Station 1. Topic 1.1 Introduction to cells

Transcription

1 Station 1 Topic 1.1 Introduction to cells Cell Theory 1. Outline the components of the cell theory with evidence: o All cells come from pre-existing cells: o Cells are the basic unit of life: o All living organisms are made of one or more cells: 2. Discuss possible exceptions to the cell theory o Large single-celled organisms (amoebas): o Fungal Hyphae: o Muscle Cells: o Viruses: 3. Compare and contrast unicellular vs. multicellular organisms 4. What are the functions of Life: 5. Magnification/Actual size problems (Memorize these equations!!) o Mag = Measured length of Scale Bar/Scale bar label o Actual Size = Measured length of image/magnification 6. General Sizes of molecules/organisms (know this chart!) Plant Animal Nucleus Bacteria Mitochondria Virus Ribosome Membrane Molecules 100 µm µm 3-6 µm 1-5 µm 3 µm 100nm 20nm 10nm 1nm 7. Surface Area : Volume ratio o How does it limit cell size? What do cells do to maximize SA:V? Benefits of Large SA:V? 8. Define emergent properties. 9. Process of Cell differentiation: o Cell Differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions o All cells have same DNA & come from fertilized egg cell o Expression/Inexpression of certain genes causes specialization o Genes expressed based on location of cell, hormones/chemicals presents, or cell-tocell communication 10. Stem Cells o Define: o Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells:

2 Topic 1.1 Answers: Cell Theory 1. Outline the components of the cell theory with evidence: o All cells come from pre-existing cells: All cells descent from common ancestor. Cells multiply by division to form new cells. Remak discovered cell division. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation. o Cells are the basic unit of life: Cells perform the functions of life. No organelles can survive outside the cell membrane on their own. o All living organisms are made of one or more cells: Hooke first observed cells. Van Leeuwenhoek first observed living cells. No living entity found not made of cells. 2 types of organisms: Unicellular single celled organisms perform the function of life. Multicellular made up of many specialized cells w/specific functions. 2. Discuss possible exceptions to the cell theory o Large single-celled organisms (amoebas): Single cell capable of all life processes. If there is only one cell is it made of cells? o Fungal Hyphae: Extremely large and multinucleated w/ continuous cytoplasm o Muscle Cells: Very long and mutinucleated o Viruses: do not perform functions of life. Only reproduce w/host cell. 3. Compare and Contrast Unicellular vs. Multicellular organisms Unicellular single celled organisms perform the function of life. Multicellular made up of many specialized cells w/specific functions. 4. What are the Functions of Life: Respiration/metabolic reactions, Require nutrition, respond to environment, experience growth and development, maintain homeostasis, reproduce 5. Magnification/Actual size problems o Mag = Measured length of Scale Bar/Scale bar label o Actual Size = Measured length of image/magnification Plant Animal Nucleus Bacteria Mitochondria Virus Ribosome Membrane Molecules 100 µm µm 3-6 µm 1-5 µm 3 µm 100nm 20nm 10nm 1nm 6. General Sizes of molecules/organisms 7. Surface Area : Volume ratio o How does it limit cell size? What do cells do to maximize SA:V? Benefits of Large SA:V? As cells increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases, so large cells have a small surface area to volume ratio, and small cells have a large surface area to volume ratio. A larger surface area to volume ratio makes diffusion pathways shorter, increases area for metabolic reactions, and makes the cell more efficient at removing waste. As a cell increases to the point where the surface area to volume ratio makes the cell inefficient, it will divide to make two small cells with large surface area to volume ratio. Cells divide, compartmentalize, and have infoldings and outfoldings to increase suface area to volume ratio. 8. Define emergent properties. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. A multicellular organism is more than the specific cells/organs/tissues that make it. 9. Process of Cell differentiation: o Cell Differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions o All cells have same DNA & come from fertilized egg cell

3 o Expression/Inexpression of certain genes causes specialization o Genes expressed based on location of cell, hormones/chemicals presents, or cell-to-cell communication 10. Stem Cells o Define: cells that retain the capacity to divide and can differentiate along different pathways o Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells: Treatment for Leukemia Problem Cancer of the blood or bone marrow, resulting in abnormally high levels of poorly-functioning white blood cells. Treatment Role of Stem Cells Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used to destroy the white blood cells, but these need to be replaced with healthy cells. Bone marrow transplants are often used for this. Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) can be harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood. As these can differentiate to form any type of white blood cell, they can be used to repopulate the bone marrow and produce new, healthy blood cells. The use of a patient s own HSCs means there is far less risk of immune rejection than with a traditional bone marrow transplant.

