TOPICS

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4 TOPC 1. Human body: Characteristics, Part of the Body. 2. Life processes: Nutrition, Reproduction, nteraction. 3. The five senses: ight, Hearing, Touch, Taste, mell Nervous and circulatory system 2. Musculoskeletal system: Muscles, Bones. 3. Reproductive system: Female reproductive system, Male reproductory system. 4. Respiratory system: Organs, Functioning. 5 Digestive system: Organs and functioning, Nutrients and healthy diet ntroduction: Characteristics, Classification. 2. Vertebrates: Mammals, Reptiles, Fish, Birds, Amphibians 3. nvertebrates: Annelids, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Arthropods. 4. Life processes: Reproduction, nteraction

5 1. ntroduction: Characteristics, Classification. 2. Parts of a plant: Roots, tem, Leaves Matter: Properties, tates of matter, Changes in matter. 2. ubstances: Pure substances, Homogeneous mixtures, Heterogeneous mixtures. 3. Materials: Definition, Natural materials, Artificial materials. 4. Energy: Definition, Types of energy, Transformations. 5 Energy production: ources of energy, Producing electricty, Pollution and climate change Machines: Definition, imple machines, Complex machines. 2. Ancient machines: Wheel, Blades, pears. 3. Modern machines: Automobiles, Television, Computers. 4. nventions: Printing press, Radio, Telephone, nternet WRTE COMMENT WTH FREND EXPERMENT LTENNG WATCH A VDEO PANT READ NAVGATE ON NTERNET

6 Write interesting facts that catch your attention in this unit!

7 To understand how human beings became what they are, we need to know first the tools nature gave us to learn about our surroundings, and to allow us to survive evolve. Oral questions (discussion) What natural tools do we have when we are born? Are human beings the only species that havethese tools?

8 The human body is divided into three parts: Head Limbs Torso The head is on top of our shoulders. t has three important parts: the face, the skull and the brain, which lets us think and speak. These two abilities make us different from other animals. They let us communicate through the use of language. par The torso is between the neck and the limbs. t is divided into two two parts: the the top top part part is the is thorax, the thorax, and the and lower the part lower is the part abdomen is the abdomen (chest and (chest belly). and belly). There are two types of limbs: The arms, formed by the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The legs, formed by the thigh, the lower leg and the foot. head skull neck face torso chest foot hand thigh abdomen lower leg

9 As you can tell from having two arms and two legs, our bodies are symmetrical. However, each body is different. These differences may be: exual: a woman s body is different from a man s body. Physical appearance: A person can be tall or short, fat or thin, etc. ndividual characteristics: People have different eye colour, skin colour, feet size, hair ammount, etc. 5 Look at the picture. 1 Are there any other animals that are able to speak? f so, how are we different from them? Can you tell which characteristics make the boy on the right different from the girl on the left? 2 Can we say anything without speaking? 3 Make funny faces in groups and write down in your notebook what we can express with our face. 4 Use a sheet of paper to visually split Each person is unique your partner s face in half. Do both and different from the parts look the same? others.

10 Human beings are animals, which means that we are living things. All living things are born, eat, grow, mate, reproduce and die. We call these actions life processes: Nutrition is the process of producing energy for our bodies. We do it by eating and digesting food. Reproduction is the life process in which a new individual is born. t consists of three phases: reproduction, pregnancy and birth. This life process produces progeny, and they usually inherit physical characteristics from their parents. nteraction is our competence to perceive and react to what happens around us. t also refers to our ability to communicate and synergise with other human beings, plants and animals, and the impact we have on them. All these three life processes exist in all living things. Non-living things, such as metals, rocks and plastic, don t have these life processes. Reading comprehension: My grandfather s eyes were green. My grandmother s eyes were blue. My mother s eyes are brown. My father s eyes are green, and so are mine. wonder, when grow up, what colour will my children s eyes be?

11 1 Which life process takes place when we have breakfast? nteraction Nutrition Reproduction 2 Complete the sentences. Then listen, and check your answers. The three are..., reproduction and don t have life processes. Human beings... with each other. This is what we call interaction. 3 Match the terms to the correct life process. Drinking Talking Having a baby Being scared Having lunch Nutrition Reproduction nteraction 4 Ask your relatives about your family background. Make a family tree in your notebook and see how many generations you can go back. Perhaps you look like one of your great-great-grandparents!

