! A group of over 100. ! Named after the body. ! The uncontrolled growth. ! If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a

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Nutrition and Cancer Aranshi Gebregiorgis Netanya Bledsoe Liliya Daniyelyants! A group of over 100 different diseases of the body.! Named after the body tissue from which it originates.

Normally, cells divide to produce new cells only when the body needs them. " Replacing dead cells and repairing damaged ones.! Mutations in the genes that regulate cell division.

1 Nutrition and Cancer Aranshi Gebregiorgis Netanya Bledsoe Liliya Daniyelyants! A group of over 100 different diseases of the body.! Named after the body tissue from which it originates.! The uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that can invade and damage healthy body tissues and organs. What is Cancer? How cancer develops! Normally, cells divide to produce new cells only when the body needs them. " Replacing dead cells and repairing damaged ones.! Mutations in the genes that regulate cell division. " Silence the genes that usually keep an eye on reproducing DNA for chemical errors. " Affected cells have no built-in brakes to stop cell division. How cancer develops! If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of extra tissue, called a tumor, forms. " Benign: Tumor stops growing without intervention or can be removed surgically and poses no threat to health. " Malignant: Tumor multiplies out of control, threatens health, and requires treatment.! Tumor cells enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and may metastasize.

Tumor Formation Benign Normal cells Carcinogen Initiation Promotion Normal cells Initiators begin the process of changing the DNA in some of the cells.

Non-cancerous (benign) tumor Malignant Normal cells Multiple Myeloma Cancerous (malignant) tumor releases cells into the bloodstream (metastasis) Multiple Myeloma!

Abnormal refers to an overproduction of plasma cells How Myeloma Functions in the Body! Lymphocytes (lymph cells); main type of cell in the immune system!

2 Tumor Formation Benign Normal cells Carcinogen Initiation Promotion Normal cells Initiators begin the process of changing the DNA in some of the cells. Tumor formation Promoters enhance the development of abnormal cells. Non-cancerous (benign) tumor Malignant Normal cells Multiple Myeloma Cancerous (malignant) tumor releases cells into the bloodstream (metastasis) Multiple Myeloma! Cancer of the Plasma Cell " Produces antibodies to fight infections and disease " Derived from B-cells! Excessive amounts of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow! Abnormal refers to an overproduction of plasma cells How Myeloma Functions in the Body! Lymphocytes (lymph cells); main type of cell in the immune system! Lymph cells are divided to T cells and B cells! B cells respond to antigens by transforming into plasma cells, which reside in the in the bone marrow. (The inner soft part of the bone)! Plasma cells release antibodies to fight bacteria. an Tcells.html

3 Functions Cont.! When too many plasma cells are grown simultaneously, it causes an abnormality and tumors are created in the bone marrow! When the plasma cell tumors spread throughout the bone, they are called Myeloma.! Hypercalcemia and anemia are some major causes of overabundance of plasma cells! Carries same effects as osteoporosis, dissolves bones through bone marrow! Myeloma cells are mostly found in pelvis, ribs, spine, and skull Who it effects! Age: Over 71; due to weakened immune systems. Less than 1% are under 40 years of age.! Sex: Men are more prone! Race: African Americans are highest at risk, Asian Americans are least at risk; reasons unknown.! Family history/genetics! Weight (Obesity causes weaker immune system)! Other Plasma Cell diseases One Year Survival Rate Ten Year Survival Rate

How to Prevent Cancer! Beta-Carotene: " Molecule that gives oranges and carrots orange color. " Found in many fruits and vegetables, as well as egg yolks.