4 Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cells Station 2 Topic 2.2 Ultrastructure of Cells 1. Draw, label, and annotate a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell (both plant and animal) 2. Functions of Cell Components/Organelles: (What is an organelle?) o Cell membrane: o Cell wall(prokaryotic & plant cell): o Nucleoid (prokaryotic): o Pili (prokaryotic): o Flagella (prokaryotic): o Ribosomes: o Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough): o Golgi Apparatus: o Lysosomes: o Mitochondria: o Nucleus: o Chloroplasts (plant): o Vacuoles (plant): 3. Prokaryotic cells divide by Binary Fission 4. Compare/Contrast Plant & Animal Cells 5. Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell

5 Topic 1.2 Answers Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cells 1. Draw, label, and annotate a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell (both plant and animal) 2. Functions of Cell Components/Organelles: discrete structures inside cell w/specific functions a. Cell membrane: selectively permeable, controls entry/exit of materials in cell b. Cell wall(prokaryotic & plant cell): protection and shape of cells c. Nucleoid (prokaryotic): region of closed loop DNA in prokaryotic cells, controls cell functions d. Pili (prokaryotic): attach cells to one another and sexual reproduction e. Flagella (prokaryotic): movement f. Ribosomes: protein synthesis g. Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough): Rough synthesis, packaging, and transport of proteins. Smooth production and transportation of molecules in cells, detox of drugs, etc.

6 h. Golgi Apparatus: collection, modification, distribution/transportation of materials made in cell to outside. i. Lysosomes: digestive centers of cell j. Mitochondria: provides energy to cell by converting glucose into usable energy ATP k. Nucleus: contains DNA in nuclear membrane. Controls the functions of cells and protein production l. Chloroplasts (plant): Absorbs sunlight in plants and converts it into glucose. m. Vacuoles (plant): large storage of nutrients and water 3. Prokaryotic cells divide by Binary Fission 4. Compare/Contrast Plant & Animal Cells Plant Cells Contain plasma membrane and CELL WALL Chloroplasts & Mitochondria Large central vacuole Do not contain centrioles Store starch (carb) Rigid cell wall Animal Cells Plasma membrane, no cell wall Mitochondria Vacuoles typically not present or small Do contain centrioles with centrosome area Stores glycogen Flexible cell 5. Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell Both have cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have 70 s ribosomes, Euk have 80 s. Pro has nucleoid, Euk has nucleus, All Pro have cell wall, only plants have cell wall, Pro no

7 membrane bound organelles. Euk has membrane bound organelles (can mention up to 2 specific organelles for points). Pro has pili, euk does not. Pro has flagella, euk does not. Etc

8 Station 3 Topic 1.3 Membrane Structure Cell Membrane Structure & Function of Cell membrane o Draw and label a diagram of cell membrane (phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer, glycoproteins, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, & cholesterol) o Outline hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of membrane and how they maintain structure of cell o Functions of membrane proteins: Cell-to-Cell Adhesion: Cell-to-Cell Communication: Enzymatic Action: Hormone Binding Cites: Passive Transport: Active Transport: o Label the parts of the membrane:

9 Answers 1.3 Cell Membrane Structure & Function of Cell membrane o o Draw and label a diagram of cell membrane (phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer, glycoproteins, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, & cholesterol) o Outline hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of membrane and how they maintain structure of cell. Hydrophobic properties created hydrophobic section of cell membrane that separates internal components from exterior components and make it difficult for all materials to pass through membrane. Hydrophilic properties are oriented toward aqueous solutions inside and outside of cell, helping to create barrier between internal and external environnents. o o Functions of membrane proteins: Cell-to-Cell Adhesion: Cell-to-Cell Communication: Enzymatic Action: Hormone Binding Cites: Passive Transport: Active Transport: Label the parts of the membrane: A is phospholipid A1 is hydrophilic head A2 is hydrophobic tail B: SKIP C is glycoprotein D: skip E is Cholesterol F is peripheral protein G is integral protein H I is phospholipid bilayer

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11 Station 4 Topic 1.4 Membrane Transport 1. Passive Transport: o Define: o Diffusion: o Facilitated Diffusion: o Osmosis: Different solutions (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) 2. Active Transport: o Define/Discuss: o Outline steps of Na + /K - pump and how it maintains different internal and external environments. 3. Endocytosis: o Define: o How does it occur? o 3 Types: Phagocytosis: Pinocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 4. Exocytosis: o Define: o How does it occur? o Outline 4 steps of protein production to excretion using exocytosis: 5. Discuss how endocytosis and Exocytosis rely on the fluidity of the phospholipids and the stability of the membrane that results from the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the membrane. 6. Match the definition with the title a. Osmosis c. Facilitated Diffusion b. Diffusion d. Active Transport I. Net movement of molecules across a cell membrane down a concentration gradient. II. When a cell expends energy in order to transfer molecules across a membrane. III. A type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins. IV. Movement of water down a concentration gradient across a membrane. 7. Explain how vesicles are use to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane. Using the vocab above explain the order of protein synthesis: 1. Synthesized by 2. Modified by 3. If vesicle carries protein it moves to to be shipped out 4. The vesicle fuses with the and moves outside the cell. 5. The pinching off of a vesicle to the outside of the cell is called 6. The pinching off of a substance to the inside of the cell (pulling on the plasma membrane) is called.

