Firrhill High School CfE Higher Chemistry
|
|
- Emil Weaver
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Firrhill High School CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 2 Homework Natures Chemistry 1
2 1. Write the general formula for the alkanols. Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Esters 2. Draw the structural formulae for each of the following alcohols and state whether the alcohol is a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol. a) Pentan-3-ol. b) 2-methylbutan-1-ol c) 3-ethylpentan-3-ol. 3. What is meant by a hydroxyl group? 4. Compound X is a secondary alcohol. (a) Name compound X. (b) Draw a structural formula for the tertiary alcohol that is an isomer of compound X. 5. The dehydration of butan-2-ol can form two different isomers of butene. a) Draw a diagram of the apparatus you could use in the laboratory to bring about the dehydration of butan-2-ol. Name any chemicals used. b) What is meant by the term dehydration? c) Draw and name the structures of the two butene isomers formed. d) An isomer of butan-2-ol gives only one product on dehydration. Name this isomer. 6. Write the general formula for the alkanoic acids. 7. Name and draw the functional group found in all carboxylic acids. 8. Draw the structural formulae for the following carboxylic acids: a) Pentanoic acid b) 2-methylpropanoic acid c) Benzoic acid 9. Which two types of chemicals react together to produce an ester? 2
3 10. Copy the chemical structure shown below and circle the ester link. 11. Name and draw the structural formula of the ester formed when each of the following chemicals reacts together. a) ethanol and methanoic acid b) methanol and propanoic acid c) butanoic acid and pentanol d) ethanoic acid and propanol 12. Which of the following consumer products is least likely to contain esters? A flavourings B perfumes C solvents D toothpastes 13. Which of the following is an ester? 14. When propanoic acid is reacted with ethanol, one of the products is, 15. Rum flavouring is based on a compound with the formula shown, 3
4 It can be made from A ethanol and butanoic acid B propanol and ethanoic acid C butanol and methanoic acid D propanol and propanoic acid 16. Aspirin is one of the most widely used pain relievers in the world. It has the structure, Which two functional groups are present in an aspirin molecule? A hydroxyl and carbonyl B aldehyde and ketone C carboxyl and ester D ester and aldehyde 17. Give three uses of esters. 18. A pupil made the ester ethyl propanoate in a test tube and poured the reaction mixture into a beaker containing sodium hydrogen-carbonate solution. a) Name the acid and alcohol used to make the ester. b) What two things would the pupil observe when the ester is poured into the sodium hydrogen- carbonate solution? c) The pupil heated the reaction mixture using a hot water bath. Why was the reaction mixture not heated directly with a Bunsen flame? 19. One of the chemicals released in a bee sting is an ester that has the structure shown. This ester can be produced by the reaction of an alcohol with an alkanoic acid. 4
5 (a) Name this acid. (b) The ester can be prepared in the lab by heating a mixture of the reactants with a catalyst. (i) (ii) Name the catalyst used in the reaction. What improvement could be made to the experimental setup shown in the above diagram? 20. The compound diazomethane undergoes an unusual reaction called insertion. Under certain conditions, the CH2 group produced can insert itself into any bond, which includes an atom of hydrogen. Nitrogen is produced in every reaction. One of the products for the reaction of diazomethane with ethanol is shown below. (a) Name the product shown. (b) Draw the full structural formula for the other two organic products which could be formed in this reaction. 5
6 Fats, Oils and Soaps 1. Fats and oils can be classified as A soaps B fatty acids C esters D polyesters 2. Which of the following decolourises bromine water least successfully? A palm oil B hex-1-ene C cod liver oil D mutton fat 3. In the formation of hardened fats from vegetable oils, the hydrogen A causes cross-linking between the chains B causes hydrolysis to occur C increases the carbon chain length D reduces the number of carbon to carbon double bonds. 4. The structural formula for glycerol is 5. The production of fatty acids and glycerol from fats in foods is an example of A hydrolysis B hydrogenation C dehydration D dehydrogenation 6. Explain, in terms of structure, why fats are solids and oils are liquids at room temperature. 7. Foodstuffs have labels that list ingredients and provide nutritional information. The label on a tub of margarine lists hydrogenated vegetable oils as one of the ingredients. Why have some of the vegetable oils in this product been hydrogenated? 8. a) Draw the extended structural formula for a molecule of glycerol. b) What is the systematic name for a molecule of glycerol. c) Explain why fats are sometimes referred to as triglycerides d) What do you understand by the term fatty acid? 6