4 How to Prevent Cancer! Beta-Carotene: " Molecule that gives oranges and carrots orange color. " Found in many fruits and vegetables, as well as egg yolks. " Antioxidant; helps ward off cancerous cells, and bacteria.! Selenium: " Essential trace mineral that is only needed in small amounts. " Selenoproteins are antioxidant enzymes that prevent cellular damage from free radicals. (antigens) " Walnuts, Tuna, Oatmeal, Eggs, Cottage Cheese, and Brown Rice! Vitamin C: " Water soluble vitamin needed for development and growth. " Essential for healing wounds, and repair of cartilage, bones and teeth. " Green Peppers, citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, broccoli, tomatoes, leafy greens, and cantaloupe. Nutrition Nutrition! Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA): " One of the several omega-3 fatty acids used by the body. " Helps strengthen immune system and prevent autoimmune diseases. " Mainly found in fish oils, including cold water fish such as wild salmon. " Flaxseed oil, canola oil, walnuts, fish oil! Stay active Nutrition with Myeloma " Exercise on a regular basis at least twice a week for stronger bones.! Drink Plenty of Fluids " Preferably water! Maintain a Balanced Diet " Calorie intake is important due to quick weight loss " Omit vitamins, herbs, and other medication unless otherwise told by your doctor.

5 Increasing the Risk of Cancer! Sodium Nitrate: " Added in most packaged meats; hot dogs, pepperoni, ham, bacon, sausage.! Hydrogenated Oils: " White bread, artificial sweeteners, cookies and crackers; Smoking! Avoiding natural sunlight! Lack of physical Activity Symptoms! Back pains! Fatigue! Extreme Thirst! Frequent infections and Fevers! Rapid Weight Loss! Nausea and/or Constipation! Frequent Urination Treatment! Melphalan (Alderan) " Treats Lesions in bones caused by Myeloma! Zoledronate " Taken by injection over 15 min. " Stops cancer cells from breaking down bones! Radiation " High energy X-rays or electric beams to destroy cancer cells! Chemotherapy " Stops cancer cells from dividing and reproducing. " Given in cycles, usually the same day, weekly. Bibliography! George, D Enitza Ph.D. Recognition and Matter American Family Physician American Academy of Family Physicians. 3D Science. Images 3D science.com img/products/images/clip_art/cells_cancer_web.jpg&imgrefurl= / =212&w=300&sz=64&hl=en&start=14&tbnid=vrCcfKeysl00IM:&tbnh =82&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcancer%2Bcells%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLG,GGLG: ,GGLG:en! Lional, Sagar Ph.D. Intro to Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation ge_top! National Cancer Institute. What Is Myeloma National Cancer Institute US National Institutes of Health.

Bibliography Cont. BREAST CANCER! American Cancer Society. How Is Myeloma Treated American Cancer Society. 2006. Cancer Reference Information. http://www.cancer.

6 Bibliography Cont. BREAST CANCER! American Cancer Society. How Is Myeloma Treated American Cancer Society Cancer Reference Information. ultiple_myeloma_treated_30.asp?rnav=cri! MedicineNet. Multiple Myeloma MedicineNet.com Cancer Institute. Multiple Myeloma Survival Statistics News and Resources Cancer Research UK. k.org/images/gpimages/cs_mmy_f04_12_04&imgrefurl= ncerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/multiplemyeloma/survival/&h= 275&w=430&sz=11&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=TQBPWgTs! Whitney, Ellie. Cancer Diet and Health. China. Peter Marshell.2005 What is breast cancer?! Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.! Most common cancer among women, other than skin cancers.! Second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today (after lung cancer).! Men Men and breast cancer " Less than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. " Mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years, though men of all ages can be affected with the disease. " The American Cancer Society estimates male breast cancer in the United States in 2006:! New cases: 1,450! Deaths: 470

7 Symptoms Diagnosis! A change in how the breast or nipple feels: " A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area. " Nipple tenderness.! Nipple discharge: " fluid other than milk.! A change in how the breast or nipple looks: " A change in the size or shape of the breast. " A nipple turned inward into the breast. " The skin of the breast, areola, or nipple may be scaly, red, or swollen. It may have ridges or pitting so that it looks like the skin of an orange.! Clinical Breast Examination (Visual/Touch Exam): " Examined visually and by touch for any abnormalities in the skin or nipples. " Comparing the left and right breasts and checking for any swelling or lumps.! Mammography (Breast X-ray Examinations): " Breasts are compressed between special plastic plates for the X-ray. " The X-ray shows abnormal shadows such as masses, calcifications, and architectural distortions in the breasts. " Radiologist then compares the new images of a woman's breast to each other and to previous mammograms a woman has had. Diagnosis Diagnosis! Breast Ultrasound Test: " The breast ultrasound examination is a test using ultrasonic (high-frequency sound) waves. " These waves are sent to the breast and echo waves are then visualized on a monitor.! Biopsy Test/ Needle Test: " If tests 1-3 find an abnormality that may be cancerous, it is necessary to extract tissue for observation under a microscope. A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNBA) is done first.! Core biopsy: " Thick needle used to remove breast tissue. " A pathologist checks for cancer cells. This procedure is also called a needle biopsy.! Surgical biopsy: " Removal of a sample of tissue. A pathologist checks the tissue for cancer cells. " An incisional biopsy takes a sample of a lump or abnormal area. " An excisional biopsy takes the entire lump or area.

