Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Cover Page (see guidelines on page 27)

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2 Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Cover Page (see guidelines on page 27) P a g e 151

3 Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Front Page At the end of this unit I will: Be able to classify the categories of organic compounds Identify the difference between organic and inorganic compounds, and the elements essential to life. Describe how organic compounds are separated and formed. Define lipids and explain the functions of three lipid polymers. Identify the monomers that build each of the lipid polymers. Explain, draw, and label the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Describe the similarities and differences between the active and passive transport systems of membranes and classify the various types of transport. Know the function of different types of membrane proteins. Explain tonicity and how it affects the movement of water in osmosis. Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes I will understand are: Biochemistry: carbo-, hydro-, mono-, poly-, -synthesis Lipids and Phospholipids: phospho-, tri-, -philia, -phobia, -glycerine Cell Membrane and Transport: permeo-, iso-, hyper-, hypo-, endo-, exo-, -lysis, -tonic The terms I can clearly define are: Biochemistry: Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic acid, Lipid, Dehydration synthesis, Polymerization, Hydrolysis, Organic Compounds, Inorganic Compounds, Monomers, Polymers Lipids and Phospholipids: Phospholipid, Triglyceride, Sterol, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic Cell Membrane and Transport: Selective Permeability, Fluid-Mosaic Model, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Passive Transport, Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Protein Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Concentration Gradient, Plasmolysis, Marker Proteins, Channel Proteins The assignments I will have completed by the end of this unit are: Biochemistry, Lipids, and Phospholipids notes (pages ) Checking for Understanding Lipids/Phospholipids (pages ) Cell Membrane & Transport Notes (pages ) Common Core Question (pages ) Crossing the Membrane (page 174) Different Types of Solutions (page 172) Real Life Application of Cell Transport (page 178) Egg Osmosis Demo (pages ) Plasmolysis Lab (pages ) Cell Membrane Study Guide (pages ) 152 P a g e

4 Organic Compounds What elements make up Lipids?,, and What are the functions of Lipids? What indicator would one use to test for the presence of Lipids? Lipids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids P a g e 153

5 Polymerization : A bond is formed and a water molecule is lost (removal of a water molecule to form a new bond). : A bond is broken when a water molecule is added. 154 P a g e

6 Introduction to Biochemistry Notes What is biochemistry? What elements are essential to life? What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry? Organic compounds contain high numbers of bonded to. Organic compounds are usually biological in origin, while inorganic compounds are minerals, salts, or metals. Why is carbon considered the element of life? What are the four categories of organic compounds? How are organic compounds formed and separated? What is polymerization? A carbon atom can create short, strong, and stable bonds with other atoms. This allows carbon to form chains, rings, branches, and isomers. 1. C 2. L 3. P 4. N Organic compounds are formed and separated in similar ways 1. Formation (Polymerization): 2. Separation: The forming of large organic by the joining of smaller repeating subunits called. P a g e 155

7 Lipids & Phospholipids Notes 156 P a g e

8 Lipids & Phospholipids Notes What is a lipid? What are the functions of lipids? A lipid is any molecule that DOES mix with water. They are (hydrophobic) Lipids function in: (E) storage and as chemical messengers ex. forming What elements are they made of? Name the three polymers of lipids and their monomer composition. Made up mostly of C and H (with a few O ) 1. Fats (Triglycerides) Monomers: + 3 Fatty acids w/no double bonds = (solid) Fatty acids w/ double bonds = (liquid) Double bonds cause the fatty acid tails to bend and the lipids take up more space. 2. Sterols Lipid whose carbon skeleton consists of four fused rings. Includes:,, Make up cell membranes. 3. Phospholipids Monomers: w/ Head + Fatty Acid Chains What are some characteristics of phospholipids? o both lover hydro phosphate head hydro tail o forms layers in water o makes up P a g e 157

9 Checking for Understanding: Lipids 1. Looking at the structure of the -glyceride above, do you think this lipid is a large or a small organic compound? 2. According to the structure above and what we have discussed about bonds, what do you think is one of the major functions of lipids in living systems? 3. Without gaining or losing any atoms, how could you make this structure take up more space? 4. Draw what you think that structure would look like below. 158 P a g e

