25 Things To Know. Spine

Transcription

1 25 Things To Know Spine

2 Combines Strong bones Flexible connectors Ligaments & tendons Large muscles Sensitive nerves

3 Multi-Layer White Matter Pia Matter = thin, waterproof Arachnoid membrane (web) Dura Matter = keeps spinal fluid in Bone = vertebral column Periosteum = bone cover Skin

4 Spinal Cord Terminates in Medulla Cord is shorter than structure

5 Bell-Magendie Law Charles Bell (1811) first experimental research on spinal nerves

6 Bell-Magendie Law Francois Magendie (1822) discovered anterior root is motor dorsal root is sensory

7 Bell-Magendie Law Usually results in Partial or full paralysis Quadriplegia

8 Bell-Magendie Law One-way Dorsal is up Ventral is down

9 Central Canal Sensory nerves Pain Motor nerves Movement

10 Spinal Cord 1. Conduit for sensory info up collect somatosensory info for brain

11 Spinal Cord 2. Conduit for motor info down distribute motor fibers to glands and muscles

12 Spinal Cord 3. Reflexes Eye Blink Spine

13 Spinal Cord 45 cm long in men 43 cm long in women

14 Spinal Cord 31 segments pair of nerves exit each segment

15 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 1 coccygeal

16 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical Motor nerves C1-3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 neck diaphragm shoulder wrist triceps fingers

17 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical Usually Partial or full paralysis Quadriplegia

18 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical C1-3 Breathing Ventilators Phrenic nerve pacing Diaphragm

19 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical C4 Biceps & shoulders C5 Wrists & hands C6 Limited wrist usage No hand control

20 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical C7 & T1 Can t function independently No dexterity in fingers Limited use of arms

21 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical C7 & T1 Nerves come out top of vertebrate So, this is also called C8

22 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical Control Heart rate Body temperature Blood pressure Sweating

23 Spinal Cord 8 Cervical Autonomic Dysreflexia Pain & sensory $ cause Increase in blood pressure Autonomic responses

24 Spinal Cord Motor nerves Come out bottom of vertebrates 12 Thoracic

25 Spinal Cord Motor nerves T1 Hand 12 Thoracic T2-12 T7 & L1 T11 & L2 Trunk Abdominals Ejaculations

26 Spinal Cord Paraplegia 12 Thoracic Move head and neck Breathing okay Hands okay

27 Spinal Cord Paraplegia 12 Thoracic No trunk stability Can t control abdominals

28 Spinal Cord Motor nerves L1 Hips L2 Quadriceps L4 Hamstrings 5 Lumbar L5 Knees L4 & S1 Foot

29 Spinal Cord Motor nerves S1 Foot S2 Penile erection S3 Bowel & Bladder 5 Sacrum

30 Spinal Cord Injury Decreased control of hips Urinary system Legs 5 Lumbar 5 Sacrum

31 Spinal Cord Lumbar & Sacral nerves Run in vertebral canal called cauda equina ("horse tail") 5 Lumbar 5 Sacrum

32 Spinal Cord Injury: Lower is better Less is better

33 Injury Causes Car crashes Twist, bend, dislocation, extend Falls, sports Stabs and gunshot wounds Cancer, infections, diseases

34 Injury Causes Men more likely than women 80%

35 Central Cord Syndrome Incomplete injury Called inverse paraplegia Problems in arms, hands Legs work okay Injury to central core nerves, usually in cervical or upper thoracic

36 Anterior Cord Syndrome Cervical spine flexed too much damage to anterior of spinal cord Damage blood supply from the anterior spinal artery Loss of pain & temp sensations Touch still works

37 Posterior Cord Syndrome Rare damage to posterior area Damage to posterior blood supply Loss of touch but not pain

38 Brown-Séquard Syndr. Injured on lateral side Hemisectioned Total hemisectioning is rare Partial lesions from gunshots & penetrating knife wounds

39 Brown-Séquard Syndr. Injured on lateral side Hemisectioned Ipsilateral side of injury (same side) Loss of motor function Can t feel vibration & light touch

40 Brown-Séquard Syndr. Hemisectioned Contralaterally (opposite side) Loss of pain, temp. & crude touch

41 Tabes Dorsalis Injury to posterior region usually from diseases (syphilis) Loss of touch sensation

42 Conus Medullaris Injury to tip of spinal cord at L1

43 Symptoms Pain Paralysis Numbness Incontinence Loss of sensation Bone degeneration

44 Symptoms Muscles uncontrollably contracts unresponsive Weak atrophy

45 Injury Assume spinal cord injury Stabilize head and neck Hands on both sides of head Act as if spine is single unit

46 Treatments Steroids Within 6 hours of injury High does of methylprednisolone

47 Terms Dermatome = skin area sensory info Myotome = muscle area motor info

48 CONNECTIONS

49 Peripheral Nervous System Anything not in brain & cord Not protected by bone Not protected by BBB

50 Peripheral Nervous System I. Somatic Nervous System Voluntary control of muscles II. Autonomic Nervous System Control of heart, stomach, etc.

