar HEK-293, COS-7 β-arrestin1 Endocytosis, ERK1/2 activation L. M. Luttrell et al., Science 283, (1999).. NK1R KNRK cells β-arrestin1 ERK1/2 activation, cell proliferation K. A. DeFea et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci S A 97, (2000). AT1aR VSMC β-arrestin2 Endocytosis D. Fessart, M. Simaan, S. A. Laporte, Mol Endocrinol (Oct 21, 2004). YES ET1AR 3T3-L1 adipocytes β-arrestin1 Stimulation of glucose transport T. Imamura et al., J Biol Chem 276, (2001). Fyn CXCR1 Granulocytes β-arrestin1 Granule release in neutrophils J. Barlic et al., Nat Immunol 1, (2000). Hck CXCR1 Granulocytes β-arrestin1 Granule release in neutrophils J. Barlic et al., Nat Immunol 1, (2000). Other Pathways Wnt / Dishevelled Fz4R HEK-293 β-arrestin1 Increased TCF/ LEF transcriptional activity PI3 Kinase IGF-1R MEFs β-arrestin1 β-arrestin dependent kinase activation W. Chen et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci S A 98, (2001) T. J. Povsic, T. A. Kohout, R. J. Lefkowitz, J Biol Chem 278, (Dec 19, 2003). AKT/PKB IGF-1R MEFs β-arrestin1 Antiapoptosis T. J. Povsic, T. A. Kohout, R. J. Lefkowitz, J Biol Chem 278, (Dec 19, 2003). α thrombin R CHO-IIC9 (PAR1) NFkB β2ar HEK-293, MEFs, HeLa, COS-7 AT1aR TNF, machr β-arrestin1 β-arrestin1 dependent AKT activation β-arrestin 1 & 2 Catecholamine dependent stabilization of ΙκΒα R. Goel, P. J. Phillips-Mason, D. M. Raben, J. J. Baldassare, J Biol Chem 277, (2002). H. Gao et al., Mol Cell 14, (May 7, 2004) COS-7, HeLa β-arrestin 1 & 2 Stabilization of ΙκBα D. S. Witherow, T. R. Garrison, W. E. Miller, R. J. Lefkowitz, Proc Natl Acad Sci S A 101, (Jun 8, 2004). Chemotaxis CXCR4 T & B lymphocytes β-arrestin 2 Impaired chemotaxis in β-arrestin 2 KO cells PAR2 β-arrestin2 KO mice NIH3T3 MDAMB-231 Apoptosis Rhodopsin Drosophila compound eye Antiapoptosis FPR, AT1aR V2R, CXCR2 MEFs β-arrestin 2 Defective airway response to allergens β-arrestin 1 & 2 β-arrestin and β-arrestin dependent ERK activation required for cell migration arrestin Arrestin dependent endocytosis involved in apoptotic pathways in the eye β-arrestin 1 & 2 Apoptotic pathways are prevented by β-arrestin expression A. M. Fong et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci S A 99, (2002). J. K. Walker et al., J Clin Invest 112, (Aug, 2003). L. Ge, Y. Ly, M. Hollenberg, K. DeFea, J Biol Chem 278, (Sep 5, 2003); L. Ge, S. K. Shenoy, R. J. Lefkowitz, K. A. Defea, J Biol Chem (10 14, 2004). A. Kiselev et al., Neuron 28, (Oct, 2000); P. G. Alloway, L. Howard, P. J. Dolph, Neuron 28, (Oct, 2000). C. M. Revankar, C. M. Vines, D. F. Cimino, E. R. Prossnitz, J Biol Chem 279, (Jun 4, 2004). 6

6 Supplementary Figure S1. Two patterns of 7TMR endocytosis and β-arrestin ubiquitination. Both Class A receptors (e.g. β2ar) and Class B receptors (e.g. V2R, AT1aR) are phosphorylated by the G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) on intracellular domains soon after agonist stimulation. This leads to recruitment of β-arrestin to the activated receptor at the cell membrane. pon stimulation of the β2ar, β-arrestin is transiently ubiquitinated by Mdm2. β-arrestin dissociates from the internalizing receptor as a consequence of deubiquitination. The internalized β2ar becomes dephosphorylated and recycles rapidly to the cell membrane. biquitination of β-arrestin resulting after V2R stimulation is sustained and the β-arrestinreceptor complex internalizes into endosomes and remains there for prolonged periods. 4

7 Suppl. Figure 1 β2ar Agonist Agonist V2R P P pit P P GRK β-arrestin GRK β-arrestin Endosome Endosome β2ar Transient β-arrestin biquitination Stable β-arrestin biquitination