BI231: Anatomy & Physiology I. Sherry Farley PhD, RD

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1 BI231: Anatomy & Physiology I Sherry Farley PhD, RD

3 A&P Introductions Syllabus Instructor website Homework Lecture exams and quizzes Lab and lab quizzes Homework due wks 1-2

4 Homework Wks 1-2 Always due beginning of class Due Wednesday 1/9 Signed student safety instructions, p. 3 (in study guide packet- Introduction section) Due Friday 1/11 Lab Manual Body Organization and Terminology, pgs (if not completed before or during Wednesday Lab) Homework#1 What does the syllabus say? (in study guide packet- Homework section) Due Monday 1/14 Homework #4 Biomolecules only p. 9 (in study guide packet- Homework section) Due Wednesday 1/16 Prelab #3 Enzymes and Proteins (in study guide packet- PreLab section) First lecture quiz is next Friday 1/18 (see syllabus)

5 Science Science: Systematic process of data collection based on observation and experimentation Uses the scientific method to answer a question Pseudoscience: Information that sounds scienc-y but has no rigorous testing or data to back it up

6 Which is longer?

7 Science Science: Uses the scientific method to answer a question Systematic process of data collection based on observation and experimentation

8 Not Science/Bad Science Examples?

9 1) Observation 2) Hypothesis Scientific Method 3) Experiment 4) Analyze results statistically 5) Subject experiment to peer review (publish) for repeatability

10 BI 231-3: Human Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy: the study of form Naming structures

11 BI 231-3: Human Anatomy & Physiology Physiology: the study of function How structures work

12 Organization: from atoms to the organism

13 Organ Systems List them What is the function of each?

14 p. 7 Lab Manual What is the major function of each organ system?

15 Organ systems covered in BI 231 Integumentary system- skin Skeletal system (physiology of bone remodeling) Skeletal muscle system (muscle cell physiology) nervous system (physiology of neuronal communication)

16 BI 231-3: Human Anatomy & Physiology Homeostasis Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment A&P is the study of how we achieve homeostasis! What do we work to keep in homeostasis?

17 Homeostasis Physiology is the set of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis Anatomy is the set of structures required to carry our physiological mechanisms Pathology (disease) is a disruption of homeostasis

18 Homeostasis What happens if we have high blood pressure? What do we call this pathology? Why is this a problem? What would happen when that high pressure blood gets to the capillaries?

19 Maintaining Homeostasis

21 Negative Feedback Homeostasis is generally achieved using negative feedback mechanisms Within a range of normal: If the variable is too high, we act to lower it If the variable is too low, we act to raise it

22 Negative Feedback Response & stimulus oppose each other Examples Thermoregulation Blood glucose regulation

23 Negative Feedback Loop

24 Too Hot Stimulus? High body temp Receptors? Thermoreceptors Control Center? Temp center of brain Effectors? Sweat glands Blood vessels Response? Sweat glands produce sweat Blood vessels dilate Body temp decreases Stops? Normal body temp

25 Too Cold Stimulus? Low body temp Receptors? Thermoreceptors Control Center? Temp center of brain Effectors? Arrector pili Skeletal muscle Blood vessels Response? Arrector pili contract, trap heat Skeletal muscle contract, shivering Blood vessels constrict Body temp increases Stops? Normal body temp

26 Blood Glucose Homeostasis

27 High BG Stimulus? High BG Receptors? Cells of pancreas Control Center? Pancreas Effectors? Beta cells of pancreas Response? Beta cells release insulin Body cells take in glucose Liver cells store glucose, make glycogen Decrease BG levels Stops? Normal BG levels

28 Low BG Stimulus? Low BG Receptors? Cells of pancreas Control Center? Pancreas Effectors? Alpha cells of pancreas Response? Alpha cells release glucagon Liver breaks down glycogen, releases glucose Increase BG levels Stops? Normal BG levels

29 Blood Glucose Why is high blood glucose bad? ajmkjs

30 Maintaining Blood Glucose If blood glucose is high and the body regulates using a negative feedback mechanism, the body will work to:. Where does the glucose go? Concept: up-/down-regulation

31 Maintaining Blood Glucose If blood glucose is low and the body regulates using a negative feedback mechanism, the body will work to:. Where does the glucose come from?

32 Positive Feedback Process accelerated by response a process in which the end products (response) of an action cause more of that action Examples: Blood clotting Breast feeding Labor

33 Positive Feedback Loops If variable is increasing, the body acts to increase it more Requires a mechanism to break the loop

34 Positive Feedback Loops Uterine labor Receptor: stretch receptors in cervix Control center: hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland (secretes oxytocin=ot) Effectors: muscular wall of uterus (lots of oxytocin receptors) Mechanism to break loop: after birth, stretch receptors no longer stimulated

35 Ch. 1 Review Slide (1/2) What is anatomy? What is physiology? Give an example for each. What are the levels of organization of an organism? Name the organ systems of the body. Describe functions for each. What is homeostasis?

36 Ch. 1 Review Slide (2/2) Draw/describe the negative feedback loops for each of the following: High BG, Low BG, High body temp, low body temp How is positive feedback different from negative feedback? Draw/describe uterine labor positive feedback loop. Give examples of other positive feedback loops.

Homeostasis and Feedback

Homeostasis and Feedback Homeostasis The body keeps balanced by a process called HOMEOSTASIS. Homeostasis means the body maintains a CONSTANT internal environment REVIEW: Characteristics of Life 1. made