7 9. The structure of a fat molecule is shown below. (a) When the fat is hydrolysed, a fatty acid is obtained. Name the other product obtained in this reaction. (b) Oils are liquid at room temperature; fats are solid. Why do oils have lower melting points than fats? 10. Mutton fat contains a compound called as tristearin. Tristearin is hydrolysed in the body during digestion by an enzyme known as lipase. (a) Give one reason why fats can be a useful part of a balanced diet. (b) To which set of compounds do enzymes belong? (c) The hydrolysis of tristearin produces a fatty acid. Name the other product of the reaction. 11. Chemists have developed cheeses specifically for use in cheeseburgers. (a) When ordinary cheddar cheese is grilled the shapes of the protein molecules change and the proteins and fats separate leaving a chewy solid and an oily liquid. What name is given to the change in protein structure which occurs when ordinary cheddar is grilled? (b) To make cheese for burgers, grated cheddar cheese, soluble milk proteins and some water are mixed and heated to no more than 82 C. As the cheese begins to melt an emulsifying agent is added and the mixture is stirred. (i) Why would a water bath be used to heat the mixture? 7
8 (ii) A section of the structure of a soluble milk protein is shown below. Draw a structural formula for any one of the amino acids formed when this section of protein is hydrolysed. (iii) The emulsifier used is trisodium citrate, a salt formed when citric acid is neutralised using sodium hydroxide. Copy and complete the equation below showing a structural formula for the trisodium citrate formed. 12. The hydrolysis of a fat produces glycerol and fatty acids. a) What does the term hydrolysis mean? b) State the ratio of glycerol molecules to fatty acid molecules. c) A triglyceride produces only glycerol and palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, on hydrolysis. i) Draw the structural formula for the triglyceride. ii) Explain whether the triglyceride is likely to be a fat or an oil. 8
9 13. Explain why edible oils are sometimes used as lubricants for farm machinery. 14. Explain what is meant by the terms a) hydrophilic b) hydrophobic. 15. Describe how soap can clean a fat stain from clothing. You should use the following words in your answer: ionic head covalent tail hydrophobic hydrophilic polar non-polar 16. Soap can be produced by the reaction of fats and oils with sodium hydroxide solution. a) Name the kind of reaction that is taking place. b) Describe the structure of soap 17. Small children can find it difficult to swallow tablets or pills so ibuprofen is supplied as an infant formula emulsion. The emulsifier used is polysorbate 80. Its structure is shown below. Explain why this molecule acts as an emulsifier. 9
10 Proteins 1. Describe two reasons why we need protein in our diet. 2. What four elements are present in proteins? 3. Copy and complete the table giving details of proteins found in the human body. Name of protein Where found Function Keratin Structural support Insulin Controls blood glucose Haemoglobin Red blood cells Amylase Saliva and pancreas Collagen Structural support Myosin Muscles Immunoglobins Blood, tears, saliva, skin 4. What is meant by the term essential amino acids? 5. When amino acids join together to form a protein molecule, what other chemical is produced? 6. On complete hydrolysis, a peptide produced 5 amino acids represented by the letters P, Q, R, S and T. The following fragments were produced on partial hydrolysis. Peptide partial hydrolysis TS + QP + RT + SQ Which one of the sequences below could be the correct one for the arrangement of amino acids in the peptide? A P-T-S-Q-R B R-T-S-P-Q C Q-P-T-S-R D R-T-S-Q-P 7. Which of the following must contain nitrogen? A an enzyme B an oil C a polyester D a carbohydrate 10
11 8. Proteins can be denatured under acid conditions. During this denaturing, the protein molecule A changes shape B is dehydrated C is neutralised D is polymerised 9. When two amino acids condense together, water is eliminated and a peptide link is formed. Which of the following represents this process? 10. Some amino acids are called α(alpha) amino acids because the amino is on the carbon atom next to the acid group. Which of the following is an α(alpha) amino acid? 11
12 11. The following is part of a protein molecule (the bond angles are not correctly shown). a) Draw the extended structural formula of two amino acids obtained on hydrolysis of this protein. b) Draw an amide link. 12. An enzyme found in potatoes can catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The rate of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be studied using the apparatus shown. (a) Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (b) The graph shows how the rate of the enzyme catalysed reaction changes with temperature. Why does the reaction rate decrease above the optimum temperature of 40 "C? 12
13 13. Examine the graphs below. a) Which graph is likely to represent the results from a series of reactions using an enzyme? Explain your answer b) To which family of compounds do enzymes belong? c) Name the four elements which must be present in all enzyme molecules. 14. Glycine is an amino acid with the following structure. H H O N C C H H O H a) Draw the structure of part of the polymer chain that would be formed when three glycine molecules polymerise. b) What type of polymerisation process is taking place? 13