12 Human beings have five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Our senses are closely related to one of our life processes: interaction. They give us perception of our surroundings, so that we can interact with it. We can see an obstacle, smell gas, hear a familiar voice, feel heat or taste sugar. Each one of these senses is related to a specific organ. They are called sensory organs, and they send information to our brains to be processed. ight The eye Our eyes are the sensory organs for our sight. They are situated on our face and protected by the following elements: The eyebrows: they prevent our sweat from getting in the eye. The eyelids are like blinds our eyes have to isolate from the outside. Pupil Lacrimal gland Tear duct clera Lacrimal ris

13 clera Retina Cornea Pupil Optic nerve ris Lens The eyelashes protect our eyes from dust and particles in the air. The tear ducts produce teardrops to keep the eyes moist and clean. The eye itself has three visible parts: the sclera (the white of the eye), the iris (defines the colour of the eye) and the pupil. How it works Our eyes are similar to a camera. When light reaches our eyes, it enters through the cornea into the pupil. Then it reaches the lens, which projects an image onto the retina. Then, the image is transformed into nerve signals carried to the brain by the optic nerve. Once the signals reach the brain, they are processed and acknowledge. 1 What are the elements that protect our eyes? 2 Which element or elements protect our eyes if we are doing sports in the desert? 3 What parts of the eye intervene in our sight? 4 s everybody able to see? 5 How does sight affect our life processes?

14 Hearing The ear The ear is the sensory organ used for hearing. t lets us receive information through the sounds of objects. ounds are vibrations in the air produced by an object or a living being. They have a frequency (pitch) and an amplitude (loudness). How it works The sounds reach our ears, passing through the auditory canal and hitting the eardrum, the membrane which separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The vibrations produced by the sound in the eardrum are transmitted to the ossicles (malleus, incus and stape), which transmit them to the cochlea in the inner ear. The cochlea sends the information to the brain through the cochlear nerve. emicircular canals Pinna (auricle) Cochlea External ear (auditory) canal Eustachian tube Tympanic membrane (ear drum) Ossicles

15 Touch The skin The skin is the largest organ of our body. t covers us completely, top to bottom. Depending on the part of the body, we may have more or less sensitivity. ensitivity is determined by the amount of nerve endings we have in that part of the body. How it works Our skin is divided into two parts: dermis and epidermis. Underneath the skin there are follicles and nerve endings. Hair Epidermis Dermis Follicles grow terminal hair which keeps us warm and enhances the sense of touch. Nerve endings send the information from our skin to our brain. This information may concern temperature (cold or heat), textures (rough or soft) and Hair follicle Nerve 5 Which elements do we find in the inner ear? 1 f a sound is loud we are talking about its... 2 f we define a bass sound we refer to its... 3 What is sound? 4 s everybody able to hear? 6 How does hearing affect our life processes? 7 Which is the sensory organ for the sense of touch? 8 What information do we gather by touching? 9 Would any of these inputs make up for the lack of another sense? f so, which sense?

16 Taste The tongue The tongue, which is a muscle, is the sensory organ of taste. t lets us classify flavours in order to detect things we like and things we don t like. t was quite useful to avoid poisonous products! Our tongue has different parts. Taking a quick look at it, you will see the taste buds, which contain the taste receptors that detect the flavours of the things we eat. They are divided in regions to detect different flavours: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. How it works When we put something in our mouths to eat, we start secreting saliva, which starts dissolving the piece of food and leaks it into the taste receptors. These taste receptors react to the flavours and send the information to our brain through the gustatory nerve. taste receptor taste bud gustatory nerve bitter sour salty sweet

17 mell The nose The nose is the sensory organ we use to smell. You can find it on your face, between your eyes and mouth. nside of our nose there is a membrane called the olfactory epithelium, with a similar function to the taste buds. brain nose How it works Particles get into our nose, they come across the olfactory epithelium, which detects the smell and sends the information to the brain through the olfactory nerves. This way, our brain can tell pleasant from unpleasant smells in order to protect us. That s why we like the smell of a rose, and don t like the smell of rotten food. However, sometimes there are things we don t smell. This is due to one of two reasons: either we have been exposed for too long to a smell and our brain stops us from smelling it, or the substance is odourless. This is why you smell nothing at home, but you can smell other people s homes. olfactory ephitelium tooth lip 4 Which life process takes place when we smell something? 1 What is the sensory organ for the sense of taste? 2 What are the four basic flavours? 5 What s the name of the membrane inside our nose? 6 What do we call substances that do not smell? 3 Complete the sentences. Then listen and check the answers. We use... to dissolve the food. The... react to the flavours and send the information to the brain. 7 Complete the sentences. Then listen, and check your answers. omething that doesn t smell is... The... reacts to the smells and send the information to the brain.