10 Checking for Understanding: Phospholipids Follow your teacher s instructions to draw a flirtatious phospholipid and water droplet in the space below. 1. Which part likes water? 2. What is the term for water-loving? 3. Which part doesn t like water? 4. What is the term for water-hating? 5. How would a group of phospholipids arrange themselves if placed in water? Draw this type of arrangement below. P a g e 159

11 Cell Membrane & Transport Notes 160 P a g e

12 Cell Membrane & Transport Notes Aside from phospholipids, what else can be found in the plasma membrane? Define selectively permeable. What types of cells have a cell membrane? Why is the cell membrane referred to as the fluid mosaic model? Based on membrane properties, what can and can not pass through the membrane? cells have a cell membrane, including The phospholipids that make up the cell membrane are fairly. They do not stick to the neighboring phospholipids, which gives the membrane a fluid-like appearance. CAN PASS THROUGH CAN NOT PASS THROUGH What are the three types of solutions? [Water] inside cell = [Water] outside cell What is an isotonic solution? What is a hypotonic solution? What is a hypertonic solution? Choose the best answer: What direction does water flow? Cell is at Molecules are equally distributed in the end. The amount of water entering the cell = the amount of water leaving the cell A solution that has water, and solute The cell can lyse or burst if left in a solution A solution that has water and solute The cell will a) Water doesn t flow at all. b) Water flows from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. c) Water flows from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. P a g e 161

13 Use the terms below to fill in the blanks: Active vs. Passive Transport Active Transport Passive Transport Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion ATP (Cell Energy) 162 P a g e

14 Cell Membrane & Transport Notes Fill in the T-chart to contrast passive and active transport Passive Transport Active Transport What are the 3 types of passive transport? Define them. What are 3 examples of active transport? What is a protein pump? What is endocytosis? What are the 2 types of endocytosis and explain the difference What is exocytosis? Protein pumps use to pull or pump materials into or out of the cell to or substances the cell needs. Endocytosis occurs when a particle is into the cell Exocytosis occurs when a carrying a substance fuses with the and releases the substance out of the cell. P a g e 163

15 Different Types of Cell Membrane Proteins TRANSPORTERS RECEPTORS ENZYMES SIGNAL/RECOGNITION Y 1. What are the four general types of proteins found anchored in the cell membrane?,, and 2. The protein identifies the cell type and to whom the cell belongs. 3. found in cell membranes help speed up the rate of reactions. For instance, converting one substance into another. 4. The protein receives information from outside the cell and passes it into the cell. 5. The protein is a passageway through the cell membrane. 164 P a g e

16 1. Label the diagram: Enzyme Practice 2. Answer true or false to the following statements: a. Enzymes interact with specific substrates b. Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs c. Enzymes speed up reactions. d. One enzyme can be used for many different types of chemical reactions. e. Enzyme reactions can be slowed or halted using inhibitors. 3. Circle the correct effect. a. Raising the temperature slightly will [ increase decrease not change ] the rate of reaction b. Boiling temperature will [ increase decrease not change ] the rate of reaction. c. Changing the ph toward the optimal ph will [ increase decrease not change ] the rate of reaction. d. Introducing a competitive inhibitor will [ increase decrease not change ] the rate of reaction. 4. Place a check mark next to the things that are expected to INCREASE the rate of an enzymatic reaction a. Add more enzyme b. Add more substrate c. Adjust ph to optimal level d. Freezing P a g e 165

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18 Checking for Understanding: Types of Solutions Use your notes to label each of the types of solutions in which the cells are submerged in below. A. B. C. This is a type of passive transport, but since it specifically is focused on the transport of water, what type of passive transport is this? P a g e 167