14 The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food 1. What is the general formula for aldehydes and ketones? 2. What is the name of the functional group found in aldehydes and ketones? 3. Which of the following is an aldehyde? 4. Which is true of a compound with the following formula? CH3CH(OH)CH3 A It is a primary alcohol B It can be oxidised to an aldehyde C It is a tertiary alcohol D It can be oxidised to a ketone. 5. Which process is used to convert methanol to methanal? A oxidation B condensation C hydration D hydrogenation 6. Which of the following alcohols can be oxidised to give a ketone? A 2-methylbutan-1-ol B 2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol C 3-methylbutan-2-ol D 2-methylbutan-2-ol 7. Ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide. What kind of reaction occurs? A Hydrogenation B Dehydration C Hydrolysis D Dehydrogenation 14
15 8. After heating for several minutes as shown in the diagram, the ph indicator solution turned red. Liquid Q could be A propanone B paraffin C butan-1-ol D butan-2-ol 9. What compound is formed by the oxidation of propan-2-ol? A CH3CH2CHO B CH3CO CH3 C CH3CH2COOH D CH3CH2 CH2OH 10. During oxidation, what happens to the ratio of O:H atoms in a hydrocarbon? 11. Two compounds A and B, both have the formula C4H8O. They were both mixed separately with Fehling s solution and the mixtures warmed in a water bath. Only compound B gave an orange-red precipitate. a) Name compounds A and B. b) Draw the extended structural formulae of A and B. c) Name another reagent which could also be used to show the difference between compound A and B and say what would happen when this reagent is reacted with A and B. 12. A CH3CH2OH B CH3CHOHCH3 C CH3CH2COOH D CH3COCH3 E CH3CH2CHO F CH3COOH Which box, or boxes, show(s) a substance which a) can be oxidised to an alkanal (aldehyde)? b) is an alkanone (ketone)? c) is an alkanoic (carboxylic) acid? d) is a primary alcohol? e) can be formed by the oxidation of B? 13. Propan-1-ol, can be oxidised by passing the alcohol vapour over hot copper(ii) oxide. a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that would be used to carry out this experiment in the laboratory. 15
16 b) Oxidation of propan-1-ol yields a compound X, formula C3H6O, which can be further oxidised to compound Y, formula C3H6O2. i) Name and draw the structure of compound X. ii) Name and draw the structure of compound Y. c) Name two other oxidising agents which could be used to carry out the oxidation. d) If propan-2-ol was used in place of propan-1-ol there would be only one oxidation product. Name and draw the structure of this product. 14. "Self-test" kits can be used to check the quantity of alcohol present in a person's breath. The person blows through a glass tube until a plastic bag at the end is completely filled. The tube contains orange acidified potassium dichromate crystals that turn green when they react with ethanol. The chemical reaction causing the colour change is: The more ethanol present in the person's breath, the further along the tube the green colour travels. a) What is the purpose of the plastic bag? b) Why are the potassium dichromate crystals acidified? c) Name a carbon compound formed by the reaction of ethanol with acidified potassium dichromate crystals. 15. Propanone is a widely used solvent. It can be made from propene. Using full structural formulae show the steps involved in this preparation and name the reagent used in each step. H2O/H2SO4 Heat over CuO 16
17 16. Alkanols can be oxidised to alkanoic acids. CH3CH2CH2OH step 1 CH3CH2CHO step 2 CH3CH2COOH Propan-1-ol propanal propanoic acid (a) Why can step 1 be described as an oxidation reaction? (b) Acidified potassium dichromate solution can be used to oxidise propanal in step 2. What colour change would be observed in this reaction? 17. Butan 2-ol reacts in different ways dehydration butan-2-ol oxidation condensation with ethanoic acid butanone (a) Name the two products formed by the dehydration of butan-2-ol. (b) Name a reagent which could be used to oxidise butan-2-ol to butanone. 18. Two reactions involving a carbon compound, A, are shown. (a) Name compound A. (b) Draw a structural formula for compound B. (c) Name a substance used to convert compound A into but-2-ene and but-1-ene. 19. Give 3 ways that fatty foods are affected when they react with oxygen. 17
18 20. Why are antioxidants added to foods? 21. What is meant by a free radical? 22. Give the names of 3 natural antioxidants and state which foods they are found in. 23. Describe how orange juice can stop apples from going brown after they have been cut. 24. Apples and bananas turn brown when cut or bruised. The first step of the reaction causing the browning is shown below. What type of reaction is this? 25. A student closed his eyes and held his nose. Another pupil gave him a teaspoon of strawberry jam to eat. Explain why the student could tell that the food was sweet, but not what the actual flavor was. 26. Explain why broccoli should be cooked in water but asparagus should be cooked in oil. 18
19 Fragrances 1. Which unit makes up every terpene? 2. How many carbons there are in an isoprene unit? 3. What is the systematic name for isoprene? 4. What is an oxidised terpene known as? 5. Give 3 uses of essential oils. 6. Two typical compounds that are present in many perfumes are shown. (a) Why does geraniol evaporate more slowly than limonene? (b) The structure of one of the first synthetic scents used in perfume is shown below. (i) Name the family of carbonyl compounds to which this synthetic scent belongs. (ii) Copy and complete the structure below to show the product formed when this scent is oxidised. 19