Most common types of breast cancer! Invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinoma " Accounting for 80% of all breast cancers, the most common type of breast cancer.

" The cancer cells stay near the site of origin or they can spread (metastasize) even farther throughout your body, carried by your bloodstream or lymphatic system.

8 Most common types of breast cancer! Invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinoma " Accounting for 80% of all breast cancers, the most common type of breast cancer. " Cancer cells that form in the lining of your milk duct, breaking free of the ductal wall and invading surrounding breast tissue. " The cancer cells stay near the site of origin or they can spread (metastasize) even farther throughout your body, carried by your bloodstream or lymphatic system. Invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinoma Breast profile:! A ducts! B lobules! C dilated section of duct to hold milk! D nipple! E fat! F pectoralis major muscle! G chest wall/rib cage Enlargement:! A normal duct cells! B ductal cancer cells breaking through the basement membrane! C basement membrane Most common types of breast cancer Risk factors for both sexes! Invasive (or infiltrating) lobular carcinoma. " Accounts for about 10% 15% of all breast cancers. " Starts in the milk-producing lobule and invades the surrounding breast tissue. " It can also spread to more distant parts of your body. Enlargement: A normal cells B lobular cancer cells breaking through the basement membrane C basement membrane Increased Relative Risk Increasing age Female sex BRCA genes Alcohol Birth control pills Mechanism Pre-menopausal: Increases estrogen exposure Postmenopausal: Impairs immune function Increased estrogen exposure Inherited mutations in cancer defense genes Increases estrogen level by decreasing liver function Increases estrogen exposure

Risk factors Risk factors Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Early menarche Increases estrogen exposure Increases estrogen exposure Late menopause Increases estrogen exposure Postmenopausal obesity

9 Risk factors Risk factors Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Early menarche Increases estrogen exposure Increases estrogen exposure Late menopause Increases estrogen exposure Postmenopausal obesity Increases estrogen exposure Nulliparity (never bearing children) Late childbirth (over 30 years old) Maturity of breast lobules does not occur Increases exposure of immature type 1 & 2 lobules to estrogen before first birth Risk factors only for men! Klinefelter syndrome: This is a congenital (present at birth) condition that affects about 1 of 1000 men. " Normally men have a single X chromosome along with their Y chromosome, but with Klinefelter syndrome they have more than one X chromosome (sometimes as many as 4). " Causes testicles to be smaller than usual and not produce functioning sperm cells, causing infertility (making them infertile). " Have lower levels of androgens (male hormones) and more estrogens (female hormones). For this reason, they often develop gynecomastia. Risk factors only for men! Gynecomastia: A benign male breast growth, is the most common male breast disorder. It is not a tumor but rather an increase in the amount of a man's breast tissue. " Usually, men have too little breast tissue to be felt or noticed. " Has a button-like or disk-like growth under nipple and areola, which can be felt and sometimes seen. " Common among teenage boys and older men, this is due to changes in hormone balance.

