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1 » : , 2015
2 : :,, -,,, -, ",, -, " ",, ". " " : ,.,., 27;.: (+37517) , (+37517) , N.I.Dubovets@igc.bas-net.by 2015.,.
3 [, 2012]..,,,,.., [, 2006, 2011;, 2012].,.,...,,.,.,.,,,,,..,,,,.,..,,
4 2.,,..,,.,, [Kole, 2007;, 2006, 2011].., Malus..,,.,, [Tartarini et al., 2000; Dunemann et al., 2007; Stoeckli et al, 2008; Patocchi et al., 2009; Dunemann et al., 2010, Galli et al., 2010; Bus et al., 2012]. Malus domestica [Velasco, 2010]...,.,,,,.,.. ( ),. «,,,» («,
5 3») 19 «,» ( ; ); «( )» 3/30 ( , );» 2, 2.02 ( , ); ( , )., 3.6. ;,,,, ; ; " " ).. (,,,,,,, ),. : 1.,. 2.,. 3. SSR- -,,,,,,,,
6 4,,. 4. SSR-,. 5. SSR-, -,,,,,,,. 6. ( ),. 7.,,,,. 8.,,,,. 10..,,.,.,.,, :,,, ;,,, ( );
7 5,,,, Ty3-gypsy ;,, ; ; Rvi6 Rvi17 ;,.,. 1. SSR,,,. 2.,,. SSR, Malus, SSR 6 (CH01c06, CH02b12, CH02c02b, CH03d12, SdSSR, CH04h02). -,,,. 3.. Ty3-gypsy. S-SAP AFLP. 4., P. communis,,
8 6., Malus Pyrus. 5.,,.,,,,,, 7 SSR (EMPA001, EMPA005, EMPA018, EMPA026, BPPCT025, BPPCT026, BPPCT039).,. 6.,,,. Rvi6 Rvi17. Rvi6 Rvi17 ( )., Rvi6,. 7..,,,,..,,,,.. "
9 7 "., " "...-.., " "...,..,, : (, 2006), «,,» (, 2007), VIII. (, 2007), «Actualities in plant physiology» (, 2008),, 2008), «XXI.» (, 2008), (, 2009), (, 2009), V (, 2009), «.», (XXII ), 2010), (, 2010), VI «( VI)» (, 2010), " " (, 2010), V «" (, 2011), XIII Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics (Warsaw, 2011), VII» (, 2011), «
10 8», 2011), «,» (, 2012), «XXI :,,» (, 2012), III «.», 2012), VIII (, 2013), VIII " 2014" (, 2014).,, 8.,, " ".. 68, : (13,12 ), 23, 18 (9,4 ), 19, 11, 10, 4..,, 6,, 523, 68,. 361, 33 54, 59-72, 44 -, ,.
11 9,.,,, ,,,.,,,,..,,,, " " RAPD-, ISSR-, SSR-, S-SAP-, SCAR-, CAPS-,...,.,..,,,,,,.. Treecon UPGMA, Nei Li. NCBI ( Geneious GenBank.
12 10 " ", ", "..,,,.,,,, ),.. SSR-.,,. SSR, 20 SSR-, M. domestica., ,.,, , 77%,. (N e ) CH01b12-3,13 CH04h02-16,67. 6,25. (F) 0,2, H e 0.84, H o ,..
