The rumen: a feed-deconstructing reactor fueling milk production and superintending its composition

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its composition D. P. Morgavi, M. Doreau, A. Cornu, B.

1 9th International Symposium on Milk Genomics and Human Health The rumen: a feed-deconstructing reactor fueling milk production and superintending its composition D. P. Morgavi, M. Doreau, A. Cornu, B. Graulet INRA, Herbivores Unit, Theix, France October 8-10, 2012 Wageningen, the Netherlands

2 Presentation plan The rumen and its importance in ruminant nutrition Feed-deconstruction reactor Effect on milk composition (and production) CLA Polyphenolic compounds Vitamins Mycotoxins Milk metabolites as biomarkers of rumen function Odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) Final remarks

3 Ruminant production Capacity to use forage feeds by ruminants

4 The ruminant super-organism

5 Gastrointestinal symbionts PROVIDE Energy VFA can provide up to 80% of the energy needs Protein microbes convert NPN into high quality protein Vitamins synthesis of B-complex and K vitamins Detoxifying functions PRODUCE Toxic products Methane

6 Presentation plan The rumen and its importance in ruminant nutrition Feed-deconstruction reactor

Fibre Cellulose hemicellulose ~ 7% energy losses CH

(- 8H) (+ 0H) Acetate (2 moles) Propionate (2 moles)

7 Fibre Cellulose hemicellulose ~ 7% energy losses CH 4 (2 moles) CO 2 (1 mole) (+ 4H) Feed carbohydrates Glucose (1 mole) (+ 4H) Pyruvate (2 moles) Starch CO 2 Hydrolysis step (- 8H) Fermentation (2 moles) step (- 8H) (+ 0H) Acetate (2 moles) Propionate (2 moles) Butyrate (1 mole) ~70% energy Jouany & Morgavi, 2007

8 Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen Protein N proteases Non-protein N Polypeptides peptidases Di- and Tripeptides N recycling peptidases Amino acids deaminases NH 3 Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein absorption Urinary N Jouany & Morgavi, 2007

9 L CH L CO 2 VFA kg kg microbial cells 2-20 kg DM L water L saliva

10 Presentation plan The rumen and its importance in ruminant nutrition Feed-deconstruction reactor Effect on milk composition (and production)

11 Rumen effect on milk Milk yield Milk composition Feed microbiota interaction Interest in manipulating composition Nutritional value for human consumption Essential micronutrients and bioactive compounds Processing and transformation

12 Manipulation of milk FA to increase nutritional value decrease saturated FA increase polyunsaturated FA decrease saturated C14 C16 increase ratio n-3/n-6 decrease C18:1 trans decrease some C18:1 trans increase CLA

13 Mechanisms of lipolysis and biohydrogenation Lipolysis End products free fatty acids No mono- and diglycerides Lipases: mainly of bacterial origin Anaerovibrio lipolytica: triglycerides Butyrivibrio sp: phospholipids and galactolipids (Lourenço et al, 2010) Plant lipases

14 Triglycerides Phospholipids Glycolipids RUMEN Lipolysis Fatty acids Hydrogenation Hydrogenated fatty acids Uptake Microbes Synthesis SMALL INTESTINE Absorption Fatty acids Undigested fatty acids

15 Lipolysis Triglycerides (TG) lipolysis in the rumen (%), in vivo experiment Control 10% rapeseed 10% tallow Bauchart et al., 1990 Rapid almost complete even if large amounts of lipids are fed

16 Mechanisms of lipolysis and biohydrogenation Lipolysis End products free fatty acids No mono- and diglycerides Lipases: mainly of bacterial origin Anaerovibrio lipolytica: triglycerides Butyrivibrio sp: phospholipids and galactolipids (Lourenço et al, 2010) Plant lipases Biohydrogenation The process which leads to saturation of unsaturated FA Succession of isomerizations and saturations

17 RUMEN Linoleic acid cis-9 cis-12 C18:2 CLA cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 Vaccenic acid trans-11 C18:1 Stearic acid C18:0 Isomerase Reductase Reductase

18 c9c12c15-18:3 c9t11c15-18:3 c9c12-18:2 8,10 CLA 10,12 CLA c9t11 other 9,11 CLA other 9,12 18:2 t11c15 c9t13 11,13 CLA t10-18:1 c12-18:1 t11-18:1 t4-t9-18:1 t15+c15-18:1 t :1 (Chilliard et al, 2007) 18:0 Interconversion between all 18:1 isomers From oleic acid (Mosley et al., 2002) and vaccenic acid (Laverroux et al., 2011)

19 Concentration of linolenic acid and hydrogenation derivatives in the rumen % % 18:3 n time (h) 18:2 t11c time (h) 20 % 18:1 t10 + t11 Rumen hydrogenation is rapid time (h) (Doreau and Laverroux, unpublished)