20 7. A team of chemists are developing a fragrance for use in a shower gel for men. (a) To give the gel a fruity smell the chemists are considering adding an ester. They synthesise six isomeric esters. Volunteers smell each ester and give it a rating out of one hundred depending on how fruity the smell is. (i) Name the ester with the fruit-smell rating of 92. (ii) Shown below are the structures of three more isomers. Put these esters in order of decreasing fruit-smell rating. (b) To create a fragrance for men, the compound civetone is added. Draw a structural formula for the alcohol that can be oxidised to form civetone. (c) To make the shower gel produce a cold, tingling sensation when applied to the skin, menthol is added. 20
21 Like terpenes, menthol is formed from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene). Copy the diagram of the structure of menthol below and circle an isoprene unit. 21
22 Skin Care 1. What are the three steps for the reaction between alkanes and halogens? 2. Write out each of the three steps for the reaction between fluorine gas and ethane under the action of UV light. 3. What is meant by a free-radical scavenger? 4. Suncreams contain antioxidants. (a) The antioxidant, compound A, can prevent damage to skin by reacting with free radicals such as NO2. Why can compound A be described as a free radical scavenger in the reaction shown above? (b) Another antioxidant used in skin care products is vitamin C, C6H8O6. C 6 H 8 O 6(aq) C 6 H 6 O 6(aq) + Copy and complete the ion-electron equation for the oxidation of vitamin C. 22
23 1. A student makes the following statement: Open Ended Questions Sugar can be used to produce alcohol, a carboxylic acid and the ester ethyl ethanoate Using your knowledge of chemistry, comment on the accuracy of the student s statement. 2. Aspirin is a widely used medicine. It is advised that it is stored in dry, cool conditions. O C OH O C CH 3 O Using your knowledge of chemistry, comment on the reasons why aspirin should be stored under these conditions. 3. To improve the shelf-life of foods, food manufacturers use several methods to remove oxygen from inside the food packaging. In one method, an enzyme is added which catalyses a reaction between oxygen and glucose present in the foods. Using your knowledge of Chemistry, comment on why this method may not be suitable to improve the shelf-life for all foods. 23
Farr High School HIGHER CHEMISTRY. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry. Question Booklet
Farr igh School IGER EMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s hemistry Question Booklet 1 ydrocarbons 1. Write the systematic names for a) b) 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2. Write the structural formulae and names of 3 isomers of
More informationCfE Higher Chemistry Homework. Unit 2: Natures Chemistry. The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food. 1. Which of the following is an aldehyde?
CfE Higher Chemistry Homework Unit 2: Natures Chemistry The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food 1. Which of the following is an aldehyde? 2. Which is true of a compound with the following formula?
More informationLesmahagow High School
Lesmahagow High School Higher hemistry Unit 2 Tutorial Questions 1 Multiple hoice 1. The conversion of linoleic acid, 18 H 32 O 2, into stearic acid, 18 H 36 O 2, is likely to be achieved by hydrogenation
More informationName the ester produced when methanol and pentanoic acid react. methyl pentanoate. Name the type of reaction used to make an ester
1 Name the ester produced when methanol and pentanoic acid react methyl pentanoate 2 Name the type of reaction used to make an ester condensation reaction 3 Name the by-product of the reaction used to
More informationCalderglen High School Chemistry Department. CfE Higher Chemistry. Unit 2: Nature s Chemistry
Calderglen High School Chemistry Department CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 2: Nature s Chemistry Exam Style Questions Page 2 2.1 Esters, fats and oils Page 6 2.2 Soaps, Detergents and Emulsions Page 9 2.3 Proteins
More informationHIGHER CHEMISTRY. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry. Homework exercises
IGER CEMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry omework exercises 1 ydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids (revision Nat 5) 1. Write the systematic names for a) b) C 2 C 3 C C 3 C C 2 C C 2 C 3 C C C C C C
More informationA carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH
1.6 Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Fats Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH These compounds are weak acids. Citrus fruits, crabapples, rhubarb,
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
1 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first member is methanol and the fourth is butanol. 3 O methanol 3 2 2 2 O butanol (a) Give two general characteristics of a homologous series. (ii) alculate
More informationlevel 6 (6 SCQF credit points)
Nature s Chemistry SCQF: level 6 (6 SCQF credit points) Unit code: H21J 76 Unit outline The general aim of this Unit is to develop skills of scientific inquiry, investigation, analytical thinking, independent
More informationLesmahagow High School
Lesmahagow High School Higher Chemistry Alcohols and Esters - Past Paper Homework Questions . Carbohydrates are an essential part of our diet. (a) Why are carbohydrates an important part of our diet? (b)
More informationCH [2] (ii) Give the structural formula of another hydrocarbon which is isomeric with the above.