13 11,,.,,,,, (A e = 9,6, H e = 0,79)., (A e = 8,7, H e = 0,79) (A e = 8,3, H e = 0,79),, (A e = 10,3, H e = 0,82) (A e = 12,2, H e = 0,86)., SSR ( 1). 0,8 0,1.., M. baccata, Jeneva GK, M. Nadzvezkyana. Jay Darling Red silver,..,,,., McIntosh, BM41497.,,,,.,,,.,.,.., SSR-,,. SSR- - BM41497.,. SSR-
14 12. 1., SSR-
15 13,.,,. SSR-,.,,. SSR- CH03d12, SdSSSR, CH04h02, CH02b12, CH02c02b, CH01c06, ( 1). 1. (A e ), (H e ) (H 0 ), (N e ), (F),, (PD), 108, A e H e H o N e F CH01c ,80 0,47 5,0 0, ,333 0,9024 CH02b ,83 0,73 5,88 0, ,306 0,9283 CH02c02b 8 0,75 0,60 4,0 0,2 19 0,176 0,8701 CH03d ,80 0,55 5,0 0, ,343 0,9222 CH04h ,94 0,71 16,67 0, ,769 0,9840 SdSSR 17 0,89 0,45 9,09 0, ,333 0, ,2 0,84 0,59 7,6 0,3 40,7 0,377 0,9247, 6 SSR, 17,2 ; - 40,7. 0,377; PD - 0,9247. SSR, 2.,. (2000, 2011.) -,. - CH01c06 = A, CH02b12 = B, CH02c02b = C, CH03d12 = D, CH04h02 = E, SdSSR = F.,,,, PD
16 14.,.,. 2. A 158,160 B 140 C 111,125 D 115,123 E 178,186,194,198 F 179 A 160 B 140 C 111,115 D 115,145 E 184,198,204 F 211 A 160 B 124 C 111 D 103,121 E 180,184,204,230 F 175 A 158,186 B 114,142 C 125,176 D 121 E 172,180,230 F 179 A 160 B 140 C 121,125 D 121,145 E 172,180,184,198 F 173,211 SSR-,.,,,.,.,,. SSR-. RAPD 27, ISSR 10.,,,. S-SAP,. 33 S-SAP- 3, - LTR2 + M13, LTR2 + M15, LTR2 + M24 LTR2 + M53. Ty3-gypsy. Ty1-copia.
17 15 SSR,, 17 SSR-, Pyrus CH02b12 CH03g CH01b ,. H e 0.81, 0.84 ( 3).,, (H o = 0,56, F = 0,3),,. 6,49., - 7,5. CH02b12 CH03g12-11,11; - CH04h02-16, (A e ), (H e ) (H 0 ), (N e ), (F),, (PD), 43 A e H e N e H o F - CH01c06 7 0,71 3,49 0,77-0, ,395 0,8740 CH02b ,91 11,11 0,48 0, ,814 0,9680 CH02c02b 8 0,77 4,35 0,60 0, ,372 0,8708 CH03d ,81 5,26 0,47 0, ,442 0,8956 CH04h ,70 3,33 0,51 0, ,395 0,7572 SdSSR 14 0,89 9,09 0,74 0, ,651 0, ,8 0,80 6,11 0,60 0,30 22,0 0,512 0,8834 PD
18 16 SSR ,,,,,.,,,.,. SSR-,. - 0, ,7572 CH04h02 0,9680 CH02b12 0,8834.,,., CH01c06, CH02b12, CH02c02b, CH03d12, CH04h02, SdSSR A 150,152 B 112,134 C 133 D 89,113 E 188 F 140,164 A 152,158 B 101,114,134,152 C 117,129 D 101,113 E 184,190 F 168,176 A 152,158 B 101,103,140 C 119,125 D 113,127 E 184 F 166,172 A 150 B 101,114,124,134 C 125,129 D 111,115 E 184 F 164 A 150,152 B 101,138,144 C 119,125 D 111,115 E 184 F 162,164,,,,..
19 17 SSR,, 20 SSR,,. SSR,, ( 5). 5. (A e ),,, (PD),, 20 SSR. - A e ,3 9,2 0,508 0, ,9 7,5 0,341 0, ,3 13,3 0,552 0, ,4 17,7 0,681 0, ,0 8,1 0,506 0, PD 187,2 9,4 11,2 0,518 0, ,.,, 186.,, 226. (4,9 6,0 ), (15,4 11,3 ) 9,4.
20 18-17,7. - 0,681 0, ,5, - 0,341, PD - 0, ,1. ( = 13,3, = 0,552, PD = 0,7405)..,, " ".,. (P. cerasifera), ( ) (P. salicina Lindl.) - (subsp. mandschurica ussuriesis), (P. americana Marsh.).,,, 2,. 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 EMPA001 EMPA005 EMPA018 EMPA026 EMPA004 EMPA006 EMPA010 EMPA007 EMPA015 EMPA019 BPPCT039 BPPCT016 BPPCT040 BPPCT004 BPPCT017 BPPCT025 BPPCT032 BPPCT005 BPPCT026 BPPCT027 %, SSR 2., SSR, SSR-. 0,8 12 SSR- 20. EMPA015..
21 19 SSR-. SSR-, 0, ,.,,.,,,, ( 3). 106 SSR-.,..,,, 0,34-0, ,1. - Ruth Gerstetter.. P. spinosa,,, P. cerasifera. P. pissardii (P. cerasifera var. pissardii), P. pumila, P. ussuriensiss ,6..,,.,,,...,. - 0,35-0,75.
