Determination of a Second Substitution, [alpha]-glycerophosphate, Common to C311 Pilins

Transcription

1 Non-S-Layer Glycoproteins: A Review Introduction p. 1 Flagellar Glycoproteins p. 2 Bacteria p. 2 Archaeal Flagella p. 5 Glycosylated Flagellar Proteins: What Are the Sugar Chains For? p. 7 Glycoproteins in Bacterial Pili, Fimbriae, and Cell Surface Fibrils p. 8 Bacterial Cell Surface Appendages p. 8 Reported Glycoproteins in Pili, Fimbriae, and Fibrils p. 9 Biosynthesis of Glycosylated Pilins p. 10 Significance of the Glycosylation of Nonflagellar Cell Surface Appendages p. 10 Glycosylated Enzymes and Components of Enzyme Complexes p. 11 Occurrence of Bacterial Glycosylated Enzymes and Components of Enzyme Complexes p. 11 Glycosylation Reported for Enzymes and Enzyme Complexes p. 12 Indications for the Function of Glycosylation of Enzymes or Components of Enzyme Complexes p. 14 Biosynthetic Aspects p. 15 Miscellaneous Glycoproteins in Bacteria and Archaea p. 16 Miscellaneous Non-S-Layer Glycoproteins p. 16 Reports on Miscellaneous Excreted Glycoproteins p. 16 Glycoproteins That Occur Associated with the Cell Envelope p. 18 Other Miscellaneous Glycoproteins p. 21 Concluding Remarks p. 21 References p. 23 Glycans in Meningococcal Pathogenesis and the Enigma of the Molecular Decorations of Neisserial Pili Introduction p. 31 Background p. 33 Meningococcal Colonization and Pathogenesis p. 33 Surface Glycans and Their Properties p. 36 Pili, the Capsule-Traversing Glycoproteins p. 42 Structure p. 42 Pilus-Associated Protein PilC p. 45 Pilus Adhesion Function and Synergism with Other Ligands in Pathogenesis p. 45 Structural Studies of Meningococcal Pili p. 46 Discovery of Glycosylation p. 46 Biochemical Demonstration of Pilus-Associated Glycans p. 47 Genetic Evidence for Covalently Linked Glycans on Meningococcal Pili p. 48 Determination of the Structure of Pilin-Linked Glycans p. 48 Expression of the Gal[beta]1, 4Gal Structure in Meningococcal Isolates p. 50 Pgl A, a Galactosyl Transferase Specific for Neisserial Pili p. 50

2 Determination of a Second Substitution, [alpha]-glycerophosphate, Common to C311 Pilins p. 50 Phosphorylcholine: A Further Decoration of Neisserial Pili p. 51 Glycans as Substituents of Prokaryotic Proteins p. 52 Structural Diversity of Glycans p. 52 Functional Implications of Glycans p. 53 Glycosylation and Aggregation of Pili p. 54 Other Possibilities p. 55 [alpha]-glycerophosphate: A Unique Modification p. 58 Phosphorylcholine and Pathogenesis p. 58 Conclusions p. 59 References p. 60 Polypeptide Linkage to Bacterial Cell Envelope Glycopolymers Bacterial Cell Surface Structure p. 67 Peptiodglycan-Associated Lipoproteins in Gram-Negative Bacteria p. 69 Murein Lipoprotein p. 69 Synthesis and Secretion of PALs p. 71 Structure and Function of PAL Complexes p. 72 Peptidoglycan-Associated Proteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria p. 73 Cell Envelope Proteins p. 73 Synthesis and Sorting of Cell Wall-Linked Polypeptides p. 74 Surface Protein-Peptidoglycan Anchorage p. 76 Cell Wall Distribution and Release of Surface Proteins p. 80 Nonpetidoglycan-Linked Surface Proteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria p. 82 Polysaccharide-Binding Proteins p. 82 Lipoteichoic Acid-Binding Proteins p. 83 Applications of Protein-Cell Wall Linkage p. 85 References p. 87 Surface Layer Glycoproteins of Bacteria and Archaea Introduction p. 93 Bacterial S-Layer Glycoproteins p. 98 Chemical Composition and Structure p. 98 Biosynthesis p. 105 Molecular Biology p. 106 Application Potentials p. 107 Archaeal S-Layer Glycoproteins p. 108 Chemical Composition and Structure p. 108 Biosynthesis p. 111 Molecular Biology p. 114 Conclusions and Perspectives p. 115 References p. 116

