Medical Terminology, Chapter 8 Terms, The Digestive System

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1 Medical Terminology, Chapter 8 Terms, The Digestive System Study online at quizlet.com/_jgbh 1. abdominal computed tomography (CT) a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen 20. bariatric surgery performed to treat morbid obesity to restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested 2. abdominal ultrasound a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves 21. bariatrics the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases 3. absorption the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body 4. acid reducers decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach 5. acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth 6. aerophagia the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach 7. amebic dysentery an intestinal disorder caused by a parasite 8. anabolism the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients 9. anal fissure a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that cau cause severe pain during a bowel movement 10. anastomosis a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures 11. anorexia the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease 12. anorexia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance 13. anoscoopy the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum 14. antacids neutralize the acids in the stomach 15. antiemetic a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting 16. anus the lower opening of the digestive tract 17. aphthous ulcers grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers 18. ascending colon travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver 19. ascites an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity 22. bile a digestive juice secreted by the liver 23. biliary tree provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small 24. bilirubin the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin 25. body mass index (BMI) a number that shows body weight adjusted for height 26. bolus a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed 27. borborygmus the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the 28. botulism food poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum 29. bowel incontinence the inability to control the excretion of feces 30. bruxism the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress 31. bulimia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting 32. cachexia a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS 33. capsule endoscopy a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows 34. catabolism the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide 35. cecum a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen 36. cheilosis a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth 37. cholangiography a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium 38. cholangitis an acute infection of the bile duct

2 39. cholecystalgia pain in the gallbladder 40. cholecystectomy the surgical removal of the gallbladder 41. cholecystic pertaining to the gallbladder 42. cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones 43. choledocholithotomy an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones 44. cholelithiasis the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts 45. cholera severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera 46. chyme the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small 47. cirrhosis a progressive degenerative disease of the liver 48. cleft lip a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development 49. cleft palate the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus 50. colectomy the surgical removal of all, or part of, the colon 51. colon the longest portion of the large 52. colonoscopy the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum 53. colorectal carcinoma colon cancer 54. colostomy the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface 55. constipation having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week 56. Crohn's disease a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon 57. defecation the evacuation or emptying of the large 58. dehydration a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance 59. dental calculus dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth 60. dental caries an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth; also known as tooth decay or a cavity 61. dental plaque forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth 62. dental prophylaxis the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus 63. dentist specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity 64. dentition refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws 65. descending colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon 66. diarrhea an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration 67. digestion the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use 68. diverticulectomy the surgical removal of a diverticulum 69. diverticulitis the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon 70. diverticulosis the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon 71. duodenum the first portion of the small ; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum 72. dyspepsia pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion 73. dysphagia difficulty in swallowing 74. edentulous without teeth 75. emesis the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth; also known as vomiting 76. endoscope an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures 77. enema the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower through bowel activity 78. enteritis an inflammation of the small caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens 79. epiglottis a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

3 80. eructation the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach 81. esophageal varices enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus 82. esophagogastroduodenoscopy an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum 83. esophagus the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach 84. feces solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus 85. flatulence the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum 86. gallbladder a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver 87. gallstone a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components 88. gastrectomy the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach 89. gastritis a common inflammation of the stomach lining 90. gastroduodenostomy the removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum 91. gastroenteritis an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and s 92. gastroenterologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and s 93. gastroesophageal reflux disease the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus 94. gastrointestinal tract the structures of the digestive system 95. gastrorrhea the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucous in the stomach 96. gastrostomy tube a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach 97. gingiva the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks; also known as the gums 98. gingivectomy the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissue 99. gingivitis the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums 100. halitosis an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders; also known as bad breath 101. hard palate the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane 102. hematemesis vomiting blood 103. hemoccult test a lab test for hidden blood in the stools 104. hemorrhoidectomy the surgical removal of hemorrhoids 105. hemorrhoids occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening 106. hepatectomy the surgical removal of all or part of the liver 107. hepatitis an inflammation of the liver 108. hepatomegaly the abnormal enlargement of the liver 109. hepatorrhaphy surgical suturing of the liver 110. herpes labialis blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); also known as cold sores or fever blisters 111. hiatal hernia a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm 112. hyperemesis extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration 113. ileectomy the surgical removal of the ileum