51 I. Somatic Nervous Sys Muscles used to move the body Long cylindrical shape Striated (stripes)

52 I. Somatic Nervous Sys Each muscle moves in one direction With no acetlycholine, relaxes

53 Striated Muscles To move in two directions need two antagonistic muscles Flexor raise arm Extensor to lower arm

54 Biceps Contract Triceps Relax

55 TO & FROM Spinal Cord Biceps Contract Triceps Relax

56 Myasthenia Gravis Immune system anti-bodies Attack acetylcholine receptors Motor neurons can t produce enough acetylcholine

57 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms Weakness of eye muscles Open-close eyelid Difficulty swallowing Slurred speech

58 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms Weakness in arms Rapid fatigue Unstable gait Feel better after rest

59 Peripheral Nervous System I. Somatic Nervous System Voluntary control of muscles II. Autonomic Nervous System Control of heart, stomach, etc.

60 II. ANS Autonomic Nervous System Visera (general term) Heart Stomach Intestines

61 II. ANS Sensation (afferent) neurons Mostly unconscious Visceral sensations

62 II. ANS Sensation (afferent) neurons Not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers Conducted by general visceral afferent fibers

63 II. ANS Automatic, reflexive Always working Notice it when Fight or flight Rest & digest

64 II. ANS Regulates: Smooth Muscles stomach, intestines & bladder around blood vessels skin iris

65 II. ANS Regulates: Cardiac muscle (heart) Glands

66 II. ANS Unique system Requires 2-neuron sequence preganglionic neuron fires first target organ neuron fires

67 II. ANS Reflex arcs Normally undetectable Sometimes send pain signals Referred pain non-localized Also called dermatomes

68 II. ANS Three divisions Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Enteric nervous system

69 1. SNS Sympathetic nervous system Speeds things up Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Decreases digestion

70 1. SNS Originates in spinal cord Thoracic and lumbar regions Thoracolumbar outflow

71 1. SNS Uses acetylcholine as NT Spinal cord to ganglion Uses norepinephrine Ganglion to organ Except sweat glands (ACh)

72 2. PNS Parasympathetic Nervous Sys. Slows things down Decreases blood pressure Decreases heart rate Increases digestion

73 2. PNS Doesn t require quick action Craniosacral outflow Increase body s supply of: salivation, gastric and intestinal motility, etc

74 2. PNS Axons of presynaptic neurons Quite long CNS to glanglion Axons of postsynaptic neurons Very short Close to target organ

75 2. PNS Originates in medulla Some from acral region Uses ACh for NT At both ganglion and organs

76 3. Enteric Nervous Sys Intrinsic Nervous System Meshwork of nerve fibers Directly controls gastrointestinal system pancreas, gall bladder, etc.

77 3. Enteric Nervous Sys 30 NT+ Includes ACh, dopamine, serotin 90% of serotonin in gut 50% of dopamine in gut

78 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain 12 pair 1 & 2 = cerebrum 3-12 = brainstem

79 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain On old Olympic towering tops, a Finn and German viewed some hops Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet...ah, heaven

80 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain Olfactory Optic Ocularmotor smell vision eye movement

81 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain Trochlear Trigeminal rotates eyeball face & mouth

82 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain Abducens Facial Acoustic eye movements face & tongue sound

83 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain Glossopharyngel taste Vagas voice & taste

84 Cranial Nerves Come directly from brain Accessory Hypoglossal trapezius, shoulder tongue & shallow

85 Between Brain & Cord Medulla

86 Medulla oblongata Medulla Pons Cerebellum Spinal Cord Lower half of the brainstem

87 Medulla oblongata Lower half of the brainstem Centers that control Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and vomiting

88 Medulla oblongata Helps transfer info between brain and spinal cord

89 Medulla oblongata Integrates inputs Last 7 cranial nerves exit here Sense of touch, position, tongue Opposite side of body

90 Medulla oblongata Aggression? Waterboy is wrong

91 Medulla oblongata Controls reflexes of: coughing, sneezing, sucking, vomiting and salivating

92 Medulla oblongata Both white & gray matter Reversed White on outside, gray on inside

93 Medulla oblongata Two parts: open and closed Open Top of stem Front of 4 th ventricle Open to the ventricle

94 Medulla oblongata Two parts: open and closed Closed Lower portion Closed = covered Nerve fibers Central canal in middle

95 PONS Pons Medulla Cerebellum Spinal Cord

96 PONS Looks like bulge on medulla 2.5 cm long Pons Medulla Cerebellum Spinal Cord

97 Pons Sensory signals to thalamus Motor signals from cerebrum to cerebellum & medulla

98 Pons Nuclei that deal with Hearing, taste & eye movements Facial expressions & sensations Sleep, respiration, swallowing Equilibrium, posture Bladder control

99 Pons Central Pontine Myelinosis Disease of demyelination difficulty with balance & walking difficulty swallowing & speaking

100 Biological Psych.com