10 Exercise Protective factors Decreased Relative Risk Late menarche Early menopause Oophorectomy (removal of ovaries before menopause) Having children (especially starting at an early age) Breast feeding Mechanism Decreases estrogen exposure Decreases estrogen exposure Decreases estrogen production Decreases estrogen levels Decreases number of immature breast lobules Decreases estrogen by decreasing number of menstrual cycles and/or ovulation Source Protective factors in food Water fish, walnuts, eggs, flax oil, darkgreen leafy vegetables, cod liver oil Soy Dairy products and sunlight Vitamin/Antioxidant Omega-3 fatty acids, Lignan Flavonoids Vitamin D Mechanism May suppress the growth of metastatic cancer cells Phytoestrogens: weak, non-steroidal estrogens that could suppress cancerous changes. inhibiting the growth of epithelial cells and new blood vessels that tumors May require regulate to flourish the growth and promote the differentiation of many types of normal and malignant cells Protective factors in food Fruits & Vegetables Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, fortified grains Fruits, vegetables, & whole grains Carotenoid Folate Fiber Lutein: Indole-3- carbinol decreases estrogen exposure by causing estrogen to be changed to an inactive metabolite of! estrogen. Lycopene:!attacks roaming oxygen molecules, known as free radicals. Helps your cells repair possible DNA damage that occurs with heavy alcohol use Reduce hormone levels! Surgery Common treatments " Breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) - only the tumor is removed and the healthy breast tissue is radiated afterwards. " Mastectomy - in which the whole breast is removed. Radiation is common to prevent reoccurrence of the cancer. " Axillary's lymph node dissection- when required, surgery also includes removal of sick arm pit lymph nodes.

! Chemotherapy Common treatments " Chemotherapy treats the whole body. " Before surgery it is used to shrink the tumor size and after surgery it is used to reduce reoccurrence.

11 ! Chemotherapy Common treatments " Chemotherapy treats the whole body. " Before surgery it is used to shrink the tumor size and after surgery it is used to reduce reoccurrence. " Chemotherapy is effective against cancer cells because the drugs given interfere with the dividing of cells, so this stops the growth of the cancer tumor and thus kills it. Common treatments! Hormonal therapy/anti-estrogen therapy " One should be tested to see if the cancer is indeed fitting for this kind of treatment as only hormone receptor positive cancer can be treated this way. " Causes a hormonal shield against the reoccurrence of cancer by blocking the ability of estrogen hormone to stimulate the creation and growth of cancer cells. " Tamoxifen is the medicine of choice for pre menstrual women with hormone-receptor-positive cancer. " Aromatase inhibitors are popular today for post menstrual women who react to hormonal treatment of breast cancer. Resources Ovarian Cancer! #reproductive!

12 What is Ovarian Cancer?! Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. In women, the ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs travel through the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. Cancer can also begin in the fallopian tubes. The ovaries are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is located on each side of the uterus in the pelvis. Who s at Risk?! 1st degree relatives of those with ovarian cancer have the highest risk.! A family history of breast or colon cancer also increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer.! Women who have had breast or colon cancer are at higher risk.! The age you are affects the development of cancer. Age 50 plus at high risk. Symptoms Stages! Loss of appetite! Feeling full after a small meal! Weight gain or loss ( with no reason)! Nausea! Diarrhea! Constipation! Frequent urination! Abnormal bleeding! Abdominal discomfort or pain " (Swelling, bloating, or cramps, gas, pressure)! Stage I. Ovarian cancer is confined to one or both ovaries.! Stage II. Ovarian cancer has spread to other locations in the pelvis such as the uterus or fallopian tubes.! Stage III. Ovarian cancer has spread to the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) or to the lymph nodes within the abdomen. This is the most common stage of disease identified at the time of diagnosis.! Stage IV. Ovarian cancer has spread to organs beyond the abdomen.

Stages What Increases The Development of Ovarian Cancer! Fertility drugs! Women who use (HTM) Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause may have a slight increase of ovarian cancer.

13 Stages What Increases The Development of Ovarian Cancer! Fertility drugs! Women who use (HTM) Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause may have a slight increase of ovarian cancer.! High intake of dairy products has been linked to increase risk of developing ovarian cancer What Increases The Development of Ovarian Cancer! Obesity leads to high increase of cancer What Decreases The Development of Ovarian Cancer! Taking birth control pills " 30-40% of all cancer can be prevented by appropriate diet, physical activity and maintenance of body weight (BMI 20-25)! Cox-2 (aspirin and non steroidal anit inflammatory drugs) inhibitors help decrease ovarian cancer (may as well promote ovarian cancer)! Having children protects you for being on high risk of developing ovarian cancer.

