Index. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Transcription

1 A AAD. See American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Ablative lasers, 15 Acne vulgaris treatment IR effects, 13 visible light effects, 10 Actinic keratoses (AKs) prevention, Actinic prurigo, 45 Active outdoor lifestyles, 126 Acute cutaneous affects, 430 Aesthetic properties in after-feel, 291 area of application, 290 combine filters, 299 combine organic filters, 299 combine water-based filters, 299 consumer personal preferences, 290 emulsifiers, film-formers, 300 inorganic UV filters skin feel, TiO2, 295 transparency, ZnO, 295 insoluble particulate organic filters, 294 level of activity, 290 liquid UV filters, oil-soluble solid UV filters, 293 O/W emulsions, 292 during rub-out, thickeners, 300 water-soluble solid UV filters, 294 W/O emulsions, 292 α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 364, 371, 453, 454 Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh), 396 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), 115, 116, 464 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 424 American Medical Association, 106 American Society for Testing and Materials, 424 American standard ANSI Z80.3:2010, 434, 435 Annealed glass, 430, 431 Antioxidants (AOX) enzymatic and nonenzymatic, 446 fl uorescence probe, 448 LOOH, oxidize biomolecules/signal transduction pathways, 446 polyphenols, 452 spectroscopic and biological assays, 447, 448 SPF, sun-induced ROS formation, 445, 446 sunscreen formulations, 453, 454 TPM, Apigenin, 349, 393 Apple peel ethanolic extracts (APETE), 342 Atopic eczema, Australian/New Zealand standards (AS/NZS 1067:2003), 434, 435 Avobenzone (AVO), 352 BEMT, 257, 259, 261, 264 benzoyl radical, 253 bimolecular quenching rate constant, 267 butyloctyl salicylate, 266 in commercially available sunscreen products, 254 in concentrated solutions, 254 DEHN, 265 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S.Q. Wang, H.W. Lim (eds.), Principles and Practice of Photoprotection, DOI /

2 478 Index Avobenzone (AVO) (cont.) DHHB, 259 in diluted solutions, 254 EHMC, enol-keto and keto-enol tautomerization processes, 255 excited states of, 255 HDBM, H NMR measurements, 253 MBBT, methylbenzylidene camphor, 265 nanosecond laser flash photolysis, 254 NCE rotamer, 254 OC, 258, 264 OMC, 258, 259, phenacyl radical, 253 photocompatibility, photostability, polyester-8, 264 polyester-25, 265 SPF and UVA-PF, 258 SPF 50 sunscreen product, 258 state energy diagram, 254, 256 steady-state irradiation, 253 with TiO2, TMBP, UV filters, 155 with ZnO, B BAD. See British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 27 31, 108, 109 Bemotrizinol, 231, 237 BEMT. See Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT) Berger solar simulator, Bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy malonate (HDBM), 266 Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), 257, 259, 261, 264 British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), 117 C CE. See Cosmetic Europe (CE) Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), 9, 44 45, 87 Chronic effects, 430 Clear lipo-alcoholic spray (CAS), Clothing broad-spectrum protection, 418 UPF (see Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) ) Coated glass, 430 Colored cosmetics facial foundations liquid formulations containing water, oil-based foundations, 412 oil-free, 412 Sheer coverage foundations, 413 facial powders, lipsticks, Confocal scanning laser microscopy, 18 Cosmetic Europe (CE), 127 Coulombic/Förster energy transfer, CPDs. See Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) Critical wavelength (CW) test irradiation, 327 Labsphere 2000, measurements, 328, 329 PMMA Plates, 327, 331 spectroradiometer, 330 spectroscopic method, 327 Crystalline cetylpalmitate nanoparticles (CCP-NP), 350 Cucurma longa, 349 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), 24 26, 110, 364, 378, 382 Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) Inhibitors, 396 D Daily facial moisturizer, 128 Daily UV radiation (DUVR), , 216, 218 DEHN. See Diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate (DEHN) Delayed tanning (DT), 6 8 Dermatoheliosis. See Photoaging Dermatology, 336 Dermatomyositis, 52 Dexter exchange mechanism, 264 Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), 259, 352 Diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate (DEHN), 265 Dihydrorhodamine (DHR), Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) chemical structure of, 405, 406 chemistry of, 406 formulations, 408 Maillard reaction, 407 photoprotection, 409 safety record, 408 Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 79