19 Common Core Practice Directions: Read the experiment below and analyze the results. On the following page, write a response that addresses the prompts at the top of the page. Water Containing 20% starch indicator Artificial cell containing starch solution Water Containing 12 % starch indicator Artificial cell containing starch solution Water Containing 6 % starch indicator Artificial cell containing starch solution In this experiment, a scientist wanted to test the diffusion rate of iodine. She set up the experiment with an artificial cell made of a clear, thin membrane that behaves like a cell membrane. Three artificial cells were filled with starch diluted with water, then submerged in three separate beakers containing water and starch indicator called iodine. Iodine turns solutions blue, in presence of starches. The first beaker had 20% iodine. The second beaker had 12% iodine, and the last beaker had 5% iodine. She set all the beakers on a window ledge. The window ledge received varying degrees of sunlight, depending on the time of day. She let cells submerge in the iodine solutions for 60 minutes. The scientist wrote the following hypothesis: If iodine concentrations increase in the beaker, then the solution inside the artificial cells would turn darker blue. After a period of 60 minutes time, the following observations were made: Color of the contents inside the artificial membrane 20% iodine 12% iodine 5% iodine Dark blue Blue Light blue The scientist concluded that increasing concentrations of iodine in the beaker increases the rate of diffusion of iodine into the artificial membrane. 168 P a g e

20 Common Core Practice Discuss all errors in this experimental design. Are all the controls in place? In what ways could the experiment be redesigned or improved for better accuracy? Help explain the scientist s data, using your knowledge of cell membranes and diffusion. P a g e 169

21 WANTED! The Cell Membrane (a.k.a., The Plasma Membrane, Selectively Permeable Membrane Semipermeable Membrane, Phospholipid Bilayer and Fluid Mosaic Model ) Wanted for aiding and abetting certain molecules across the membrane. For this, the cell membrane has earned its alias, Selectively or Semi permeable Membrane. Only certain molecules are allowed across the membrane, while others are not. Height: Between 3 and 10 nanometers. If you are on the lookout, be warned: You will need an electron microscope to see the membrane. Known Accomplices: The cell membrane was last seen surrounding every living cell. It is known to surround bacterial cells, as well as plant and animal cells. In addition to making up the outer membranes of cells, phospholipids surround every membrane-bound organelle. Identifying Features: The cell membrane primarily consists of Phospholipids, always arranged so that the hydrophobic (water- fearing ) tails of the phospholipid face another tail from another phospholipid. The phospholipids are fairly slippery, and do not stick to neighboring phospholipids. This property gives a plasma-like or fluid appearance to the membrane. Embedded within the membrane (which is mostly made up of phospholipids) are cholesterols (making the membrane less fluid) and large proteins that help with many different functions. Carbohydrate side chains are also often found on the outer surface of the membrane. 170 P a g e

22 Cell Membrane Reading Comprehension Read the Wanted column on the previous page to answer the questions below. How did the cell membrane earn each of the following aliases? 1. Plasma membrane: 2. Selectively permeable membrane: 3. Semipermeable membrane: 4. Phospholipid bilayer: 5. Fluid mosaic model: Use the features listed below to identify the structures that are found in cell membranes: A. Phospholipid B. Carbohydrate side-chain C. Glycoprotein D. Membrane Protein E. Inside of Cell F. Outside of Cell G. Hydrophobic Region H. Hydrophilic Region P a g e 171

23 Different Types of Solutions Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Whenever the concentration of a dissolved substance is higher on one side of a membrane than on the other, there is a concentration gradient. Movement of water across the membrane depends on this concentration gradient. In osmosis water flows into and out of a cell until the concentration of water molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane. At this point the flow of molecules into and out of the cell is in a state of equilibrium. In an isotonic solution the concentration of solute outside the cell is the same as that inside the cell. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the rate of diffusion of water into the cell is exactly the same as the rate of diffusion of water out of the cell. In a hypotonic solution the concentration of solute outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution swell up because water moves from the solution into the cell until the solutions inside and outside the cell are equal in concentration. In a hypertonic solution the concentration of the solute outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution shrivel up and lose their shape because more water flows out of the cells than into them. The diagrams below represent the three types of solutions: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. 1. Indicate which type of solution is shown in each of the three diagrams above. A. B. C. 2. Which diagram, A, B, or C, shows no concentration gradient? 3. Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents a situation in which the cell will decrease in size and lose its shape? 4. In each of the diagrams, use an arrow to indicate if there is a net flow of water into or out of the cell. 172 P a g e

24 Warm Up: The image on the right follows the path of particles as they enter and leave the cell. Describe the image using the vocabulary words: Endocytosis Exocytosis Plasma membrane Vesicle P a g e 173