20 Ruminal biohydrogenation % 83% 75% Linolenic acid Linoleic acid (n=135) FA intake (g/kg DMI) Doreau and Ueda, unpubl.

21 CLA isomers produced in cow s rumen c9,t11 c9,c11 t10,c12 t11,t13 t,t Total Linseed Sunflower Fish Less CLA for fish oil trans 10 cis 12 produced with sunflower

22 trans-18:1 isomers produced in cow s rumen trans10 trans11 trans13+14 Total Loor et al, 2005 Linseed Sunflower Fish Less trans 10 and more trans with linseeds

23 RUMEN Linoleic acid cis-9 cis-12 C18:2 UDDER Linoleic acid cis-9 cis-12 C18:2 Isomerase CLA cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 Reductase CLA cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 9- desaturase Vaccenic acid trans-11 C18:1 Stearic acid C18:0 Reductase Vaccenic acid trans-11 C18:1 Stearic acid C18:0 Oleic acid cis-9 C18:1 9- desaturase

24 CLA-trans 18:1 relationship MILK RUMEN OUTFLOW % total FA 2 % total FA 10 hay Concentrate + linseed oil 0 CLA c9 t :1 t 11 Loor et al., Post-absorptive origin of CLA - CLA and vaccenic acid strongly correlated

25 Fatty acids characteristics in ruminant GIT Biohydrogenation of PUFA is extensive Presence of 18:2 and 18:1 cis and trans isomers in duodenal flow ( monogastrics) composition in trans 18:1 FA is diet dependent t 10 18:1 concentrate & PUFA in diet duodenal t11 18:1 milk c9 t11 CLA

Hydrolyzable Tannins pyrocatechol Flavanols Apigenine Secoisolariciresinol Isoflavones Kaempferol Naringenine

26 Simple phenols Phenolic acids Stilbenes and Lignans Polyphenol classification Phenolics, secondary metabolites in vegetals Resveratrol phenol Flavones benzoic Condensed acid Tannins Flavonols gallic acid Flavonoids Polymers Flavanones Hydrolyzable Tannins pyrocatechol Flavanols Apigenine Secoisolariciresinol Isoflavones Kaempferol Naringenine Anthocyanidines o-cresol cinnamic acid Epicatechine ferulic acid Daidzeine Cyanidine Proanthocyanidins (flavanol polymers) ose + phenols

27 Coumaryl-esters Ferruloyl-esters What we know about phenolics 4-ethylphénol r-coumaric ac. Ferulic ac. Rumen behavior Caffeic ac. 4-Vinylphenol 4-Vinylguaiacol in the rumen Phloretic ac. 4-hydroxy-benzoic ac. Phenolic acids from plant cell wall 3-phenyl-propionic ac. (50-80 % of rumen aromatics) Cinnamic ac. (0-7 % of rumen aromatics) 3-Hydroxyphenyl propionic ac. Homovanillic ac. r-cresol Phenol Vanillic ac. Phenylacetic ac. (13-50 % of rumen aromatics) Protocatechuic ac. Benzoic ac. (< 2 % of rumen aromatics ) catechol Besle et al., 1995

28 What we know Phytoestrogens about phenolics behavior in the rumen Bioconversion of isoflavones from clover daidzein equol formononetin Dickinson et al, 1988 Milk Equol up to ~300 g/l Daidzein up to ~5 g/l

29 Phenolics in milk : a tool for feed traceability? Natural mountain prairie Natural mountain hay (87 % DMI) Ray grass hay (90% DMI) Ray grass silage (86 % DMI) Maize silage (86 % DMI) Concentrate + hay (66 % and 34 % DMI) Besle et al., 2010 Pattern of UV-visible components of milk is characteristic of diet

Ration Main origins of cow milk vitamins Phytoestrogens Forages beta-carotene Vitamins E, D 3, K 1 Vitamins C, B 1 to B 9 Concentrates Skin Vitamin D 3 Intestine

30 Ration Main origins of cow milk vitamins Phytoestrogens Forages beta-carotene Vitamins E, D 3, K 1 Vitamins C, B 1 to B 9 Concentrates Skin Vitamin D 3 Intestine beta-carotene Vitamin A Vitamins C, B 1 to B 9 (Vitamins A and E) Vitamin K 2 Vitamin C Vitamin B 3 MVC Vitamins A, E, D 3 Rumen Vitamins B 1 to B 12 Liver Udder Milk

Vitamin B 12 content in cow milk varies according to diet 4000 3600 System Period Syst X Period ** NS NS pg/g 3200 2800 2400 2000 Grass Mountain Grass Lowland Maize Mountain Maize Lowland No