3 479 DNA damage BRAF mutations, 27 cell cycle arrest, 26 clinical consequences, 383 direct, 378 DNA repair base excision, 380 botanical induction, cellular regulation, 381 mechanisms, 26 nucleotide excision, photodamage, 379 photoreactivation, 380 polymerase, therapeutic intervention, 382 indirect, light sources, 377 PTCH tumor suppressor genes, 27 p53 tumor suppressor gene, ras oncogene, 27 SMO tumor suppressor genes, 27 SPF 50 sunscreen, 27 UVA effects, 25 UVB effects, DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins, 381 DNA protection factor (DNA-PF), 214 DNA repair base excision, 380 botanical induction, cellular regulation, 381 nucleotide excision, photodamage, 379 photoreactivation, 380 polymerase, therapeutic intervention, 382 DT. See Delayed tanning (DT) DUVR. See Daily UV radiation (DUVR) E EBV infection. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection Ecamsule, 283 EHMC. See Ethylhexyl methoxycrylene (EHMC) EHT. See Ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) Elastic liposome, 347 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 88 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, Equol, 392 Erythema ab igne, Erythemal dose contributions, 322 ESQ. See Excited-state quenchers (ESQ) Ethosome, Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EMC), 258, 259, , 353 Ethylhexyl methoxycrylene (EHMC), Ethylhexyl triazone (EHT), 257, 352 Eumelanin, 76 European Commission Recommendation, 290 European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 424 Excited-state quenchers (ESQ), 155 Eye-sun protection factor (E-SPF), 434, 436 F Fabrics electrospun fibers, 344 optical, 344 radioprotective, traditional cotton, 344 umbrella, 343 Facial foundations liquid formulations containing water, oil-based foundations, 412 oil-free, 412 Sheer coverage foundations, 413 Facial hair, 337 Facial powders, FDA Final Rule broad-spectrum protection test irradiation, 327 Labsphere 2000, measurements, 328, 329 PMMA Plates, 327, 331 spectroradiometer, 330 spectroscopic method, 327 Fitzpatrick skin types, 323 padimate O/oxybenzone standard sunscreen, 324 photosensitizing drugs, 330 procedures, 323, 324 radiometry, solar simulators, standard sunscreen, 322 subject compliance, 330 sunscreen application, 330 unprotected MED doses, visual grading of responses, 330 water resistance testing, FDA s Final Rule on Labeling and Effectiveness Testing of Sunscreen, 320, 322 Fernblock, Ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), 364

4 480 Index Fiber-fabric construction processing, 421 Film formers, Fitzpatrick skin types, 323, 324, 338 Fitzpatrick skin-type scale, 106 Fontana Masson staining of melanin granules, 107 G General morphological analysis (GMA), Genistein, 392 Glass annealed, 430, 431 automobiles in UV exposure, 432 in UV transmission, coated, 430 laminated, 430, 431 patterned, 430 sunglasses see (Sunglasses ) tempered/toughened, 430, 431 UV transmission, residential glass, 432 window films, 433 Global Sunscreen Regulation, Glogau classification, 63 Gluconobacter oxydans, 406 GMA. See General morphological analysis (GMA) Green Tea Polyphenols (GTPPs), 391 H HDBM. See Bis-ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy malonate (HDBM) Hund s rule, 441 Hydroa vacciniforme, Hyperbilirubinemia, 10 Hypermelanosis, 65 Hyperparathyroidism, 101 Hyperpigmentation, 200 I Immediate pigment darkening (IPD), 6 8 Immunologically mediated photodermatoses (IMPs) actinic prurigo, 45 CAD, hydroa vacciniforme, PMLE, solar urticaria, Individual typology angle (ITA), 107 Infrared radiation (IR) clinical effects acne vulgaris, 13 erythema ab igne, depth of penetration, 5 diagnostic imaging, 18 molecular effects cytotoxicity, 12 DNA damage, 12 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression, 12 oxidative stress, 12 nonthermal treatment modalities, physical effects erythema, 11 photoaging, 11 thermal pain, 11 thermal treatment modalities, wavelength, 5, Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, IPD. See Immediate pigment darkening (IPD) IPL therapy. See Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy IR. See Infrared radiation (IR) ITA. See Individual typology angle (ITA) K Keratin, 76 Krebs cycle, 408 L Laminated glass, 430, 431 Lasers ablative, 15 hair removal, 15 keloids and hypertrophic scars, 15 pigmented lesion removal, 14 types, 14 uses, 14 for vascular lesions, wavelength peaks, 14 Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), Liposome daylong actinica, 345 definition, 345 disaccharides, 346 DNA repair enzymes, elastic, 347 octyl methoxycinnamate, 347