4 114. ileocecal sphincter the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small into the cecum of the large 115. ileostomy the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small, and the outside of the abdominal wall 116. ileum the last and longest portion of the small ; extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large 117. ileus the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large 118. inflammatory bowel disease the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the s 119. inguinal hernia the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin 120. internist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems 121. intestinal obstruction the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intesting caused by a physical obstruction 122. intussusceptions the telescoping of one part of the small into the opening of an immediately adjacent part 123. irritable bowel syndrome a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea 124. jaundice a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes 125. jejunum the middle portion of the small ; extends from the duodenum to the ileum 126. large extends from the small end of the small to the anus 127. laxatives medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements 128. lips form the opening to the oral cavity 129. liver a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen 130. liver transplant an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer 131. lower esophageal sphincter a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach 132. malabsorption a condition in which the small cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it 133. malnutrition a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients 134. malocclusion any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth 135. mastication chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed 136. maxillofacial surgery specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries 137. melena the passage of black, tarry, and foulsmelling stools 138. metabolism includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients 139. morbid obesity the condition of weighing two to three times, or more, than the ideal weight; also known as clinically severe obesity 140. nasogastric intubation 141. nausea the urge to vomit 142. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 143. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) the placementof a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach describes a range of conditions characterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affect people who drink little or no alcohol consists of fatty accumulations plus liverdamaging inflammation 144. obesity an excessive accumulation of fat in the body 145. occlusion describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth 146. oral cavity contains the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium 147. oral rehydration therapy (ORT) a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea 148. oral thrush develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control 149. orthodontist a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

5 150. ostomy a surgical procedure to create an articial opening between an organ and the body surface 151. palate forms the roof of the mouth 152. palatoplasty surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate 153. pancreas a soft, 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach 154. papillae small bumps found on the upper surface of the tongue 155. peptic ulcers sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system 156. periodontal disease an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth 157. periodontist a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth 158. periodontium consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth 159. peristalsis a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction 160. permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime 161. pharynx the common passageway for both respiration and digestion 162. pica an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month 163. primary dentition consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood and are replaced by the permanent teeth 164. proctectomy the surgical removal of the rectum 165. proctologist a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus 166. proctopexy the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ 167. proctoplasty the surgical repair of the rectum 168. pyloric sphincter the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small 169. pylorus the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small 170. pyrosis the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus; also known as heartburn 171. rectum the widest division of the large 172. regurgitation the return of swallowed food into the mouth 173. rugae the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach 174. saliva a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, begins the digestive process, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing 175. salivary glands secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth 176. salmonellosis an infectious disease of the s that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces 177. sigmoid colon an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below 178. sigmoidoscopy the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon 179. small a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large 180. soft palate the flexible posterior portion of the palate 181. steatosis characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage 182. stomach a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum 183. stomatomycosis any disease of the mouth due to a fungus 184. stomatoplasty the surgical repair of the mouth 185. stomatorrhagia bleeding from any part of the mouth 186. stool samples specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics 187. strangulated hernia occurs when a portion of the is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off 188. temporomandibular disorder 189. temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 190. total parenteral nutrition part of the group of complex symptoms that include pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing athat are related to the functioning of the temporomandibular joint formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating 191. transverse colon passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

6 192. trismus any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer 193. ulcerative colitis a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large cause ulcers and irritation 194. upper and lower GI series radiographic studies to examine the digestive system 195. uvula hangs from the free edge of the soft palate 196. vermiform appendix hangs from the lower portion of the cecum 197. villi finger-like projections that cover the mucosa that lines the small 198. volvulus the twisting of the on itself that causes an obstruction 199. xerostomia the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; also known as dry mouth

Digestive System. Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition)

Digestive System. Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition) Digestive System Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition) 1 Learning Objectives Identify the major organs of the digestive system. Explain the locations and functions of three organs in the