31 Vitamin B 12 content in cow milk varies according to diet System Period Syst X Period ** NS NS pg/g Grass Mountain Grass Lowland Maize Mountain Maize Lowland No variation significant according to the period of the year Highest vitamin B 12 concentrations in milk from cows in Maize Lowland production system (exhibit the highest % of maize in the diet) Chassaing et al., 2011

32 120 Vitamin B 9 content in cow milk varies also according to diet System Period Syst X Period ** *** *** 110 ng/g Grass Mountain Grass Lowland Maize Mountain Maize Lowland Variations according to the period, the system, and interaction Lowest in May Hay %? Highest in grass-based system Chassainget al., 2011

33 Ruminal bioconversion and carry over Mycotoxin of mycotoxins to milk Main product of rumen metabolism Reduction of biological potency Estimated carry-over rates Aflatoxin B1 aflatoxicol minor n.d. b μg l 1 aflatoxin M 1 minor % Cyclopiazonic acid unchanged unchanged n.d μg l 1 Fumonisin B1 unchanged unchanged % Ochratoxin A ochratoxin-α significant n.d. T-2 toxin various significant % DON (and related trichothecenes) de-epoxy-don (DOM) significant DON: DOM: Zearalenone α-zearalenol none % Patulin unchanged unchanged n.d. Ergovalin unchanged unchanged n.d. Lolitrem unchanged unchanged n.d. Fink-Gremmels, 2008; Yannikouris & Jouany, 2002

34 Ruminal bioconversion and carry over Mycotoxin of mycotoxins to milk Main product of rumen metabolism Reduction of biological potency Estimated carry-over rates Aflatoxin B1 aflatoxicol minor n.d μg l 1 aflatoxin M 1 minor % Cyclopiazonic acid unchanged unchanged n.d μg l 1 Fumonisin B1 unchanged unchanged % Ochratoxin A ochratoxin-α significant % T-2 toxin various significant % DON (and related trichothecenes) de-epoxy-don (DOM) significant DON: DOM: Zearalenone α-zearalenol none % Patulin i unchanged unchanged n.d. Ergovalin unchanged unchanged n.d. Lolitrem unchanged unchanged n.d. Modif. from Fink-Gremmels, 2008; Yannikouris & Jouany, 2002

35 Presentation plan The rumen and its importance in ruminant nutrition Feed-deconstruction reactor Effect on milk composition (and production) CLA Polyphenolic compounds Vitamins Mycotoxins Milk metabolites as biomarkers of rumen function Odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA)

36 FA synthesis in bacteria Volatile FA De novo FA synthesis Microbial FA synthetases Saturated FA including odd- and branched-chain FA Monounsaturated FA

37 Odd and branched-chain FA 15:0 17:0 iso-13:0 iso-14:0 iso-15:0 iso-16:0 Iso-17:0 anteiso 15:0 anteiso 17:0 CH3 CH3 CH (CH2) 11 - COOH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH (CH2) 10 - COOH Straight chain FA are synthesized from propionate or valerate Branched-chain FA are synthesized from branched-chain amino acids and iso-vfa Vlaeminck et al., 2006

38 Odd and branched-chain FA Relationship concentration rumen milk Rumen fermentation VFA (and methane) iso-14:0 (+) acetate, methane (-) 15:0 iso-15:0 (-) propionate (+) 17:0 Microbial protein flow Acidosis (+) 17:0; 17:1 c9 (-) iso-14:0 Fievez et al., 2012

39 Presentation plan The rumen and its importance in ruminant nutrition Feed-deconstruction reactor Effect on milk composition (and production) CLA Polyphenolic compounds Vitamins Mycotoxins Milk metabolites as biomarkers of rumen function Odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) Final remarks

40 The ruminant super-organism Milk yield Milk composition

41 Is there a need to know more about the rumen and its microbiota? Production as usual NO Nutritional value for human consumption Environmental footprint Meet challenges ruminant production YES

42 Microbiome characterization Catalogue microbes genes Who they are? What they do? Interactions Change Time Space

43 Homogeneous microbiome Heterogeneous microbiome Different microbiomes Nicholson et al., 2005 Genetically homogeneous animals can have different phenotypes because of differences in their microbiome Respond differently to diet, drugs and feeding practices

44 Thank you for your attention INRA F. Glasser A. Ferlay Y. Chilliard J. Loor U. Illinois, USA K. Ueda U. Sapporo, Japan

Base ration components (forages and grains) will average about 3% fat. Use Supplemental Fats. DIETARY FAT AND MILK COMPOSITION Milk fat:

Fat Feeding Some slides adapted from Dairy Nutrition & Management (ANSCI 200/492), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Dr. Jim Drackley & Mike Hutjens Base ration components (forages and grains)