22 20. 3., SSR-
23 21 SSR-, - : EMPA001, EMPA005, EMPA018, EMPA026, BPPCT025, BPPCT026, BPPCT039. EMPA ,,, 20 SSR, ( 4).,,, 20 SSR, 9,4; - 12, ,0; - - 6,6. 11,2; - 15,7. -,,,,. 0,9 1 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, SSR-, PD 0,9 1 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, SSR- 4., SSR,, SSR,,.,,..,,,,,,,,..
24 22 -.,, Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi11, Rvi15, Rvi : 41, 18, 43, 25, 3.., Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi5, Rvi15.. Rvi6 Rvi17. Rvi6 41 (30,8 %)., Rvi6,,,, Rvi17,, 10, 10%. 2 ( ) 25 %.,. PVf ( GenBank - KC806058), HcrVf R-. PVf1, : N-, LRRI - (LRRs) (RI). LRRs,. 12, 11 ( 5).. PVf1.
25 23 5. Hcrvf2 PVf1.,, Pl-1, 130, -,,, M. cerasifera, M. sargentii, M. robusta, M. baccata,,,. Pl-w M. ioensis, M. sieboldii 25/177, M. sieboldii 25/170, M. cerasifera, M. baccata, M. sieboldii 25/175, M. zumi, M. sargentii, M. sargentii, Red silver. Pl-2 M. sargentii.,,, 4.9., NBS-LRR.,,,.,,.,. Sd, , XIX,,,,.. Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 Md-Exp7,,.,
26 24,, ( 6). Md-ACS1, Md- ACO1 Md-Exp7,,,.,,,,,, Md-ACS1-1/1, 6.,,. Md-Exp7.,. 1 1 Md-ACS1-1/1, 1 2 Md-ASC1-1/2, 2 2 Md-ASC1-2/2 6. Md-ACS1, % MdMYB1., 100%, - MdMYB1-1, 12,5%, 44,4%, MdMYB1-1. MdMYB1-1..,,,. Rvi6 17, Rvi6.,,. 934, 64,4% Rvi6. 35,6%
27 25.,, Rvi6, 82,6%.,,,,. Rvi6, Rvi6,. Rvi6.,,. Rvi6 Rvi17,,,,. Rvi17. 39,5 % 5,, Rvi17. Rvi6., (Rvi17 Rvi6), 8% ( ), 76% 1 ( 7).,, Rvi6, 2. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 3 ) 7., Rvi6 Rvi17, ( %). Pl-1. 5
28 26, 33,3% Pl-1. 25/175 M. sieboldii, S , 19/2 M. sieboldii, S , 1255, 21/175, 34 ( M. prunifolia) BM , Plw % ).,,.,,.., Sd,.,, , 48.3% Sd.,,,,,. Rvi6,, Sd-. Pl-1 36,6% 4. M. sieboldii 25/184 Pl-w. M. sieboldii 25/ M. sieboldii 25/184, Pl-1 Pl-w,., Rvi6 (12,2%). Pl-1. Sd 44%. 6 Pl-1.,,,
29 27,. 11., QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci). : 33,7% QTL, 20,7%. Rvi17 40,1% ( 6). 14 Rvi6 Rvi17. Sd1 46,5%. Md-ACS1 2/2,, 12,7% Rvi6, Rvi17, Sd1 ACS1, % Md-ACS1- Md-ACS- Md-ACS1- Rvi6 Rvi17 Sd1 1/1 1/2 2/ / ,0 25,0 50,0 50, / ,0 50,0 100, / ,9 36,4 45,5 25,0 50,0 25, / ,8 7,7 76,9 23, / ,0 50,0-50,0 50, / ,5 31,3 37,5 50,0 31,3 18, / ,5 76,9 30,8 69, / ,7 25,0 25,0 50,0 33,3 16, / ,0 75,0 62,5 37, / ,1 55,6 52,8 36,1 58,3 5, / ,0 80,0 80,0 20,0 - : 21,0 40,1 46,5 41,4 45,9 12,7, Rvi6 Rvi17, Sd1, QTL 2/2 Md-ACS1, 8).,. Rvi6 Rvi17, Sd1, Md-ACS1 QTL,,
30 28,,.,. 8. Rvi6, Rvi17, Sd1, Md-ACS1-2,,,.,,.,,,,,. 1. SSR.,,,,, [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 25, 27, 28, 29, 44, 45]. 2.,,, (H e = 0,84, H 0 = 0,67, N e = 6,25, F = 0,2, A e = 16,5).. (A e = 9,6, H e = 0,79).