25 Crossing the Membrane What types of substances are permitted across the semi-permeable membrane? Use the image below the table to help fill in this table. Check your answers with your teacher s. Can Pass through Membrane Cannot Pass through Membrane Solubility? Size? Charge? 174 P a g e

26 Membrane Proteins The cell needs substances that cannot pass through the membrane. How does a cell get these substances across a membrane? 1. What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell? Write the correct number next to the term that corresponds to the numbered images: concentration gradient transported molecule lipid bilayer active transport carrier protein channel protein simple diffusion passive transport 2. Based on the chart you made on page 174 what types of molecules need to pass through these membrane proteins because they cannot pass through the membrane? P a g e 175

27 Egg-Osmosis Demo ABSTRACT: In this demonstration, you will observe osmosis, the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Sketch the setup that your teacher demonstrates. After a minimum of 24 hours, sketch the results of the experiment, then reflect on why this happened by answering the follow up questions. BEFORE (Water) BEFORE (Salt Water) BEFORE (Syrup) Starting Mass: Starting Mass: Starting Mass: AFTER (Water) AFTER (Salt Water) BEFORE (Syrup) End Mass: End Mass: End Mass: 176 P a g e

28 Egg-Osmosis Demo 1. Is the water in the beaker hypotonic or hypertonic compared to the egg? 2. Is the salt water in the beaker hypotonic or hypertonic compared to the egg? 3. For the egg set in water, which direction did the water flow? What is the evidence? 4. For the egg set in salt water, which direction did the water flow? What is the evidence? 5. What happened to the egg placed in syrup? Is the syrup hypotonic or hypertonic to the egg? P a g e 177

29 Real Life Application of Cell Transport A report in the 23 April 1998 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine tells of the lifethreatening complications that can be caused by an ignorance of osmosis. Large volumes of a solution of 5% human albumin (a protein in the blood) are injected into people undergoing a procedure called plasmapheresis. The albumin is dissolved in physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and is therefore isotonic to human plasma (the large protein molecules of albumin have only a small osmotic effect). If 5% solutions are unavailable, pharmacists may substitute a proper dilution of a 25% albumin solution. Mixing 1 part of the 25% solution with 4 parts of diluent (a substance that something else is dissolved in) results in the correct 5% solution of albumin. BUT, in several cases, the diluent used was sterile water, not physiological saline. SO, the resulting solution was strongly hypotonic to human plasma. The Result: Massive, life-threatening hemolysis (releasing blood into the surrounding body fluids) in the patient. Draw a picture of what is happening in a patient s cells in the space provided below, use arrows to show the net flow of water: Patient s red blood cell in physiological saline Patient s red blood cell in sterile water Based upon this, what do you think the symptoms of hemolysis would be? 178 P a g e

30 Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To understand how materials move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lower concentration through diffusion, through a permeable membrane. MATERIALS: Microscope glass slide 2 coverslips 2 Elodea leaves water 6% salt solution HYPOTHESIS: If a freshwater leaf is placed in salt water, then water will flow (into or out of) the leaf cells. PROCEDURE 1. Prepare a wet mount of two elodea leaves on the same slide. Use 2 drops of tap water on one leaf, and 2 drops of salt water on the other leaf. Cover each with a cover slip. Make sure the two liquids on the slide do NOT run together. If they do, discard the leaves and start over. 2. Wait at least 3 minutes. 3. Observe each under both low and high powers. Carefully observe the location of the chloroplasts (the small green structures) in relation to the cell wall of both leaves. 4. Draw a diagram of the normal cell and the plasmolyzed cell in the circles on page 180. P a g e 179

31 Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab FLOWCHART (See page 16 for directions) Title: Elodea leaf, Normal cell Magnification: Title: Elodea leaf, Plasmolyzed cell Magnification: 180 P a g e