5 481 plain water, salt water and profuse perspiration, 345 resveratrol, 347 Lipsticks, Living Skin Equivalent (LSE ), 214 Low-level light therapy (LLLT), 16 Lupus erythematosus, 51 Lycopene, 388, 389 M Maillard reaction, 407 Man-Tan tanning product, 406 MatTek EpiDerm, 449 MBBT. See Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) MCTD. See Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) Melanin, 76 Melanoidins, 407 Melanoma/Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention Month, 466 Melasma, methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) drug, methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), 354 Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT), 259 Mexoryl SX, 283 Mexoryl XL, 283 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 85 Monograph regulatory system, 276 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 99 N Nanomaterials benefits of nanoformulations detoxification, 356 less ingredient required, vehicle flexibility, 356 cosmetic elegance, hazards of traditional sunscreens absorption, 354 dermatitis, 354 endocrine disruption, 355 instability, 355 lack of compliance, 355 narrow spectrum of activity, 355 skin equivalents, 344 solar radiation, sunscreens cell dosimeter, 343 folic acid, 338 inorganic, 341 nanoformulation, natural hominid photoprotection, organic sunscreens, 341 photoprotection history, vitamin D, topical sun protective agents (see Topical sun protective agents ) viscous fingering, 357 National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST)-traceable instruments, 328 Natural skin protection, 70 NCE rotamer. See Non-chelated enol (NCE) rotamer NDA process. See New drug application (NDA) process Near-infrared fluorescence, 18 Nevi prevention, 32 New drug application (NDA) process, 305 Niosome, 348 Non-chelated enol (NCE) rotamer, 254 Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), 31 32, , 463 O Octinoxate, 230 Octocrylene (OC), 231, 232, 258, 264 Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC). See Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EMC) Oil-in-water cream (OW-C), 240 Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, 292 Oil-in-water spray (OW-S), Oil-soluble filters, 167 Optical coherence tomography, 18 Optimal UV protection broad-spectrum classification, 280 critical wavelength, 279 flat spectral absorbance profile, 281 immediate pigment darkening response, 280 insoluble filters, MOP drug, 279 photobiology fundamentals, PMLE, 281 soluble UV filters, UVA-PF test method, 279, 280 in vitro spectrophotometric measurement, 279