3 Assembly Pathways for Biosynthesis of A-Band and B-Band Lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Introduction p. 127 Assembly of the Homopolymer, A-Band LPS p. 129 Initiation of A-Band Polymer Synthesis p. 129 A-Band O-Polysaccharide Assembly p. 130 Transport of A-Band O-Polysaccharide p. 132 Assembly of the Heteropolymer, B-Band LPS p. 133 Synthesis and Transport of B-Band O-Units p. 134 Assembly of the B-Band O-Antigen p. 134 Future Directions p. 136 Attachment of O-Antigens to the Core p. 136 Translocation of O-Units and Completed LPS Molecules p. 136 Mechanisms of Regulation of O-Chain Length p. 137 Conclusion p. 138 References p. 138 Interactions of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide and Peptidoglycan with Mammalian CD14 Structure of LPS and Peptidoglycan p. 145 Overview of Biological Activities of LPS and Peptidoglycan p. 148 CD14 as the Receptor for LPS p. 151 Evidence for the Function of CD14 as the LPS Receptor p. 152 Binding of LPS to Membrane and Soluble CD14 p. 152 Structural Requirements of LPS for Binding to CD14 and Cell Activation p. 154 The Regions of CD14 Involved in Binding to LPS and Cell Activation p. 156 CD14 as the Receptor for Peptidoglycan p. 158 Evidence for the Function of CD14 as the Peptidoglycan Receptor p. 158 Binding of Peptidoglycan to membrane and Soluble CD14 p. 158 Structural Requirements of Peptidoglycan for Binding to CD14 and Cell Activation p. 159 The Regions of CD14 Involved in Binding to Peptidoglycan and Cell Activation p. 159 CD14 as the Receptor for Other Bacterial and Nonbacterial Polymers p. 160 CD14 Interaction with Lipoarabinomannan p. 162 CD14 Interaction with Lipoteichoic Acids and Related Compounds p. 162 Activation of CD14-Negative Cells by Soluble CD14-LPS Complexes p. 163 Lack of Direct Activation of CD14-Negative Cells by Soluble CD14-PG Complexes p. 164 Function of CD14 as a "Pattern Recognition Receptor" p. 164 Mechanism of Cell Activation by CD14 p. 165 CD14-Independent Cell Activation by LPS and Peptidoglycan p. 168 Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by LPS and Peptidoglycan p. 169 LPS- and Peptidoglycan-Induced Transcription Factors and Their Role in Gene Activation p. 171 References p. 172

4 Pathways for the O-Acetylation of Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides Composition and Structure of Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides p. 187 Peptidoglycan p. 187 Lipopolysaccharides p. 189 Lipo-oligosaccharides p. 191 Exopolysaccharides p. 191 Localization and Extent of O-Acetylation p. 194 Peptidoglycan p. 194 Lipopolysaccharides p. 197 Lipo-oligosaccharides p. 198 Exopolysaccharides p. 198 Physiological Roles of O-Acetylation p. 199 Petidoglycan p. 199 Lipopolysaccharides and Exopolysaccharides p. 203 Pathway for O-Acetylation p. 204 Peptidoglycan p. 204 Lipopolysaccharides and Capsules p. 206 Families of O-Acetyltransferases p. 206 Model for the O-Acetylation of Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides p. 212 References p. 215 Glycobiology of the Mycobacterial Surface: Structures and Biological Activities of the Cell Envelope Glycoconjugates Introduction p. 225 Glycolipids p. 228 Ubiquitous Glycolipids p. 228 Species-Specific Glycolipids p. 232 Polysaccharides and Lipopolysaccharides p. 244 Glucan p. 244 Arabinomannan, Lipoarabinomannan, and Related Compounds p. 245 Arabinogalactan p. 251 Peptidoglycan p. 255 Glycoproteins p. 256 The 45/47-kDa-Antigen Complex p. 256 The 19-kDa Lipoprotein p. 257 Putative Glycoproteins p. 258 Final Remarks p. 259 References p. 259 Biosynthesis and Regulation of Expression of Group 1 Capsules in Escherichia coli and Related Extracellular Polysaccharides in Other Bacteria Introduction: Diversity of Cell Surface Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli p. 275 Structure and Surface Organization of Group 1 Capsules and Related Polymers p. 276