32 Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab ANALYSIS: Read the following four statements before answering the questions: a. Elodea cells normally contain 1% salt and 99% water on the inside. b. Tap water used in this investigation contains 1% salt and 99% water. c. Salt water used in this investigation contains 6% salt and 94% water. d. Salt water has a higher concentration of salt than fresh water or Elodea cells. 1. Describe the location of chloroplasts in a normal Elodea cell (in tap water). 2. Describe the location of chloroplasts in a plasmolyzed cell (in salt water). Answer the following questions about the cell in tap water: 3. What is the percentage of water outside the cell? 4. What is the percentage of water inside the cell? Answer the following questions about the cell in salt water: 5. What is the percentage of water outside the cell at the start of this lab? 6. What is the percentage of water inside the cell at the start of this lab? 7. Which way did the water move, from inside the cell to outside, or from outside to inside the cell? 8. Describe how the shape of the cell changed after being put in salt water. 9. How would you define plasmolysis? P a g e 181

33 Cell Membrane and Transport Study Guide Plasma Membrane Structure and Properties: In the following image below: 1. Draw a box around one phospholipid. 2. Label the brackets as being either hydrophobic region or hydrophilic region. 3. Label all the leader lines with the following terms: carbohydrate side chain marker protein channel protein 4. The plasma or cell membrane is considered because it regulates what enters and leaves the cell. 5. The monomers that make up a phospholipid are group attached to a molecule and two tails. 6. The phosphate heads are (water-loving). 7. The fatty acid tails are (water-hating) 8. Because of this property, phospholipids form layers in water, with the hydrophobic tails facing and the hydrophilic heads facing the. 182 P a g e

34 9. Due to the membrane s hydrophobic and fatty properties, the cell membrane allows the following items to pass through: a. b. c. 10. Charged molecules or cannot penetrate the hydrophobic core because it is (water-loving). Things that are too in size also cannot pass through the core, unless it is assisted by a protein. Cell Transport Methods: 11. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Active vs. Passive Transport. Passive Active 12. List three types of passive transport: a. b. c. 13. Draw arrows in the diagram to the right, indicating the direction in which the particles move across the membrane via diffusion. P a g e 183

35 14. What is osmosis? 15. In the image to the right, draw an arrow indicating the movement of water molecules through the membrane via osmosis. 16. The glucose in the image to the right is too big to pass through the membrane. However, if it were to be assisted across the membrane by a channel protein, this process would be called. 17. List three types of active transport: a. b. c. 18. Which letter(s) to the right best represents active transport? 19. Which letter(s) to the right best represents passive transport? 20. The energy that the cell uses for active transport is called 21. Why might material need energy to move through the cell membrane? a. b. 184 P a g e

36 22. Draw arrows in the diagram to the right, indicating the direction in which the particles move across the membrane via active transport. 23. Name two ways in which a particle that is too large to fit through the cell membrane can still enter the cell? a. b. 24. Which diagram to the right represents exocytosis? A 25. Which diagram to the right represents endocytosis? B 26. Explain what is happening in the diagram through the process of endocytosis and distinguish between phagocytosis and pinocytosis. 27. Explain what is happening in the diagram through the process of exocytosis. 28. A cell is soaking in a 20% salt solution. What percent of this solution is water? If the cell itself has 10% solutes, what percent of the cell is water?. This makes the cell (hypo-, iso-, hyper-) tonic compared to the salt solution, which is (hypo-, iso-, hyper-) tonic. Water will therefore move of the cell, and the cell will in size. P a g e 185

37 Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Concept Cards 186 P a g e

38 Parent/ Significant Adult Review Page Student Portion Unit Summary (write a summary of the past unit using 5-7 sentences): Explain your favorite assignment in this unit: Adult Portion Dear Parent/ Significant Adult: This Interactive Notebook represents your student s learning to date and should contain the work your student has completed. Please take some time to look at the unit your student just completed, read his/ her reflection and respond to the following Ask your child to explain the difference between active and passive transport, and write a fact from your conversation below: Areas my student could improve are: Parent/ Significant Adult Signature: Comments? Questions? Concerns? Feel free to their teachers. P a g e 187

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40 Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Concept Map (see directions on page 21) P a g e 189

41 Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Back Page The California State Standards I have come to use and understand are: Cells are enclosed within semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings. The functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses. The kidneys are responsible for the removal of nitrogenous wastes and the liver detoxifies blood maintains glucose balance. Muscle contractions involve actin, myosin, Ca +2, and ATP. 190 P a g e