6 482 Index Oral photoprotective agents, 389 antimutagenic activity, 397 antioxidant activity, 397 antioxidant combinations ascorbate + tocopherol, 390 Seresis, 390 tablets, 390 carotenoids, 388 dietary botanicals Cat s Claw, 395 citrus + rosemary extract, 393 cocoa extract, 393 ferulic and caffeic acids, 394 flavonoids, forskolin, 395 GTPPs, 391 isoflavones, Polygonum multifl orum, 395 polypodium leucotomos extract, pomegranate, 393 Pycnogenol, 394 resveratrol, 394 sulforaphane, 394 dietary non-botanicals afamelanotide (melanotan I) and melanotan II, COX-2 inhibitors, 396 idebenone, 396 N-(4-pyridoxylmethylene)-l-Serine (PYSer), 396 ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, 395 probiotics, 396 nicotinamide, photoimmunoprotection, 397 Organotypic skin models epidermal structure, 201, 202 reconstructed skin SSR (see Solar-simulated radiation (SSR) ) UVA exposure, 203, UVB exposure, sunscreens evaluation advantage of, 209 complex formulations, 209, cytotoxicity measurements, D skin models, 209 epidermal and dermal compartments, 203, 209 gene and protein expression, 218, 219 gene expression analysis, 218 single absorbers, 209, 210 thymine dimers DNA lesions, 214, 215 transcriptomic and proteomic, 217 UVA-PF, 216, 217 UVA-UVB absorption, 215, 216 UV-induced pigmentation, 216, 218 UV exposure and clinical consequences, in vitro skin models, Over-the-counter (OTC) drug product regulations monograph, NDA process, 305 Rx-to-OTC switch, 305 sunscreen regulations broad-spectrum testing, CFR 201, CFR 352, 306 dosage forms, Drug Facts rule, 306 effective date, 307 The New Label, no ingredient issues, 307 SPFs Above 50, 310 SPF test method, 307 OW-C. See Oil-in-water cream (OW-C) O/W emulsions. See Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions OW-S. See Oil-in-water spray (OW-S) Oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) assay, 364 P Patched homologue (PTCH) tumor suppressor genes, 27 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 471 Patterned glass, 430 PDT. See Photodynamic therapy (PDT) PE. See Pemphigus erythematosus (PE) Pellagra, 50 Pemphigus erythematosus (PE), People of color (POC) AAD recommendations, skin cancer, biological effects of UVR photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, pigmentary disorders, hydroxyvitamin D bioavailability, 115 risks and benefits of sun exposure, 116 skin color classification, vitamin D deficiency, 115 oral supplementation, Persistent pigment darkening (PPD), 6 8 Phaeomelanin, 76 Photoaggravated dermatoses atopic eczema, 86 87

7 483 CAD, 87 CTCL, dermatomyositis, 52, 82 epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 88 lupus erythematosus acute lupus erythematosus, 51 chronic lupus erythematosus, 51 clinical investigations, 81 clinical presentation, epidemiology, 79 history, 79 pathogenesis, serology, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 51 systemic lupus erythematosus, 51 treatment, 82 MCTD, 85 pathogenesis, PE, psoriasis, 86 rosacea, Sjogren s syndrome, Photoaging cigarette smoking, 62 definition, 62 Glogau classification, 63 histopathology of, IR, 11 molecular mechanisms, natural skin protection, 70 SH, SLs, sunscreen, UVR biological effects, wrinkling, 64, 65 Photocarcinogenesis, 62, Photodermatoses chemical-and drug-induced photosensitivity endogenous agents, 47 exogenous agents, hereditary photodermatoses, IMPs, photoaggravated disorders, Photodermatosis, 346 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Photokeratitis, 434 Photosensitivity endogenous agents cutaneous porphyrias, pellagra, 50 SLOS, 50 exogenous agents photoallergic reactions, 46 phototoxic reactions, prevention, 47 Photostability avobenzone BEMT, 257, 259, 261, 264 benzoyl radical, 253 bimolecular quenching rate constant, 267 butyloctyl salicylate, 266 in commercially available sunscreen products, 254 in concentrated solutions, 254 DEHN, 265 DHHB, 259 in diluted solutions, 254 EHMC, enol-keto and keto-enol tautomerization processes, 255 excited states of, 255 HDBM, H NMR measurements, 253 MBBT, methylbenzylidene camphor, 265 nanosecond laser flash photolysis, 254 NCE rotamer, 254 OC, 258, 264 OMC, 258, 259, phenacyl radical, 253 polyester-8, 264 polyester-25, 265 SPF and UVA-PF, 258 SPF 50 sunscreen product, 258 state energy diagram, 254, 256 steady-state irradiation, 253 with TiO2, TMBP, with ZnO, chromophores intersystem crossing, 250, 251 Jablonski diagrams, 251, 252 non-radiative pathway, 248 photolabile situation, 249 photostable situation, quencher, 251 radiative pathway, 248 resonance condition, 249 spin-paired configuration, 249, 250 Coulombic/Förster energy transfer, Dexter exchange, 264 of EHT, 257 molecular structures, photostabilizers, sunscreen photostability testing methods, of UVB filters,