1 The alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They form a homologous series, the members of which have the same chemical properties. They undergo addition reactions and are easily oxidised. (a) The following
More informationCalderglen High School CfE Higher Chemistry. Nature s Chemistry Esters, Fats and Oils. Page 1 of 11
Calderglen High School CfE Higher Chemistry Nature s Chemistry Esters, Fats and Oils Page 1 of 11 No. Learning Outcome Understanding? 1 An ester can be identified from the name containing the -yl-oate
More informationS4 Chemistry National 5
S4 hemistry National 5 Nature s hemistry Unit ourse Notes- ydrocarbons and onsumer Products Name lass 1 ydrocarbons ydrocarbons can be categorised into family groups known as OMOLOGOUS SERIES. A homologous
More informationCarboxylic Acids and Esters
arboxylic Acids and Esters N Goalby hemrevise.org - absorption IR Spectrum for arboxylic acids Butanoic acid 1 Solubility in Water The smaller carboxylic (up to 4) acids dissolve in water in all proportions
More informationTopic 4.5 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE CARBONYL GROUP. Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and their Salts Esters Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
Topic 4.5 MPUNDS NTAINING TE ARBNYL GRUP Aldehydes and Ketones arboxylic Acids and their Salts Esters Acyl hlorides and Acid Anhydrides ALDEYDES AND KETNES 1. Introduction Aldehydes and ketones are collectively
More informationOrganic Chemistry. AQA Chemistry topic 7
rganic hemistry AQA hemistry topic 7 7.1 arbon ompounds as fuels and feedstock rude il rude oil is a finite resource found in rocks. It s the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton
More information(b) The following two alcohols are members of an homologous series and they are isomers.
1 The alcohols form an homologous series. (a) Give three characteristics of an homologous series. [3] (b) The following two alcohols are members of an homologous series and they are isomers. OH and ( )
More informationCarboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl Chlorides
R hemistry A 432 arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic acids contain the functional group, attached to an alkyl stem. They are widely found in nature,
More informationEsters. What intermolecular forces do you think esters have? δ + CH 3
Esters What intermolecular forces do you think esters have? ow will these intermolecular forces affect their: Melting and boiling points compared to alkanes Solubility in water δ 3 δ + 3 Dipole dipole
More informationOxidizing Alcohols. Questions. Prediction. Analysis. Safety Precautions. Materials. Conclusions. Procedure. 74 MHR Unit 1 Organic Chemistry
xidizing Alcohols SKILL FUS Predicting Performing and recording Analyzing and interpreting Acidified potassium permanganate solution, KMn 4(aq), acts as an oxidizing agent when it comes in contact with
More information6/9/2015. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups
1-chloropropane 2-methylpropane 1-iodobutane Ethanoic Acid Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups 43 It Ain t Just Hydrocarbons There are all sorts of organic
More informationQUESTION 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation.
QUESTIN 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation. QUESTIN Why are fatty acids such as palmitic acid, insoluble in water, while ethanoic
More informationPrelab 6: Carboxylic Acids
The Structure of Carboxylic Acids Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group attached to a hydrocarbon (alkyl group) part. Carboxyl groups contain both a carbonyl group,
More informationNational 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry
National 5 Unit Two : Nature s Chemistry Fuels A fuel is a chemical which burns, giving off energy. Combustion is a reaction of a substance with oxygen giving off energy. The test for oxygen is it relights
More informationUnit 2: Nature s Chemistry Topic 2 Consumer Products Summary Notes
St Ninian s High School Chemistry Department National 5 Chemistry Unit 2: Nature s Chemistry Topic 2 Consumer Products Summary Notes Name Learning Outcomes After completing this topic you should be able
More informationORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY SYSTEMATIC NOMENCLATURE
ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY SYSTEMATIC NOMENCLATURE Organic compounds are carbon containing compounds. Carbon has the following unique bonding properties: 1) it has a covalence of four 2) carbon atoms
More informationNature s Chemistry. Fragrances and Skin Care
St Andrew s and St Bride s High School CfE Higher Chemistry Nature s Chemistry Page 1 of 12 Essential Oils Essential oils are concentrated extracts of the volatile, non-water soluble (hydrophobic) aroma
More informationNature s Chemistry Esters, Fats and Oils
Cathkin High School CfE Higher Chemistry Nature s Chemistry Esters, Fats and Oils Page 1 of 18 No. Learning Outcome Understanding? 1 An ester can be identified from the name containing the -yl-oate endings.
More informationH O. rapidly reduces. They dissolve. because they can hydrogen bond to the water molecules.
3.9 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming arboxylic acids These have the ending oic acid but no number is necessary for the acid group as it must always be at the end of the chain. The numbering always
More informationAlkane C-C single bond (propane) Alkene C=C double bond (propene) Alcohol - OH group (1-propanol) major. minor
Functional group* and name? Alkane - single bond (propane) *alkanes not really regarded as a functional group Alkene = double bond (propene) Addition of an unsymmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkene
More informationCHAPTER4 ANSWERS. Multiple Choice Questions. Short Answer Questions. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b)
CHAPTER4 ANSWERS Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b)
More informationCCMR Educational Programs
CCMR Educational Programs Title: Date Created: July 21, 2006 Author(s): Appropriate Level: Abstract: Time Requirement: Frank La Gatta Esterfication Regents and Honors Chemistry An ester is produced when
More informationCfE Higher Chemistry. Unit 2: Natures Chemistry. Esters, Fats and Oils, Soaps
CfE igher Chemistry Unit 2: Natures Chemistry Esters, Fats and ils, Soaps 27/02/2018 Lesson Starter: Name / Draw these molecules a) b) c) d) e) 2-methylpentan-1-ol f) Pentanoic acid 27/02/2018 Esters 27/02/2018
More information6 The chemistry of living organisms
Living organisms are composed of about 22 different chemical elements. These are combined to form a great variety of compounds. Six major elements make up almost 99% of the mass of the human body, as shown
More informationEXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives
EXPERIMENT 8 (rganic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives Pahlavan/Cherif Materials Medium test tubes (6) Test tube rack Beakers (50, 150, 400 ml) Ice Hot plate Graduated cylinders
More informationAcknowledgement. Copyright is held by Peter & Lesley Johnson ( P & L Johnson 2013.)
