Bellwork. Define (page 347 and 348): Peristalsis Chyme hepa chole Copy the underlined portion of the state standards on the next slide.

Transcription

1 Digestive System

2 Bellwork Define (page 347 and 348): Peristalsis Chyme hepa chole Copy the underlined portion of the state standards on the next slide.

3 State Standards 11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each. d. The digestive system 12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that should occur prior to the treatment or procedure.

4 Objectives Students will label the anatomy of the digestive system on a diagram and describe each organ s function. Students will research diseases/disorders of the digestive system through comparing/contrasting group activity.

5 Structures of the Digestive Digestive system Also known as:» Alimentary Canal» Digestive Tract» Gastrointestinal Tract Upper GI (esophagus, stomach, small intestine) Lower GI (large intestine, rectum) Approximately 30 in length from mouth to anus System

6 Primary structures Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Accessory structures Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Structures of the Digestive System

7 The Mouth Mouth (buccal cavity) Function: physical breakdown of food or (bolus); ingestion and mastication accessory organs- Tongue (taste) Teeth (mastication) Salivary Glands (Produce enzymes) Palate (hard and soft) Uvula (keeps food from going up our nose)

8 Pharynx (Throat) Pharynx (throat) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx When we swallow this closes off the trachea Function: passageway for food bolus

9 Esophagus Esophagus Muscular tube, 10 long Connects the pharynx and stomach Peristalsis occurs here Esophageal wall layers Mucosa Submucosa Muscular External serous Is the esophagus anterior or posterior to the trachea?

10 Stomach Stomach» Upper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity» Fundus» Body» Pylorus Cardiac Sphincter (b/t esophagus & stomach) Pyloric Sphincter (b/t stomach & small intestine) Rugae (folds which expand when stomach fills) Function: Chemical digestion of food to the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and protein Which is the distal sphincter?

11 Small Intestines (Bowels) Small intestines Duodenum» First segment» 12 long» Common target for feeding tubes Jejunum» Second segment» 8 long Ileum» Third segment» long Function: Absorption of nutrients into the blood capillaries Does the small intestine reside in lateral or medial portion of the abdomen?

12 Large Intestines (Colon) Large intestines Approximately 2 in diameter & 5 long Cecum Ascending, Transverse, Descending Colon Sigmoid and Rectum Hepatic and Splenic flexures Function: eliminates waste products through excretion and defecation Label the parts of the colon listed to the left.

13 Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder Based on previous lessons, what is the function of the ducts shown?

14 Functions of the Accessory Organs The LIVER (prefix hepa) produces bile, removes poisons from the body, stores vitamins, produces heparin (a blood thinner which prevents clots), and produces antibodies The PANCREAS helps chemically break down food, manufactures insulin which regulates the amount of sugar used by the body The GALLBLADDER (prefix chole) stores bile for the liver and sends it to the duodenum to help chemically break down chyme.

15 Diseases and Related Treatments Make a graphic organizer to help you distinguish between the following: Heartburn Cirrhosis Appendicitis Hemorrhoids Include description and treatment if any.

16 AKA- Acid Reflux Symptoms- burning sensation When small quantities of stomach acid are regurgitated into the esophagus How might this happen? Prevention/Treatment: Avoid chocolate and peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products stop smokingtake antacids don t lay down 2-3 hours after eating.

17 Discussion Applying what you know about gastric secretions. Why do people who suffer from heartburn describe it as a burning sensation? Why would you not want to lay down for 2-3 hours after eating?

18 Chronic progressive disease of the liver As the liver is damaged it tries to heal itself, scarring and turning into fibrous tissue Bleed and bruise easily, itchy skin, jaundice, nausea, and fluid build up 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption -Condition associated with Hepatitis B and C -Also occurs in those with fatty liver disease **Treated through weight loss, medications, paracentesis, alcohol cessation.

19 Discussion Applying what you know about the way the liver normally functions. What would a liver with cirrhosis be impaired doing? What color would these patients skin be?

20 What is a paracentesis? (2 min)

21 A sac attached to the cecum and has no known function. Appendix can become infected by trapped fecal matter If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity. Symptoms- RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting RX surgical appendectomy-what does that mean?