18 The human body is divided in three parts: head (including skull and face), torso (chest and abdomen) and limbs (arms and legs). t is symmetrical and unique. BODY PART HEAD LMB KULL ARM LEG CHET LOWER LEG

19 All living things share three life processes: Nnutrition (acquisition of the nutrients we need to survive), reproduction (continuity of the species) and interaction (relation to our surroundings). LFE PROCEE There are five senses: sight (with eyes), hearing (with our ears), touch (through our skin), taste (with tongue) and smell (with our nose). FVE ENE HEARNG KN TONGUE

20 1 hort questions: 3 Fill the blanks with the correct word: 1. What senses are intimately related? 2. What are the three life processes? forearm symmetrical middle nutrition retina arms dermis epidermis lens energy reproduction sound saliva eardrum 3. Can you name the parts of the inner ear? 1. We use to dissolve the food. 2 True (T) or false (F)? 2. The separates the outer ear from the ear. The four basic flavours are sweet, salty, bitter and sour. 3. When light reaches the, it projects an image onto the. The cochlea and the cochlear nerve are in the inner ear. 4. are vibrations in the air. Reproduction is the life process that makes our species go on. Light needs to reach your eyes in order to see. The olfactory epithelium reacts to the sounds and sends the information to the brain. omething that smells a lot is odourless. The three life processes are nutrition, reproduction and information. The leg is formed by the tide, the lower leg and the foot. 5. kin is divided into two parts: and. 6. is the process of producing for our bodies. 7. Through the process of we produce progeny. 8. The arms are formed by the upper arm, the and the hand. 9. Our bodies are.

21 Label the picture in your notebook: Find words in the word puzzle and write them in your notebook: n your notebook, copy and complete the table with films you know in which you can find these life processes: Match the words: ense of hearing Head Arm Nutrition Leg Reproduction Ear Food Babies kull Forearm Thigh B D T E O C L E H N O T C A R E T N Z K N G L F L C W B L F F H G H T M R D O U E P Z U K N O T R T U N U M E W B R A N G E E B Q V Z K U L L R R G L A D O V E Q T N V R E P R O D U C T O N E L B D A M E O Z U M Nutrition Reproduction nteraction

22 Kyle, the blind child Kyle lived with his mum and dad, and his older sister Kate, in a house in the countryside. Kyle was born blind, so he couldn t see. He was nine years old, but he didn t know what flowers look like, or how the sun shines. One day, he was playing hide and seek with his sister Kate outside their house. He was very good at it, and it took very little time for him to find Kate, while it took a long time for Kate to find Kyle. Kate was getting upset because, she thought hers brother s blindness would be an advantage for her, but she couldn t win. he stopped the game and asked Kyle: Hey, how can you find me so fast? You cannot see! Her brother answered: You see, Kate, not seing has enhanced the rest of my senses. can hear you hiding behind the bales of hay!. he was not very convinced of the answer, so she said, OK, then, how can you find a place to hide if you cannot see? Her brother answered: That s easy! simply know every inch of the place! have to if don t want to hit something or fall to the ground! He also explained that he cannot see, but he can recognise a face or read a book using his sense of touch. Kate looked at Kyle with her eyebrows furrowed and said, You cheater! he started tickling him and kept on playing. Reading comprehension: 1. What sense did Kyle not have? 2. What was the name of his sister? 3. Where did Kate hide? 4. How did Kyle find her? 5. How does Kyle move around without seeing? 6. What can Kyle do with his sense of touch?

23 The taste challenge Taste is closely related to another sense. Can you wess wich one? Exactly! mell! The nose and tongue are very close to each other, and therefore, when we eat something we do not just taste it, but we smell it too. That way, our brain relates certain flavours to certain smells. Furthermore, we also see what we eat, so there is a three way connection there! f we see a steak we expect it to smell and taste like a steak, not like an orange, right? But what would happen if we tricked any of those three senses? Would we be able to guess what we are really eating? For this experiment we need: An apple A handkerchief Vanilla extract Cotton balls n pairs, one child blindfolds the other with the handkerchief. Then, the blindfolded child receives a piece of apple. He guess what it is? After guessing what it is, put a few drops of vanilla extract into the cotton ball. Put the cotton under of the blindfolded child s nose and instruct him to have another piece of apple while smelling the vanilla. Answer the questions and share them with your classmates: 1. Did the child guess the first piece of fruit? 2. Did the second piece of fruit taste the same? 3. Why? 4. What happened? 5. Would it have been different if the child saw the piece of fruit and the cotton ball? Try it!