P& L Johnson 2013 1 Acknowledgement The Shopping Trolley hemistry workbook and activities were developed and written by Peter Johnson, with the help of Graeme Mitchell and harlie Kerr of the Stewart s
More informationFuels. 1. Combustion is an example of an exothermic reaction which will give out energy, endothermic reactions are the opposite
Fuels 1. ombustion is an example of an exothermic reaction which will give out energy, endothermic reactions are the opposite overed ( ) ow well can you do this? 2. The energy given out by a fuel can be
More informationThe four levels of protein structure are: primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
Proteins Proteins are organic complex nitrogenous compounds of high molecular weight, formed of C, H, O and N. They are formed of a number of amino acids linked together by peptide linkage [-CO-NH-]. Proteins
More informationWorksheet Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary
Worksheet 17.1 Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary Aldehydes (alkanals) A homologous series of compounds with the general formula RCHO, where the CHO group (the aldehyde group) consists of a carbonyl group
More informationBio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review
Bio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review 1.Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds In order to complete outer shells in electrons bonds can be Ionic; one atom donates or receives electrons Covalent; atoms
More informationOCR (A) Biology A-level
OCR (A) Biology A-level Topic 2.2: Biological molecules Notes Water Water is a very important molecule which is a major component of cells, for instance: Water is a polar molecule due to uneven distribution
More informationReview. Knowledge/Understanding. FeBr 3 + I 2 + HI. polymerization biochemistry. monosaccharide starch. (a) CH 3 CH 2 CHCH CH 3 CH 2 CHCOH
Review Reflecting on Chapter 2 Summarize this chapter in the format of your choice. ere are a few ideas to use as guidelines: Describe the different types of organic reactions, and give an example of each
More informationThis topic will look at six important chemicals found inside your kitchen cupboard.
P & L. Johnson 2012 You may not realise it but everything is made of chemicals and therefore everything in your kitchen cupboard is a chemical. In fact some of the substances in your cupboard contain really
More information4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND
. ARBN AND ITS MPUND rganic hemistry- The study of carbon compounds. rganic ompounds- The compounds of carbon (except the oxides of carbon, carbonates, hydro carbonates and carbides) are called organic
More informationLab #4: Nutrition & Assays for Detecting Biological Molecules - Introduction
Lab #4: Nutrition & Assays for Detecting Biological Molecules - Introduction Most biological molecules fall into one of four varieties: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. These are sometimes
More informationOrganic. Carbon Chemistry
Today Organic Carbon Chemistry Organic You know more than you think already What you will need Lewis dot, VSEPR VB, hybrid orbitals, MO electronegativity intermolecular forces Two hurdles we will deal
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Chapter 23. Hill, Petrucci, McCreary & Perry 4 th. Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane CH 4 methyl CH 3
hapter 23 rganic hemistry ill, Petrucci, Mcreary & Perry 4 th Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane 4 methyl 3 ethane 3 3 ethyl 3 2 propane 3 2 3 propyl 3 2 2 isopropyl ( 3 ) 2 or 3 3 butyl 3 2 2 2 butane
More informationChemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon
Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,
More informationH y., are burned in 100 cm 3 of oxygen, which is an excess of oxygen.
1 (a) Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain hydrogen and carbon only. 10 cm 3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, C x H y, are burned in 100 cm 3 of oxygen, which is an excess of oxygen. After cooling to room
More informationBridging task for 2016 entry. AS/A Level Biology. Why do I need to complete a bridging task?
Bridging task for 2016 entry AS/A Level Biology Why do I need to complete a bridging task? The task serves two purposes. Firstly, it allows you to carry out a little bit of preparation before starting
More informationSummary Consumer Products
Summary Consumer Products National 4 Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds which contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, with the Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio of two to one. Plants
More informationPage 2. Q1.Which one of the following is not a correct statement about vitamin C, shown below? It is a cyclic ester.
