Plasma(cell)membrane. Plasma membrane, synonym: plasmalemma (Gr. lemma = 'husk') thickness 8-10 nm (EM) asymmetrical
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1 Plasma Membrane 1. Chemical composition of the plasmalemma 2. Models of cell membrane structure 3. Structure and functions of membrane proteins carriers (transporters) channels receptors 4. Cell coat(glycocalyx) 5. Cell surface specializations 6. Intercellular junctions types
2 Plasma(cell)membrane Plasma membrane, synonym: plasmalemma (Gr. lemma = 'husk') thickness 8-10 nm (EM) asymmetrical Chemical composition: lipids 20-40% phospholipids steroids (cholesterol) glycolipids 2-10% proteins ~50% hydrophobic structural hydrophilic receptors and enzymes >30 carbohydrates 10% glycoproteins glycolipids glycocalyx 2
3 Functions of plasma membrane Plasma membrane, synonym: plasmalemma (Gr. lemma = 'husk') 3
4 Membranemodels Ernest Overton ( ) Overton s concept (1880) thefirst comprehensive theory of lipid membrane structure: lipid-impregnated barrier layer Gorter-Grendel model (1925) phospholipids lipid bilayer Danielli-Davson sandwich model two protein layers peripherally lipid bilayer centrally hydrophilic (outside) pole hydrophobic (inside) pole Robertson model(1959) EM studies unit membrane Fluid mosaic model Singer & Nicolson (1972) Atomic model (2001) model of lipid bilayer atomic structure of integral membrane proteins 4
5 Fluid mosaic model Seymour Jonathan Singer ( ) Lipid-protein mosaic model structural skeleton phospholipid double layer globular proteins: integral membrane proteins, (single-pass and multi-pass transmembrane proteins) peripheral proteins freeze-fracture: P-face (protoplasmic) Е-face (extracellular) Garth L. Nicolson (1943-) 5
6 Membrane proteins structure and functions Membrane proteins: ~50% w/w in the plasmalemma synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum their molecules are completed in the Golgi apparatus transported in vesicles to the cell surface Functional categories: transport proteins structural proteins (membrane-anchored) receptor proteins enzymes 6
7 Transport proteins pumps: transportions Na + -K + ATPase metabolic precursors of macromolecules amino acids, sugar carriers(transporters, permeases): uniport (facilitated diffusion) symport (cotransport) carriers antiport (exchange diffusion) channels allow the passage of: small ions and molecules open and closed conformations voltage-gated ligand-gated mechanically gated 7
8 Structural proteins Cell adhesion molecules: typically transmembrane receptors homophilic and heterophilic binding 5 protein families 50 types: Ca 2+ -dependent: cadherins E-, P- and N- selectins E-, L- and P- integrins 24 members Ca 2+ -independent: immunoglobulin superfamily neural cell adhesion molecules intercellular cell adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecules platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 8
9 Receptor proteins Membrane receptors: neurotransmitter receptors ionotropic channels metabotropic receptors hormone receptors peptide hormone steroid hormone immune receptors pattern recognition receptors complement receptors Fc receptors B-cell receptors T-cell receptors endocytosis receptors coated pits clathrin-dependent endocytosis internalization of iron some growth factors LDL receptors 9
10 Scaffold proteins Scaffold proteins: regulatory and morphogenetic crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways help localize pathway components to specific areas of the cell 10
11 Membrane-bound enzymes ~30 different enzymes: Alkaline phosphatase 5 I -Nucleotidase АТPase digestive enzymes disaccharidases dipeptidases 11
12 Cell coat (glycocalyx) First description Yamada (1955) Synonym = glycolemma thickness up to 100 nm renewal 6-8 h PAS-positive Chemical composition: glycolipids lipid rafts cerebrosides gangliosides glycoproteins proteoglycans hyaluronic acid Functions: defense absorption immunologic role cell recognition cell adhesion 12
13 Plasmalemmal-cytoskeletal organelles Fractalosomes (Lat. fractus broken) 2 types: Plasmalemmal-actin fractalosomes: microvilli stereovilli (stereocilia) lamellipodia cytoskeletal protein actin projections on the leading edge of the cell filopodia (microspikes) slender cytoplasmic projections that extendbeyondtheleadingedgeoflamellipodiainmigratingcells invadopodia (invasive feet) protrusions in the cell membrane of some cells that are rich in actin and extend into the extracellular matrix podosomes cylindrical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells Plasmalemmal-microtubule fractalosomes: kinocilia 9x2 + 2 microtubules sensocilia(single primary cilia) 9x2 + 0 microtubules 13
14 Cell surface modifications 4 types structural specializations: Microvilli: cytoplasmic processes, 1 µm high;0.08 µm wide brush (striated) border core of actin filaments terminal web (Gr. mikros, small + Lat. villus, tuft of hair) Basal cell surface folds: interdigitations Stereocilia: non-motile microvilli of unusual length ductus epididymis hair cells of the ear Cilia & Flagella 14
15 Cilia motile cytoplasmic processes Gr. kinesis, movement + Lat. cilium, eyelash in respiratory epithelia capable of moving fluid and particles rapid back-and-forth movement ATP is the source of energy for ciliary motion movement rate 1/25 s 15
16 Kinocilia length: 2-10 µm diameter: µm axoneme (central core): 9 doublets + 2 singlets 9 x transitory part: microtubule organizing center basal bodies (kinetosome): 9 triplets 9 x
17 Sensocilia Single primary cilia axoneme (central core): 9 doublets + 0 singlets 9 x
18 Flagellum much longer: µm limited to one flagellum per cell in the human body only in spermatozoa 18
19 Kartagener s syndrome immotile ciliary syndrome of Kartagener a defect in the action of the cilia lining Manes Kartagener ( ) the respiratory tract and fallopian tube due to the absense of dynein armes in them Chronic respiratory infections and male infertility: chronic rhinitis chronic sinusitis chronic bronchitis bronchiectasis sterile males females may be fertile 19
20 Intercellular junctions 3 types intercellular junctions (adhesiosomes): Barrier (impermeable) junctions: tight junction, zonula occludens occluding strip, fascia occludens occluding spot, macula occludens Adhering (anchoring) junctions: punctum adhaerens belt desmosome, zonula adhaerens spot desmosome, macula adhaerens (Gr. desmos, band + soma, body) Communicating junctions: gap junction, nexus synapse Junctional complex 20
21 Thank you 21
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