22 Discussion Is this an emergency situation? Why or why not? Where would the incision be made for an appendectomy?

23 Due to prolonged straining swollen blood vessels of the rectum. Vein walls become stretched thin, and irritated when you have bowel movements. Due to constipation and sometimes childbirth. Treatments: Warm baths, Epson salts, hydrocortisone, witch hazel, Acetaminophen, ice, eat more fiber, drink lots of fluids. Quite severe may require removal. Hemorrhoids

24 Feeding Tube Placements Patients often require feeding tubes for various reasons such as difficultly swallowing due to cancer, oral surgery, mouth injuries, or stroke. Placing a DOBHOFF feeding tube. 9xe9M (3 min)

25 Group Activity Your small group will compare/contrast the following diseases/disorders related to the digestive system: Gastroenteritis vs. Stomach Ulcer Hepatitis A vs. Hepatitis B Cholelithiasis vs. Cholecystitis Describe/Explain in each: Signs/symptoms Possible treatments Prevention methods Be able to tell me how they are similar or different.

26 Individual Activity Research the following feeding tubes. PEG tube G-tube GJ-tube What are the differences? Where are they placed?

27 Exit ticket!!! Knowledge Vomit!!! Write down everything you remember from this lesson without looking at your notes!!!

28 Work for February 14th Complete the Bell Work. Add the underlined portion of Standard 10 to your notes. Take notes off the PPT (if you do not know what a word means, look it up for example hemostasis. Complete the Activity that includes the Directed Reading, questions, and extended learning. Complete the Exit ticket. USE AN IPAD. NO CELL PHONES.

29 Bellwork for Day Two Trace or list the pathway of a food bolus through the Alimentary Canal/Digestive Tract. Add the accessory organs that assist along the way.

30 State Standards 10) Demonstrate an understanding of basic medical terminology in order to monitor patient/client status through: e. Specimen Collection (Urinalysis and Fecal Occult) 11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each. d. The digestive system 12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that should occur prior to the treatment or procedure.

31 Objectives for Day Two Identify common tests, procedures, and treatments related to the digestive system Analyze a professional journal relating digestive disorders in pediatric patients.

32 Fecal Occult Blood Sample The fecal occult blood test is a lab test used to check stool samples for hidden blood. Occult blood in the stool may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum or possibly internal G.I. bleed. If blood is detected through a fecal occult blood test, additional tests may be needed to determine the source of the bleeding.

33 Fecal Occult Blood Sample

34 Fecal Transplant for Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff.) Bacteria found all around us. Remember normal flora? Triggered by abundant use of antibiotics. Good bacteria killed off.

35 Colonoscopy: a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. This procedure is done in the G.I. lab and performed by a G. I. doctor. Recommended screenings start at age 50.

36 Colonoscopy The scope has a light, camera, access port, and biopsy needle. The doctor may extract foreign bodies, remove polyps, perform ablations of malignancies, perform hemostasis related procedures. They may also be able to dilate/reduce the size of the colon.

37 GI Bleeds These bleeds are not a disease but a symptom of other problems. Ulcers, polyps, cancer, diverticulitis, or Chron s disease. Signs can include vomiting blood or coffee-like material, tar-like or bloody stool. Why do you think there might be differences in texture or color?

38 G. I. Bleeds Endoscopies (using tubes or cameras down the throat) Colonoscopies (tubes or cameras from the rectum) If the bleed is due to trauma (torn, ruptured organ or arteries), then the patient would need an embolization. Often the bleed is due to trauma, the patient will go to Nuclear Medicine And have a special scan done first, then be referred to Interventional Radiology.

39 Nuclear Medicine tests A radioactive tracer is injected in your bloodstream. A gamma camera records to the energy!!

40 Interventional radiologists use coils, glue, foam, or plastic particles to close off or shut down the source of bleeding (an artery). Embolization

41 Coil Embolization for G. I. Bleed

42 Activity: (Turn in for a grade) Click on the link from the class website titled Pediatric G. I. Studies Complete the questions that follow that journal article. Next choose the class website link titled Directed Reading Assignments. (This is near the top of the page near the standards, syllabus, etc) Complete the additional activities that correlate with the article. (Assignment #4) If you do not complete this in class, it will be due tomorrow for a grade.

43 Exit ticket!! Choose one of the procedures we reviewed today. Write down how you would explain this procedure in layman s terms to a patient you are taking care of. Remember, patients do not always understand technical jargon. Explain the procedure in a way your patient can understand!