Q1.Which one of the following is not a correct statement about vitamin, shown below? It is a cyclic ester. It can form a carboxylic acid on oxidation. It decolourises a solution of bromine in water. It
More informationAlkenes. Question Paper 1. Chemistry (0620/0971) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Topic. Organic chemistry Sub-Topic. Alkenes.
or more awesome resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ lkenes Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Organic chemistry
More informationChapter 44. Typical reactions of various functional groups Introducing organic reactions Typical reactions of alkanes
Chapter 44 Typical reactions of various functional groups 44.1 Introducing organic reactions 44.2 Typical reactions of alkanes 44.3 Typical reactions of alkenes 44.4 Typical reactions of haloalkanes 44.5
More informationAlcohol aldehydes cetones and carboxylic acids
Alcohol aldehydes cetones and carboxylic acids 1 Classes of organic compounds 2 Alcohols Alcohols are organic compounds containing hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to C atom. In an alcohol, -OH group replaces
More informationLab 3 - Organic Molecules of Biological Importance (April 2014)
Lab 3 - Organic Molecules of Biological Importance (April 2014) Section 1 - Organic Molecules [2] Hi this is Lyn Koller and I would like to welcome you to this week s lab. We will explore the organic molecules
More informationB07 Alcohols, Corboxylic Acids & Esters.notebook. November 19, Alcohols
Alcohols There is more to alcohol than just beverages. In fact, most alcohols are poisonous. THis is what makes them effective as disinfectants and cleaners. 1 What makes an alcohol and alcohol? If a hydrocarbon
More informationI. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
Name: Period: Date: I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water Carbon forms
More informationPractice Questions for Biochemistry Test A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Practice Questions for Biochemistry Test 1. The quaternary structure of a protein is determined by: A. interactions between distant amino acids of the same polypeptide. B.interactions between close amino
More information2.1.1 Biological Molecules
2.1.1 Biological Molecules Relevant Past Paper Questions Paper Question Specification point(s) tested 2013 January 4 parts c and d p r 2013 January 6 except part c j k m n o 2012 June 1 part ci d e f g
More informationBiochemistry Worksheet
Biology 138 Name Section 3.1 Properties of Water Biochemistry Worksheet 1. Why is water such an important molecule to living things? 2. Describe the chemical make up and type of bonding found in water
More informationof Life Chemical Aspects OBJ ECTIVESshould be able to: ENCOUNTERS WITH LIFE H" ~ ~O N-C-C H R OH After completing this exercise, the student
ENCOUNTERS WT LFE Chemical Aspects of Life C 20 C--O. /1 '\. O \/ '\./ C C / \. O / -, O \.1 C--C 1 O GLYCEROL After completing this exercise, the student OBJ ECTVESshould be able to: Define organic and
More informationChapter 7-2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 7-1 Carbon C atom - atomic # is 6; it has 6 protons and therefore 6 electrons - is in group 14; it has 4 valence electrons - atomic mass is 12; it has 6 neutrons - shares electrons when forming
More informationCarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
arboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Families ontaining the arbonyl Group Family Y Z Y Z aldehyde or ketone carboxylic acid or -- ester or -- acid halide or -F,-l,-Br,-I acid anhydride or amide or -N
More informationCh14. Carboxylic Acids. Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make more powerful functional groups. version 1.
Ch14 Carboxylic Acids Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make more powerful functional groups. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch14 Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic
More informationlarge molecules small molecules fuels carbon
4 10 5 12 6 14 4 2 6 3 8 methane ethane propane butane, pentane & hexane n 2n+2 Saturated hydrocarbons Insoluble in water n 2n Unsaturated hydrocarbons Insoluble in water Burns in plentiful 2 with a clean
More informationRevision Sheet Final Exam Term
Revision Sheet Final Exam Term-1 2018-2019 Name: Subject: Chemistry Grade: 12 A, B, C Required Materials: Chapter: 22 Section: 1,2,3,4 (Textbook pg. 669-697) Chapter: 23 Section: 1,2 (Textbook pg. 707-715)
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationEssential Biology 3.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins. 1. Define organic molecule.
1. Define organic molecule. An organic molecule is a molecule that contains carbon and is found in living things. There are many organic molecules in living things. The same (or very similar) molecules
More informationI. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
Name: Period: Date: I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water Carbon forms
More informationunit 9 practice test (organic and biochem)
Name: Class: Date: unit 9 practice test (organic and biochem) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What s the correct formula for the simplest
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School
Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from
More informationLAB 4 Macromolecules
LAB 4 Macromolecules Overview In addition to water and minerals, living things contain a variety of organic molecules. Most of the organic molecules in living organisms are of 4 basic types: carbohydrate,
More informationMacromolecules. Small molecules that join together to form one large polymer molecules.
Macromolecules Polymerisation: Polymerisation is the joining of small molecules (monomers), into chains of a very large molecule (polymer). The monomers can be as atoms, simple molecules of ethen as in
More informationFigure 2. Figure 1. Name: Bio AP Lab Organic Molecules
Name: Bio AP Lab Organic Molecules BACKGROUND: A cell is a living chemistry laboratory in which most functions take the form of interactions between organic molecules. Most organic molecules found in living
More informationEsters An Introduction To Organic Chemistry Reactions
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with esters an introduction
More information3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World
BIOL 100 Ch. 3 1 3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World Carbon Central element to life Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework. Organic molecules Humans 18.5% Carbon Why is Carbon
More informationCarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 suggested problems: 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70 Class Notes I. Carboxylic acids (organic acids) and their derivatives A.