8 484 Index Phototherapy, 10 Pigmentary disorders melasma, photoprotection, 114 PIH, 113 PIH. See Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) Pinus pinaster Ait, 394 PMLE. See Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) POC. See People of color (POC) Polygonum multifl orum, 395 Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), 41 42, 281 Porphyrias, 10, Porphyrins, 446 Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), 113 PPD. See Persistent pigment darkening (PPD) Protection index, 228 Psoriasis, 86 Punica granatum, fam. Punicaceae, 393 Q Quantitative risk assessment (QRA), Quenchers of photoexcited states (QPES), 446 Quercetin, 393 R Radical skin/sun protection factor (RSF), 445 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), skin chemistry and formation chromophores, free radical and non-radical species, 441 Jablonski diagram, 442, 443 matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) enzyme, 444 triplet-state reactions, 441, 442 solar radiation AOX (see Antioxidants (AOX) ) QPES, 446, 447 sunscreens, Rosacea, Rosa G extract, 452 Rowell syndrome, 81 S SCC. See Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) SCLE. See Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) Sebaceous hyperplasia (SH), Senear-Usher Syndrome, Seven-point Likert scale, 106 SH. See Sebaceous hyperplasia (SH) Sheer coverage foundations, 413 Silicone-15, 283 Silymarin, 392 Sjogren s syndrome, Skin cancer, 126, BCC, educational programs, 465 incidence of, 336 media and social marketing, 466 medical community, motivation and compliance, NMSC, 463 photoprotective strategies, prevention AKs, melanoma, nevi, 32 NMSC, public health campaign, SCC, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 464 US government, UV radiation DNA damage, intensity of, 24 subdivision of, 24 Skin Color Chart, 106 Skin pigmentation, 6 8 SLOS. See Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) SLs. See Solar lentigines (SLs) Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), 50 Smoothened (SMO) tumor suppressor genes, 27 Solar lentigines (SLs), Solar-simulated radiation (SSR) DUVR, UV-SSR, Solar urticaria IMPs, visible light effects, 9 Solid lipid nanoparticle benzophenone-3, 350 CCP-NP, 350 chitin, 350 definition, 350 lutein, titanium, 351 tocopherol, 351 zinc oxide and octocrylene, 350 SPF. See Sun protection factor (SPF) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 27 31, 108 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), 79

9 485 Sun filters, 275 absorbance spectra, 170 alternate names, approved usage levels, chemical structures, efficacy, 169 extinction coefficients, 174 Ex-US filter combinations, 175 lambda max values, mechanism of action, 160 molecular weight, organic filters lipophilicity, 167 Parsol SLX/polysilicone-15, traditional molecules, 161, 166 particulate filters, specific extinction values, SPF boosting, 175, 176 in USA, Canada, European Union, ASEAN, and MERCOSUR, US-approved filter combinations, Uvinul HEB, 170 Uvinul T150, 170 Sunglasses ANSI Z80.3:2010 standard, 434, 435 AS/NZS 1067:2003 standard, 434, 435 E-SPF, 434, 436 UV exposure, 434 Sunless tanning products. See Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) Sun protection factor (SPF) compact xenon arc lamp, 320, 321 FDA Final Rule (see (FDA Final Rule) ) natural solar light source, 320 SunSafe programs, 465 Sunscreen Innovation Act, Sunscreen products ad-lib product dosage, 128 application, efficacy and safety, 127 glass plate, 130, 131 human safety assessment, ISO 24444, 127 non-uniform film, 130, 131 product failure, 131 SPF test, 127 thickness, 130 uniform film formation, usage frequency and duration, 132 Sunscreen vehicles, 240, 241 anhydrous systems, 291 emulsions, 291, 292 gels, SunWise School Program, 465 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 79 T TEA process. See Time and extent application (TEA) process Tempered or toughened glass, 430, 431 T4 endonuclease, 346 Thermal pain, 11 Time and extent application (TEA) process, 192 Tinosorb M, 283 Tinosorb S, 283 TMBP. See Trimethoxybenzylidene pentanedione (TMBP) Topical antioxidants/botanical extracts Camellia sinensis, 364 chemical analytical methods, 364 clinical appearance of skin, 365, 366 CPDs, 364 dietary or systemic levels, 362 endogenous antioxidants, 362 flavonoids, , 367 grape seed proanthocyanidins, 368 inactive ingredients., 372 MMP1, 370 oxidative damage, 366, 367 ROS, 362, 363 sunscreen/sunblock ingredients protect skin, 362 tea polyphenols (TP), 365 UV-induced hyperproliferation, 371 UV-induced Langerhans cell depletion, 368, 369 white tea or green tea, 366 Topical sun protective agents ethosome, fabrics electrospun fibers, 344 optical fabrics, 344 radioprotective fabrics, traditional cotton, 344 umbrella, 343 gold metal particles, 354 liposome daylong actinica, 345 definition, 345 disaccharides, 346 DNA repair enzymes, elastic, 347

