Chronic Toxic Potential of Selected Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil. Peter S. Spencer Oregon Health & Science University
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1 Chronic Toxic Potential of Selected Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil Peter S. Spencer Oregon Health & Science University
2 Crude Oil Composition & Effects Composed of thousands of chemical structures. Few tested individually for toxic potential. Toxicity varies with structure. Dose and exposure duration are key variables in determining outcome. Methods to study biological effects of chemical mixtures are available but data interpretation is huge challenge. Some understanding of molecular mechanisms of chronic neurotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Acute health effects, chronic health effects, and long-latency latency health effects may operate through different mechanisms. Differential individual genome-based susceptibilities possible but little investigated. HYDROCARBONS Alkanes (straight- chain compounds) Cycloalkanes ( naphthenes ) Aromatics (benzene ring- based compounds, including PAHs). NON-HYDROCARBONS Sulfur compounds Nitrogen compounds Oxygen compounds Metal compounds
3 ALKANE (STRAIGHT-CHAIN) HYDROCARBONS Neurotoxic potency in rodents varies with co-exposure to certain other chemicals (toluene, methyl ethyl ketone) Differential individual susceptibility arises from gene-based enzyme differences, nutritional status, and/or preexisting health status?
4 PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY Loss of sensation followed by weakness in the feet then hands; deficits slowly ascending the affected limbs bilaterally and symmetrically. Advances then retreats once exposure ceases. RODENT STUDIES Ends of long and large-diameter fibers in nerves and spinal cord undergo changes resulting in loss of connection between CNS, muscle and peripheral sense organs. Nerve fiber regeneration restores nerves, but not in CNS. Late-onset parkinsonism claimed but unproven
5 COMMON METABOLIC PATHWP THWAY ALIPHATIC & AROMATIC ) HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS O N-HEXANE O 2,5-HD O 1,2-DEB 1,2-DAB O
6 Nerve Fiber Degeneration in Organic Solvent Neuropathy SPINAL MOTOR NERVE CELL NERV E FIBER MUSCLE Spencer and Schaumburg (2000) Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology,, Oxford, New York, 1310p.
7 CHRONIC NEUROTOXIC POTENTIAL IS CHEMICAL STRUCTURE-DEPENDENT Neurotoxic Potential Depends on Chemical Structure 1,2-DAB Neurotoxic Blue Chromogenic 1,3-DAB Non-Neurotoxic Neurotoxic Non-Chromogenic
8 Blue Chromogenic Reaction of 1,2-DAB with the Amino Acid L-LysineL Lysine 1,2-DAB reacts with L- L lysine to form a purple/blue pigment or chromophore.
9 Chromogenic reactivity of amino acids with DAB isomers at 540nm Amino Acid 1,2-DAB 1,3-DAB 15min 30min 60min 60min L-LysineLysine Ornithine Glycine GABA L-Cysteine
10 Chromogenic Effect of Daily Systemic Treatment with 1,2-DAB 1,2-DAB Saline
11 Chromogenic Changes in Rat Brain (fixed in glutaraldehyde) Saline 1,3-DAB 1,2-DAB
12 Aromatic Petroleum Hydrocarbons (purity?) Reported to Produce Blue-colored Urine (rodents) MONOCYCLIC Benzene 1,2-Xylene 1,2-Ethyltoluene 1,2-Diethylbenzene 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene Triethylbenzene(mixture) Diethyldiisopropylbenzene *Reported in humans DICYCLIC Indane, Indene Tetralin*,, Diphenyl Diphenylmethane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene Gerarde,, 1960
13
14 DNA-Damaging Damaging Agent DNA Nucleobase Guanine (Purine) 70% 6% 5% N7-methyl guanine Base-excision excision (non-lethal) O 6 -methyl guanine Direct Reversal (mutagenic) 8-methyl guanine Base-excision excision MGMT
15 MGMT ACTIVITY IN HUMAN BRAIN Normal around tumor Normal brain tissue From: Silber JR, Blank A, Bobola MS, Mueller et al. PNAS 93:6941 (1996).
16 RESPONSE TO DNA DAMAGE IN LOW MGMT BRAINS 60 Behrens et al. Curr AD Res (2009) P53 Prone to cancer P53 Prone to neurodegeneration P53
17 Comparing Gene Expression Patterns To Assess Toxic Potential of Complex Mixtures
18 Neurotoxic Activity Requires Protein Reactivity CHO Orange O +NH 2 R N R N R [O] N R O 2,5-HD Dimethyl pyrrole adduct N + R Pyrrole adduct dimer N + R CHO Oxidized pyrrole dimer CHO Blue O + NH 2 R O 1,2-DAB N R Dimethyl isoindole adduct N R N + R Isoindole adduct dimer N R [O] N + R CHO Oxidized isoindole dimer
19 n-hexane-associated Occupational Neuropathy in China, Many published reports: - Fujian - Guangdong (~400 factories use n-hexane) - Helongjiang - Henan - Jiangsu - Liaoning
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