12 Topic 1.4 Answers 1. Passive Transport: o Define: Movement of molecules across a cell membrane w/out use of energy, but requiring use of concentration gradient. o o Diffusion: tendency of molecules to move down gradient from high to low concentration across a cell membrane w/out use of energy or proteins Facilitated Diffusion: molecules to move down gradient from high to low concentration across a cell membrane w/out use of energy but require the use of membrane proteins as channels for transport. o Osmosis: passive movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentratoin Different solutions (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) Hypertonic high solute concentration, water moves into hypertonic solutions Hypotonic low solute concentration, water leaves hypotonic solution and enters hypertonic. Isostonic equal solute concentration, water enters and leaves w/eas 1. Active Transport: a. Define/Discuss: movement of molecules against gradient (low to high concentrations) w/use of proteins and energy (ATP) b. Outline steps of Na + /K - pump and how it maintains different internal and external environments. Sodium binds to pump, ATP phosphorylates and gives energy to protein, causing change in conformation and exposing protein to exterior. Sodium ions leave, potassium ions bind. Phosphate group is released, protein changes shape and opens to interior, potassium leaves protein pump.

13 2. Endocytosis: a. Define: taking in macromolecules by pinching off a vesicle from cell membrane. b. How does it occur? pinches off from cell membrane to form vesiscle c. 3 Types: i. Phagocytosis: cell eating ii. Pinocytosis cell drinking iii. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis specific to bring in bulk quantities of one molecules 3. Exocytosis: a. Define: fusion of vesicles w/ cell membrane to secrete molecule out of cell. b. How does it occur? Vesicles fuse w/ cell membranes c. Outline 4 steps of protein production to excretion using exocytosis: Proteins made in ER/ribosomes. Transported to golgi apparatus, modified/packaged into vesicle. Vesicle fuses w/ membrane to secret molecules. 4. Discuss how endocytosis and Exocytosis rely on the fluidity of the phospholipids and the stability of the membrane that results from the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the membrane. Fluidity of membranes allow for membranes to fuse together while maintaining a barrier between the two environments. 6. Match the definition with the title a. Osmosis (IV) b. Diffusion (I) c. Facilitated Diffusion (III) d. Active Transport (II) 7. Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane. Using the vocab above explain the order of protein synthesis: 1. Synthesized by ribosomes 2. Modified by endoplasmic reticulum 3. If vesicle carries protein it moves to golgi apparatus to be shipped out 4. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and moves outside the cell. 5. The pinching off of a vesicle to the outside of the cell is called exocytosis 6. The pinching off of a substance to the inside of the cell (pulling on the plasma membrane) is called endocytosis.

14 Station 5 Topic 1.5 The origin of cells 1. Define spontaneous generation. 2. How did the following scientist help to discover how cells evolved? a. Pasteur b. Miller and Urey 3. Discuss the endosymbiotic theory.

15 Answers Define spontaneous generation. a. Life could arise from nonliving things. Meat spontaneously produced magots. 2. How did the following scientist help to discover how cells evolved? a. Pasteur b. Miller and Urey i. Produced organic compounds from nonorganic compounds.

16 3. Discuss the endosymbiotic theory.

17 Station 6 Topic 1.6: Cell Division 1. List the stages of the cell cycle 2. List and describe what happens during each phase of interphase 3. Label the parts of the cell cycle below:

18 4. Describe mitosis 5. Label the parts of mitosis below: 6. Describe the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. 7. Discuss the involvement of cyclins in the cell cycle. 8. Contrast benign and malignant tumors. 9. Discuss mutations and how they can lead to the development of cancer.

19 Topic 1.6 Answers 1. List the stages of the cell cycle a. Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis 2. List and describe what happens during each phase of interphase a. G1: cell grows, mitochondria replicate, increase in size b. S: cell replicates all the genetic material in its nucleus c. G2: Get ready for cell division 3. Label the parts of the cell cycle below: a. A: G1 b. B: S c. C: G2 d. D: mitosis 4. Describe mitosis: Division of the nucleus. Consists of 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 5. Label the parts of mitosis below: a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Interpase 1. Centriole 2. Spindle fiber 3. Sister chromatids 4. 2 new cells 5. Chromatin 6. Plasma membrane 7. Nucleolus 8. Centriole 9. Choromosomes 10. Nuclear membrane 6. Describe the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.

20 7. Discuss the involvement of cyclins in the cell cycle. a. Group of proteins that ensure that task are performed at eh correct time and that the cell only moves on to the next stage at the correct time. 8. Contrast benign and malignant tumors.

21 9. Discuss mutations and how they can lead to the development of cancer.

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