10 486 Index Topical sun protective agents ( cont.) octyl methoxycinnamate, 347 plain water, salt water and profuse perspiration, 345 resveratrol, 347 microsphere, nanostructured lipid carrier chemical sunscreens, 352 definition, 352 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 353 lycopene, 353 solid lipid nanoparticles, tocopherol, 352 wax carriers, 353 niosome, 348 solid lipid nanoparticle benzophenone-3, 350 CCP-NP, 350 chitin, 350 definition, 350 lutein, titanium, 351 tocopherol, 351 zinc oxide and octocrylene, 350 Trimethoxybenzylidene pentanedione (TMBP), Two-photon fluorescence imaging microscopy (TPM), , 452 U Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) AS/NZS 4399 standard, 423, 424 definition, 419 DRL biofilm, 419 elastane-based textiles, EN and EN standard, 424 environmental effects, 423 fabric parameters, labeled sun protective clothing, 424, 425 minimal erythema doses (MEDs), 419 spectral irradiance, 418 sun protective garments, UPF of 40+, 424 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation autoimmune diseases genodermatoses, 78 idiopathic photodermatoses, 78 photoaggravated dermatoses (see Photoaggravated dermatoses ) photoimmunology, protective clothing/hats, shade, 76 skin cancer DNA damage, intensity of, 24 subdivision of, 24 sun avoidance, 76 sunscreens, 77 Uncaria tomentosa, 395 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 465 Uvasorb HEB, 283 UV booster bemotrizinol filter, 237 definition, 228 fi lm former compounds, intrinsic absorbing properties, 236 key parameters, 241, 242 sunscreen vehicle, 240, 241 UV-absorbing system erythema effectiveness spectrum, 228, 229 erythemal action spectrum, 228, 229 oil-and water-dispersed UV filters, oil-in-water (O/W) sunscreen, 229 optical path length, photocompatibility, solar spectral irradiance, 228, 229 UVB sunscreen, 229 UV filters in 1925, 183 in 1950, 183 in 1975, 183 in 2000, 183 in 2025, 183 avobenzone, 155 band gap energy, inorganic particulates, 146 bemotrizinol and bisoctrizole, 151, 153 Category I Ingredients, 143, 144 chemistry of, 146, classification of, Delphi method, endocrine disruption, energy absorption, 145 energy release pathways, 145 EU-approved UV filters, 151, 152 GMA, inorganic particulates, inorganic UV filters, lifetime exposure, 134 organic UV filters, particulate UV filters, 181, 182 photostability of, 155 regulatory approval processes, safety, 191 spray products, 133

11 487 systemic absorption, 134 in USA, Uvinul T-150, 283 UV solar-simulated radiation (UV-SSR), V Visible light biological effects DNA damage, 8 9 erythema, 6 free radical production, 8 pigmentation, 6 8 clinical effects acne lesions, 10 CAD, 9 hyperbilirubinemia, 10 porphyrias, 10 solar urticaria, 9 definition, 5 depth of penetration, 5 diagnostic imaging, 18 nonthermal treatment modalities, optically opaque filters, 17 thermal treatment modalities, wavelengths, 4, 5 ZnO and TiO 2 sunscreen agents, Vitamin D allowable intake, 101, 102 deficiency, 115 diet and supplementation, 98 levels and daily requirements, 101, 102 pathophysiologic effects, photoprotection, recommended dietary allowances, 101, 102 for sarcoidosis, 101 screening, serum levels, 101 sunlight and artificial radiation, terms and conversions, 96 W Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, 240, 241, 292 Water resistance, Water-soluble sun filters, 167 Waxes, 237 Window films, 433 Wrinkling, 64, 65 X Xanthophylls, 388, 389 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 52 54