4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

Transcription

1 . ARBN AND ITS MPUND rganic hemistry- The study of carbon compounds. rganic ompounds- The compounds of carbon (except the oxides of carbon, carbonates, hydro carbonates and carbides) are called organic compounds. ydrocarbons- The compounds of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. atenation- arbon forms covalent bonds to itself and to other elements. This tendency of forming long chains is called catenation. Functional group - An atom or a group of atoms which makes carbon compounds reactive and decides its properties (or function) is called. Functional Groups:- Formula of Name of Formula of Name of (paraffins) Alkane (single bond) arboxylic acid (olefins) Alkene (double bond) 0 Ketone Alkyne (Triple bond) -X (alogen F,l,I,Br) alogen Alcohol N Nitro Aldehyde N Amino Series Name Alkyl group Meth Methyl Eth Ethyl 7 Pro Propyl 9 But Butyl ydrocarbons are of two types Saturated Unsaturated Alkene n n n alkyne ydrogenation:- Process of conversion of saturated compound into unsaturated compound by addition of hydrogen. Isomerism:- ompounds having same molecular formula but different physical and chemical formula are called isomers and property is called isomerism. BUPINDRA RAD, NEAR SANI BAKERY, N. PATAK , Page 1

2 alide group (F, l, Br, I) General formula - R l Molecular formula Alkyl Group + -l IUPA Name l hloro Methane l chloroethane Formula l l ommon name Methyl chloride Ethyl chloride l hloro Propane Propyl chloride l hloro Butane Butyl chloride 7 9 General formula - R Molecular formula Alkyl Group + -l IUPA Name Methonal Alcohols (- group) Formula ommon name Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Propanol Propyl Alcohol Butanol Butyl Alcohol ) ( ommon Name Alcohol General Formula - n n 1 BUPINDRA RAD, NEAR SANI BAKERY, N. PATAK , Page

3 Present Name Beer, Wine, Whisky, some cough syrup, Digestive syrup. Produced by- Fermentation of sugar Fermentation- The slow decomposition of organic matter into simpler substances in presence of enzymes is called fermentation. Example- Milk into cruel, kneaded flour in hot weather, Alcoholic Beverages from grape juice and other fruit juice in form of yeast. Invertase( enzyme) Sugar Glucose Zymose 616 o Glucoses fructose So Fructose Ethene Properties Physical properties olorless, B.P. is 1 K, Volatile liquid, alcoholic smell and fast burning, density is lighter than water hemical Properties- No effect on litmus paper, they are neutral 1 ombustion: is highly inflammable liquid i.e. atches fire easily. o Reaction with sodium Na Na Sodium r xidation hromic hydride (a) r ( ) Sodium Ethoxide Alkanlune( KMn ) (b) Ethanoic acid S Rectification (Perfumer) Na Na (Saponefication) Uses of 1 In manufacturing of paint, varnishes, liquor, dyes, drugs, soaps and synthetic rubber. Preparation of organic compound like Ether, hloroform and Iodoform. Antifreeze in radiators in cold region. In alcoholic drinks (beverages) As antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes in hospital and dispensaries 6 As fuel in internal combustion engines armful effects of alcoholic drinking 1. Regular usage leads to addiction. lose of control. Financial,economic and socially distracted Methanol is poisonous even if taken in small amount result in blindness or even death. Denatured alcohol- is ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine or copper sulphate etc. I Aldehydes BUPINDRA RAD, NEAR SANI BAKERY, N. PATAK , Page

4 Molecular formula or R or R or or formalaldehyde (Methanal) or or Acetaldehyde II Ketone Molecular formula R or or R R R or Propane (IUPA) Acetone (ommon Name) III arboxylic Acids Formula ommon Name IUPA Name Formic acid Methaoic Acid Acetic Acid Ethanoic Acid Propanoic Acid Propanoic acid IV Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid) Preparationor 1 [ Acetrobcut ] Rh I Methanol I R - iodine Rhodium. Physical Properties:- olour-less, Pungent smelling, hemical Properties 1 Acidic Nature- Na Na Reaction with alcohols- V Ethanoic Decarboxylation- Ethyl Ethanoate Na Na Na Uses- For Making Synthetic sugar as a reagent and making white lead Pb.Pb Soaps BUPINDRA RAD, NEAR SANI BAKERY, N. PATAK , Page

5 Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids, such as oleic acid ( 17 ), stearic acid ( 17 ) etc. These acids are present in the form of their esters, with glycerol (an alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups). These esters, called glycerides, are present in fats and oils of animal and vegetable. Preparation of Soap: When an oil or a fat is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, it gets converted to sodium salt of the acid (soap) and glycerol. The reaction is known as saponification Na + 17 Na 17 Detergents hemically, detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids, i.e. detergents contain a sulphonic acid group (-S ), instead of a carboxylic acid group () on one end of the hydrocarbon chain. Soap molecule Na + Detergent Molecule S - Na + The cleansing action of a detergent is considered to be more effective than a soap. This is because a detergent does not give precipitate with metal ions such as a + and Mg +, which are responsible for hardness of water. n the other hand, soap forms precipitate with these ions, and is thus, thrown out of solution. Soaps are not effective cleansing agents in hard water. leansing Action of Soaps and Detergent Soaps and detergents consists of a large hydrocarbon tail with a negatively charge head. The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic (water repelling) and negatively charged head is hydrophilic (water attracting). In solution, water molecules being polar in nature, surround the ions and not the organic part of the molecule. When a soap or detergent is dissolved in water, the molecules gather as clusters. BUPINDRA RAD, NEAR SANI BAKERY, N. PATAK , Page