5 Chromosomal Organization of the Region Responsible for Expression of Group 1 Capsulesp. 278 Assembly of Group 1 Capsules p. 280 Polymerization Reactions p. 280 Translocation and Cell Surface Assembly of Group 1 Capsules p. 285 Regulation of Expression of Group 1 Capsules p. 287 Antitermination p. 287 The Role of the Rcs System in Expression of Group 1 Capsules and Colanic Acid p. 288 Synthesis and Regulation of Group 1-Like Extracellular Polysaccharides in Other Bacteria p. 290 Conclusions p. 291 References p. 292 Mutans Streptococci Glucosyltransferases Introduction p. 299 Catalytic Mechanism of Glucosyltransferase p. 299 Subsites of Glucosyltransferase p. 300 Inhibitors of Glucosyltransferase p. 301 Peptide Combinatorial Libraries p. 302 Studies on the Structure of Glucosyltransferases p. 303 Evolution of Glucosyltransferase p. 307 References p. 309 Glycosyl Hydrolases from Extremophiles Introduction p. 313 Starch-Degrading Enzymes from Extremophilic Microorganisms p. 315 Starch-Degrading Enzymes p. 315 Pullulan-Degrading Enzymes p. 317 Ability of Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms to Produce Starch-Degrading Enzymes p. 318 Pullulan-Degrading Enzymes from Hyperthermophilic Organisms p. 320 Cyclodextrin Glycosyl Transferases p. 322 Biotechnological Relevance p. 322 Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes from Extremophilic Microorganisms p. 323 Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes p. 324 Distribution of Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes in Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms p. 324 Biotechnological Relevance p. 326 Xylan-Degrading Enzymes from Extremophiles p. 326 Xylan-Degrading Enzymes p. 328 Formation of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms p. 328 Biotechnological Relevance p. 330 Pectin-Degrading Enzymes from Extremophilic Organisms p. 330 Pectin-Degrading Enzymes p. 331 Production of Pectin-Degrading Enzymes by Hyperthermophiles p. 332 Biotechnological Relevance p. 333

6 Chitin-Degrading Enzymes from Extremophilic Organisms p. 333 Chitin-Degrading Enzymes p. 333 Chitin-Degrading Enzymes from Hyperthermophilic Organisms p. 334 Biotechnological Relevance p. 335 References p. 335 Profiling and Trace Detection of Bacterial Cellular Carbohydrates Introduction p. 341 Methodology p. 343 Analysis of Neutral and Amino Sugars Using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS p. 343 Analysis of Neutral and Acidic Sugars Using LC-MS and LC-MS/MS p. 343 Chemotaxonomic Characterization of Bacterial Species p. 344 Physiological Characterization of Bacterial Cells p. 347 Trace Analysis in Complex Matrices p. 349 Levels of Muramic Acid as a Measure of Biopollution in Environmental Samples p. 349 Muramic Acid Detection in Mammalian Tissues and Body Fluids p. 350 Concluding Remarks and Perspective p. 352 References p. 353 Degradation of Cellulose and Starch by Anaerobic Bacteria Introduction p. 359 Structural Organization of Cellulose and Starch p. 360 Cellulose p. 360 Starch p. 361 Amylolytic Anaerobic Bacteria p. 361 Amylolytic Ecosytems p. 361 Starch-Degrading Enzymes p. 362 Starch-Binding and Transport Systems p. 363 Regulation of Amylolytic Systems p. 367 Cellulolytic Anaerobic Bacteria p. 368 Cellulolytic Ecosytems p. 368 Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes p. 368 Cellulase Systems p. 369 Bacterial Adhesion to Cellulose p. 375 Regulation of Cellulolytic Systems p. 376 Summary p. 379 References p. 379 The Cellulosome: An Exocellular Organelle for Degrading Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides Introduction p. 387 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides p. 389 Cellulose p. 390 Hemicellulose p. 391 Enzymes That Degrade Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides p. 393

