3. When he discovered enzymes in 1897, Eduard Buchner was investigating the causes of. disease antisepsis spontaneous generation fermentation

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1 Chapter 2 1. Which of the following elements forms the backbone of organic molecules? carbon fluorine chlorine sodium carbon 2. The smallest chemical unit of matter is the. neutron element atom proton atom 3. When he discovered enzymes in 1897, Eduard Buchner was investigating the causes of. disease antisepsis spontaneous generation fermentation fermentation 4. Sergei Winogradsky studied the microbial recycling of which of the following elements? sulfur carbon oxygen nitrogen sulfur Winogradsky's work on the microbial recycling of sulfur helped lay the groundwork for the area of environmental microbiology. 5. The sum of all chemical reactions within an organism is called. epidemiology fermentation genetic engineering metabolism 1

2 metabolism 6. All of the following scientific events are examples of basic chemical research EXCEPT. Leeuwenhoek's efforts to make better lenses for his microscopes Lister's development of antiseptic surgery Pasteur's research on fermentation Gram's development of his staining procedure Leeuwenhoek's efforts to make better lenses for his microscopes 7. An acidic solution is one that. dissociates into hydrogen ions can be buffered by adding more hydrogen ions can have a ph value greater than 7 dissociates into hydroxyl ions dissociates into hydrogen ions: (Acidic solutions are buffered by hydroxyl ions) 8. Protein structure. is lost when the protein is denatured determines the function of the protein can be maintained by disulfide bridges has all the listed characteristics has all the listed characteristics (Denatured proteins lose their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures) 9. What determines the structure of nucleic acids? hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases T and C hydrolysis reactions linking nucleotides together by connecting the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the other nucleotide covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines 10. Which of the following is NOT an example of a chemical reaction? Wood burns and releases heat. Grape juice is fermented into wine. Baking soda mixed with vinegar releases carbon dioxide. 2

3 Water freezes into the form of ice. Water freezes into the form of ice: (The formation of ice from water is an example of a physical change, not a chemical reaction) 11. Genetics, the scientific study of inheritance, has most to do with which of the following molecules? DNA glucose lipids proteins DNA 12. Covalent bonds. can be polar can be nonpolar can be ionic can be both polar and nonpolar can be both polar and nonpolar 13. A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can live in the presence or absence of which of the following? carbon oxygen nitrogen hydrogen oxygen 14. Cellulose is a molecule associated with the cell walls of which of the following? bacteria animals plants and bacteria plants plants 15. Which of the following types of molecules do(es) NOT serve as the "blueprint(s)" for a cell? DNA RNA and DNA 3

4 RNA proteins proteins 16. Which of the following is an energy source for cells? ATP nitrogen DNA carbon dioxide ATP 17. Which of the following is NOT an example of an element? oxygen nitrogen carbon carbon dioxide carbon dioxide 18. The periodic table is a way of organizing and classifying which of the following elements compounds neutrons molecules elements 19. Biochemistry. is a new scientific discipline is associated with only certain types of cells can be understood only by studying living cells involves the chemical reactions of living things involves the chemical reactions of living things 20. Which of the following molecules is the most abundant substance in organisms? glucose carbon dioxide 4

5 water oxygen water 21. What must occur for an organism to pass its genetic information on to its offspring? The parent must copy its own DNA and provide a copy to its offspring. 22. The process of copying DNA prior to cell replication is known as. DNA replication. 23. What is meant by semiconservative replication? The new copies of DNA contain one original strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA. 24. What serves as the template for DNA replication? each of the original DNA strands Chapter 3 1. In this chapter, you will learn about an idea called the endosymbiotic theory. By calling this idea a theory, scientists mean that it. has been tested extensively or is supported by many observations cannot be tested according to conventional experimental methods is just an "educated guess" about how something works has already been proven has been tested extensively or is supported by many observations 2. Which of the following is the cell's principal short term, recyclable energy source? ATP glucose fats cholesterol ATP 5

6 3. Which of the following molecules could move easily through a lipid bilayer? sugars phosphate functional groups proteins fatty acids fatty acids 4. Which of the following types of lipid helps keep eukaryotic cell membranes flexible at low temperatures? waxes phospholipids triglycerides sterols sterols: (At low temperatures, eukaryotic cell membranes without sterols quickly become gel like and stiff) 5. Facilitated diffusion differs from diffusion primarily because facilitate diffusion involves. energy input protein channels lipid bilayers ionic gradients protein channels 6. Which of the following polysaccharides constitutes the cell walls of plants and green algae and is the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth? amylopectin glycogen amylose cellulose cellulose 7. Polypeptides are assembled by special cellular structures called. inclusions cytoskeleton centrioles 6

7 ribosomes ribosomes 8. Which of the following types of lipid is/are the major component(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane? waxes sterols triglycerides phospholipids phospholipids 9. Which one of the following microbe types is prokaryotic? algae protozoa fungi bacteria bacteria: (Algae, protozoa, and fungi are eukaryotic microbes) 10. Which one of the following structures is/are associated with protozoa? pseudopodia peptidoglycan nucleus nucleus and pseudopodia nucleus and pseudopodia: (Since protozoa are eukaryotes, they have a nucleus; some of them also possess pseudopodia for locomotion) 11. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? polysaccharide: starch cholesterol: lipid polypeptide: nucleic acid polysaccharide: sugar polypeptide: nucleic acid: (A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins) 12. All of the following are microbes paired with a cellular feature present in some which pair is incorrect because that feature is never present in that microbe? eukaryotes; flagella bacteria; fimbriae archaea; hami 7

8 bacteria; cilia bacteria; cilia: (Structural characteristics of prokaryotes include flagella, fimbriae, pili and hami) 13. A cell can cause a change in the ph of its surroundings by movement of which of the following? hydrogen ions sodium ions nitrogen atoms carbon atoms hydrogen ions 14. The Gram stain is used for which of the following? prove that a particular bacterium causes a particular disease separate bacteria into two large subgroups disinfect microbiology laboratory materials demonstrate the presence or absence of a nucleus in a cell separate bacteria into two large subgroups 15. Which of the following would you expect to be present in a molecule called a lipopolysaccharide? lipid and carbohydrate carbohydrate and nucleic acid lipid and protein carbohydrate and protein lipid and carbohydrate 16. The phospholipids commonly found in the cell membrane contain regions with which of the following characteristics? hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrophobic and hydrophilic hydrophilic and ionic hydrophobic and hydrophilic 17. Any process in the cell that requires energy will typically involve the use of which of the following? ATP RNA DNA 8

9 H2O ATP 18. Which of the following groups of microorganisms contains members that are prokaryotes with a cell wall composed of protein or polysaccharides? protozoa bacteria algae archaea archaea: (Bacteria are prokaryotes with cell walls made of peptidoglycan) 19. Which of the following organelles is often described as the "powerhouse of the cell"? Golgi body nucleus mitochondrion endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion 20. Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is associated primarily with photosynthetic cells and organisms? Golgi body chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion chloroplast 9