More informationName: Per. HONORS: Molecules of Life
Name: Per. HONORS: Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are classes of organic molecules that are essential to the life processes of all living things. All three classes of molecules are
More informationMacromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.
Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds
More informationOCR A GCSE Chemistry. Topic 6: Global challenges. Organic chemistry. Notes.
OCR A GCSE Chemistry Topic 6: Global challenges Organic chemistry Notes C6.2a recognise functional groups and identify members of the same homologous series Prefixes (beginning of the name) o remember
More informationReading 3.2 Why do different food molecules provide different amounts of energy?
Reading 3.2 Why do different food molecules provide different amounts of energy? Getting Started The following four items have carbohydrate, protein, and fat molecules. Honey has simple sugars. Rice has
More informationOrganic & Biochemistry Pacing Guide. Day Date SCS Objectives Essential Questions Content Tasks/Strategies. How are covalent compounds formed?
Organic & Biochemistry Pacing Guide Course Description: Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to continue their study of the principles of chemistry. The topics
More informationBiology Chapter 2 Review
Biology Chapter 2 Review Vocabulary: Define the following words on a separate piece of paper. Element Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Molecule Hydrogen Bon Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent
More informationF322: Alcohols Methylpropan-2-ol ALLOW methylpropan-2-ol [1]
F322: Alcohols 1. 2-Methylpropan-2-ol ALLW methylpropan-2-ol [1] 2. as (bonds) R has hydroxyl (groups) R has hydroxy (groups) ALLW marks from a diagram of hydrogen bonding IGNRE reference to alcohol functional
More informationExperiment 12 Lipids. Structures of Common Fatty Acids Name Number of carbons
Experiment 12 Lipids Lipids are a class of biological molecules that are insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents. There are many different categories of lipids and each category has different
More information1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C
I. Carbon atoms form an enormous variety of structures A. Carbon has 4 valence electrons in the outer shell and therefore may form up to 4 covalent bonds B. Carbon tends to bond to C, H, O, N, S, and P
More informationBiochemistry. 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds.
Biochemistry Carbon compounds Section 3-1 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO 2, is NOT an organic compound.
More informationLab 3 MACROMOLECULES INTRODUCTION I. IDENTIFICATION OF MACROMOLECULES. A. Carbohydrates
Lab 3 MACROMOLECULES OBJECTIVES Define macromolecule, vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, protein, amino acid, calorie; Describe the basic structures of
More informationCP Biology Chapter 2: Molecules of Life Name Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp Period Homework
Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp. 46-47 Period 1. Which elements make up carbohydrates? a. In which ratio? 2. How do living things use most of their carbohydrates? 3. How do cells get energy from carbs? a.
More informationWHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids
WHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids PART A: Understanding Lipids Lipids are more commonly known as fats and include triglycerides,
More informationCalderglen High School CfE Higher Chemistry. Nature s Chemistry. Soaps, Detergents and Emulsions
Calderglen High School CfE Higher Chemistry Nature s Chemistry Soaps, Detergents and Emulsions Page 1 of 12 No. Learning Outcome Understanding? 1 Soaps are produced by the alkaline hydrolysis of the ester
More informationCHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
CHAPTER 3 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Organic Element Compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon are organic So what is inorganic? Why are carbon compounds so prevalent?
More informationCHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lesson we will: Lesson Description Discuss inorganic compounds and their importance Discuss organic compounds and their biological importance. Summary Inorganic
More informationcyclobutane Benzene Ring phenyl
ow many carbons and hydrogens in the following? More rganic Today eview hydrocarbons Functional Groups Condensation eaction Biopolymers A. 6 C, 14 B. 6 C, 15 C. 6 C, 16 3 1 2 D. 7 C, 15 3 1 1 3 E. 7 C,
More informationWhat is the intermolecular force present in these molecules? A) London B) dipole-dipole C) hydrogen bonding D) ion-dipole E) None. D.
REVIEW SHEET CHP 7, FRST AND DEAL 1. (7.1) Types of Attractive Forces (Intermolecular forces (IMF)). IMF s are attractive forces between molecules due to electrostatic attraction. Therefore a molecule
More informationChemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates
Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional
More informationGive one reason why vegetable oils are important foods and fuels (1)
C.6 PLANT OILS South Axholme School Q.Useful materials, including foods and fuels, are produced from plants. (a) Some plants have seeds that contain vegetable oils. (i) Give one reason why vegetable oils
More informationMacro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:
Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all
More informationImportant reactions of lipids
Taif University College of Medicine Preparatory Year Students Medical chemistry (2) Part II (Lipids) week 4 lectures 1435-36 Important reactions of lipids Lectures outlines Definition and importance of
More information