7 Cellulases p. 395 Hemicellulases p. 396 Carbohydrate Esterases p. 398 The Modular Nature of Cellulases and Hemicellulases p. 399 Cellulosomes p. 410 Cellulosomal Subunits and Their Modules p. 410 Three-Dimensional Structures of Cellulosome Modules p. 412 The Cell-Bound Cellulosome of C. thermocellum p. 413 Ecology, Physiology, and Evolution of Cellulosomes p. 414 Modulation and Dynamics of Cellulosomal Components p. 415 Interspecies Cellulosomes p. 416 Future Challenges p. 429 References p. 430 The Expression of Polysaccharide Capsules in Escherichia coli: A Molecular Genetic Perspective Introduction p. 441 E. coli Capsules p. 442 E. coli Group 2 Capsules p. 443 E. coli Group 3 Capsules p. 443 The Genetic Organization and Regulation of E. coli Group 2 Capsule Gene Clusters p. 445 The Genetic Organization of E. coli Group 3 Capsule Gene Clusters p. 450 The Biosynthesis of E. coli Group 2 Capsules p. 453 The Biosynthesis of the E. coli K5 Polysaccharide p. 454 The Transport of E. coli Group 2 Capsular Polysaccharides p. 456 The Biosynthetic-Export Complex for E. coli Group 2 Capsules p. 458 Conclusions p. 460 References p. 460 Bacterial Entry and Subsequent Mast Cell Expulsion of Intracellular Bacteria Mediated by Cellular Cholesterol-Glycolipid-Enriched Microdomains Introduction p. 465 Distinct Intracellular Fate of Opsonized and Unopsonized Type 1 Fimbriated E. coli Following Mast Cell Phagocytosis p. 466 Identification of CD48 as the E. coli Fim H Receptor on Mast Cells p. 469 Association of CD48 with Cholesterol-Glycolipid-Enriched Microdomains and the Contribution of These Structures to Bacterial Entry p. 472 Expulsion of Intracellular E. coli and Its Underlying Mechanism p. 474 Concluding Remarks p. 477 References p. 478 The Fim H Lectin of Escherichia coli Type 1 Fimbriae: An Adaptive Adhesin Introduction p. 481 General p. 481 Type 1 Fimbriae p. 482 Historical Perspective p. 483

8 E. coli Type 1 Fimbriae Structure and Function p. 484 Fim Genetics p. 484 Fimbrial Biogenesis p. 486 Fim H Receptor Specificity, Pre-1992 p. 488 E. coli Fim H Phenotypes p. 489 E. coli Binding to Human Plasma Fibronectin p. 489 Three Distinct Phenotypes of Fim H p. 489 Quantitative Variation within the M Phenotype Class p. 492 Quantitative Differences Are due to Variable Ability to Bind to Single Mannosyl Residues p. 497 Contribution of Fim H Variants to Tissue Tropism in Commensal and Pathogenic Niches p. 499 Binding to Man-BSA Correlates with Binding to Uroepithelial Cell Lines p. 499 Fim H Variants Differ Quantitatively in Binding to Asymmetric Unit Membranes and Bladder Epithelium in situ p. 499 Fim H Variants Differ in Colonization of Mouse Urinary Bladder in vivo p. 501 Mutations of Fim H That Increase Urovirulence Are Detrimental for Adhesion to Oropharyngeal Epithelial Cells p. 504 Fim H Variants and the Evolution of Virulence p. 507 Phylogenetic Analysis of Fim H Alleles p. 507 Pathoadaptive Mutations p. 507 Summary and Speculations p. 508 References p. 509 Interactions of Microbial Glycoconjugates with Collectins: Implications for Pulmonary Host Defense Introduction p. 517 General Properties of SP-A and SP-D p. 518 Collectin Structure p. 518 Higher Orders of Collectin Oligomerization p. 519 Modulation of Collectin Production and Accumulation in Vivo p. 520 Airspace Distribution of Lung Collectins p. 520 Carbohydrate Binding by Lung Collectins p. 520 Carbohydrate Binding Domains p. 520 Carbohydrate Specificity p. 521 Influences of Higher-Order Structure on Glycoconjugate Binding p. 522 Microbial Surface Glycoconjugates Recognized by Lung Collectins p. 522 Viral Glycoconjugates p. 523 Bacterial Glycoconjugates p. 524 Fungal Glycoconjugates p. 527 Role in Host Defense p. 527 Mechanisms of Host Defense p. 529 Conclusions p. 531 References p. 532

9 Index p. 539 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.