14 What Decreases The Development of Ovarian Cancer! Breast feeding may reduce chances of ovarian cancer! Vitamin D " 1000 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily can cut colon cancer, breast, and ovarian cancer. " Age 1-50 consume 200 IU of vitamin D " Age IU " Age IU Phytochemical Isothiocyanates Phenolic compounds Flavanoids Mono-terpenes Organo-sulfides Isoflavones Indoles Carotenoids Potential Cancer Fighters in Foods Food Source Cruciferous vegetables, mustard, horseradish Garlic, green tea, soybeans, cereal grains, cruciferous, umbelliferous, solanaceous, cucurbitaceous vegetables, licorice root, flax seed Most fruits and vegetables (cruciferous, umbelliferous, solanaceous, cucurbitaceous), citrus fruits, wine, green tea, onions, cereal grains, soybeans, flax seed Garlic, citrus fruits, caraway seeds, umbelliferous, solanaceous, Cucurbitaceous vegetables, sage, camphor, dill, basil, mint Garlic, onion, leeks, shallots, cruciferous vegetables Soybeans, legumes, flax seed Cruciferous vegetables Dark yellow/orange/green vegetables and fruits (.4;@* Q3+,N Antioxidants in Foods (in mg) Q3+,R Important Plant Sources for Good Health P--C*,0%1*29 '!"!:!":: O;.@@.C3 %%> %"#! %"#$ O;.)8,;3@* O;466*C6 6-;.4+6 N/;;.+0%1*29 N/4C3KC.)*; N53@7,-*/6 N.;8! I> = &: $ %!!"!!!">= %$"!!!"!%!"!$!"$$ :"!! %"##!"$'!"!&!"&=!"%& lant Family Grains Green leafy vegetables Examples Wheat, rye, oats, rice, corn, bulgur, barley Lettuce, spinach, swiss chard, endives, beet greens, romaine J;/-*K;43+,0-387L %M$9 G/HA,<*/86 D;/8E*0%1*29 D;/8E*,F43@* B38*/--C* (.A<*/86?;*65,6-38/@5 (+;/)<*;;3*6 ()**+,-.+/+. 0% 1*2341 )3+5,67389 := $ =& %$: $: # %> ': $'!"%I!"!!!"%>!"#!!"!$!"!% $"#!!"!$ %&"!!!"#% :"%!!"#%!"$$!"%> #"#&!"&=!"$#!"#$ Cruciferous vegetables Umbelliferous vegetables Allium vegetables Legumes Solanaceous vegetables Cucurbitaceous vegetables Broccoli, cabbage, turnip, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kohlorabi, bok choy, watercress, collards, kale, mustard greens, rutabaga Celery, parsley, fennel, carrots, parsnip Garlic, onion, shallots, chives, leek Soybeans, peas, chickpeas, lima beans, peanut, carob, dried beans (kidney, mung, pinto, black-eyed), entils Nightshade family: eggplant, tomatoes Gourd family: pumpkin, squash, cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon

15 Diagnosing! Pelvic exam - Feeling the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, and rectum to find any abnormality in the shape! Ultrasound helps distinguish fluid-filled cysts from a solid tumor. The use of high frequency sound waves! CA-125 A blood test used to measure the level of CA-125 (cancer antigen) Diagnosing! Lower GI series, or barium enema series of x-rays of the colon and rectum are done.! CT scan produces x-ray images of crosssections of body tissues! Biopsy Is the removal of tissue for examination done under a microscope Treatment! Surgery is a usual initial treatment for women with ovarian cancer! Chemotherapy its given to destroy cancerous cells that are in the body after surgery or to control tumor growth! Radiation therapy- the use of high energy rays to kill cancer cells Sources! -ovariancancer.! vention.php! JHM;edu/coping.cfm?categoryID=7!

Macros and Micros. of a Healthy Diet. Macronutrients. Proteins

Macros and Micros. of a Healthy Diet. Macronutrients. Proteins Macros and Micros of a Healthy Diet Macronutrients Nutrients needed in large amounts in the body that provide energy Includes protein, carbohydrates, and fats Proteins Roles in the body: Develops, maintains,