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1 Honors Biology: Interactive Study Guide: Biochemistry (PowerPoint notes, lab activities, articles, discussions and chapter 3 text reference) Good Luck and Happy Studying!! Intro to Biochemistry Organic (in biochemical terms) means: Carbon has e in outer shell Be able to identify single, double and triple bonds as well as straight chains, branched chains, and rings Another word for large molecules is The removal of H 2 O to form macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, is called while macromolecules can be broken down into their building blocks by hydrolysis, the Be able to solve equations involving dehydration synthesis. Be able to solve equations involving hydrolysis. o For example: Show the equation where a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose go through dehydration synthesis to form lactose: o For example: Show the equation where maltose goes through hydrolysis to form two glucose molecules: Carbohydrates All carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O in what ratio? o Examples: (C 6 H O ) fill in the blanks The building blocks of carbohydrates are called _. Give three examples of these simple sugars and describe where they can be found: What is an isomer? 2 monosaccharides combined is called a Name the following sugars: 1
2 - common table sugar = glucose + fructose - major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose malt sugar; product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose Polysaccharides- many linked monosaccharides: Know 4 kinds of polysaccharides and where they can be found/function(s). What energy molecule drives metabolism? What carbohydrates are considered good? How does GI/GL (glycemic index/glycemic load) affect food? Reference your questions/answers to the Harvard article on carbohydrates. Proteins What elements are in proteins? The building blocks of proteins are called: We need 20 amino acids for our bodies to function properly. How many are essential? Non-essential? What is the difference between essential and non-essential? Be able to list/describe the several function of proteins and well as their type and location in the body (example- collagen is a support/structural protein found in the connective tissue of the body) Know how to label the general structure an amino acid- see notes and figure 3-7 on page 56 of your text. Be able to describe the function of protein enzymes (see text reference: page 57 as well as an example on page 37 [figure 2-7]). Lipids Know the elements that compose lipids and their ratios. The building blocks of lipids are called? 2
3 What are some functions of lipids in the body? The polar end (-COOH) of a triglyceride is hydrophilic, meaning it: The hydrocarbon end is non-polar (known as hydrophobic, meaning it: When all C are single bonded, it is known as a(n) When double bonded (max. # of bonds unfulfilled), the fat is considered to be: Be able to describe hydrogenation and the effects of trans-fatty acids, as well as microparticulation (reference notes, are fake fats for real activity and Harvard article on lipids). 3 molecules of fatty acid joined to 1 glycerol (alcohol) are called: Describe saturated and unsaturated fats~ Be sure how to recognize the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats! 2 fatty acids joined to glycerol is called a Describe the make-up of our phospholipid bilayer: Long fatty acid chain joined to long alcohol chains are called? Where can you find them? 3
4 What are steroids? Where can they be found? Nucleic Acids Are they technically lipds? Building blocks? The elements that make up nucleic acids are? Ratio? Know the make-up of RNA and DNA: Phosphate group, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, & uracil), and pentose sugar. If given a diagram, be able to distinguish them from each other. Differences between RNA & DNA? RNA DNA Nitrogen bases include: Complimentary base pairing: Pair up like: in DNA ( in RNA), in both DNA & RNA Other Important Stuff The chemical indicator for starch is. Color of a positive reaction? The chemical indicator for protein is. Color of a positive reaction? The chemical indicator for sugar is. Color of a positive reaction? Critical thinking: Nutrition: Which artificial sugar is best? Which kind of lipid is best? What type of carbohydrates are best? THINK about all of our discussions, video clips, activities and labs to help support your answers 4
5 5
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