31 29 (A e = 10,3, H e = 0,82) (A e = 12,2, H e = 0,86). 20 SSR, [1, 9, 10, 32, 40, 49, 65] SSR : CH01c06 (PD = 0,9024), CH02b12 (PD = 0,9283), CH02c02b (PD = 0,8701), CH03d12 (PD = 0,9222), SdSSR (PD = 0,9413), CH04h02 (PD = 0,9840).,., [1, 4, 8, 9, 31, 49, 56, 68]. 4.,,., Ty3-gypsy. S-SAP : LTR2 + M13, LTR2 + M15, LTR2 + M24, LTR2 + M SSR-, 10 ISSR- 27 RAPD [1, 19, 50, 61]. 5.,, SSR (H e = 0,81, H 0 = 0,56, N e = 6,49, F = 0,31, A e = 12,8).,,,.,,, Pyrus. SSR,, PD: CH01c06-0,8740, CH02b12-0,9680, CH02c02b - 0,8708, CH03d12-0,8956, SdSSR - 0,9345, CH04h02-0,7572,,,, [1, 14, 36, 48, 53, 58, 68]. 6. Prunus 11,2 0,518.
32 30 (PD = 0,8106). ((PD = 0,7405),, (PD = 0,7210), (PD = 0,6727), (PD = 0,6549).,,, SSR., 524 SSR,,,,.,.,,.,,,. - [23, 24, 43, 64]. 7.,, 7 SSR- (EMPA001, EMPA005, EMPA018, EMPA026, BPPCT025, BPPCT026, BPPCT039).,,,,,., [23, 24, 43, 64]. 8., Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi11, Rvi15, Rvi17,., Rvi6 Rvi17.,,,. PVf1, HcrVf,., Pl1, Pl2, Pl-w, Pl-d..,
33 31 Sd, [1, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22, 26, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 59, 66, 67]. 9.,,. -, [1, 18, 20, 53, 60, 62]. 10.,., Rvi6,,,. Rvi17 70%.,, Rvi6 Rvi17, )., Rvi6 Rvi17, Sd1, QTL 2/2 Md-ACS1,.,,, Rvi6 Pl-w.,, Pl-1 Pl-w.,, [1, 11, 15, 17, 34, 37, 38, 52, 63]. 1.,,,,. -
34 32,, " ". 2.,, ( ). 3.,,, ) 4.,, ( , ) 5. ( ", ;, ), (, ). 6. ", ", " -, SSR- ", ", SSR- " ( , , ). 7. ",,,, " , ). 8. " " ( ),,,,.
35 33 1.,. /. // :, ISBN , 18 2.,. RAPD- /.,., // , RAPD- /.,.,. // , ,. /. // (43) ,. SSR- /.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., (T. aestivum L.) /.,.,.,. // Urbanovich, O. Identification of scab resistance genes in apple trees by molecular markers / O. Urbanovich, Z. Kazlouskaya // Sodininkyste ir darzininkyste Vol. 27, 2. P ,. SSR- /.,.,. // , Urbanovich, O.Y. Identification of apple tree cultivars growing in Belarus using SSR-markers / O.Y. Urbanovich, Z.A. Kazlovskaya // Acta Horticulturae Vol P SSR- Malus /.,.,.,. //
36 (Malus x domestica Borkh) /.,.,.,.,. // ,., Pl1 /.,.,. // , ,., /.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., Urbanovich, O. Yu. Polymorphism of SSR Alleles in Pear Cultivars Grown in Belarus / O. Yu. Urbanovich, Z. A. Kazlouvskaya, O. A. Yakimovich, N. A. Kartel // Russian Journal of Genetics P. 47, 3 P M. sieboldii M. zumi /..,.,.,. // :.. / ;.:. [.]., XXVIII Va1, /.,..,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., ,. Rvi17 /.,,. // i (80) MdMYB1-1 /.,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., Identification of apple sport mutants of 'Antonovka' by molecular methods / O. Yu. Urbanovich, P.V. Kuzmitskaya, Z. A. Kazlouvskaya, N.A. Kartel // Acta Horticulturae Vol P MD-ACS1, MDAC01 MD-EXP7 (Malus domestica) /.,
37 35.,.,. // /.,.,.,. // HcrVf /.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., SSR- (Prunus cerasus L.) /.,.,.,.. // SSR- /.,.,. // SSR- /.,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. [.]., /.,.,., // :.. / ;.:. (..) [.]., , ,. SSR-. /.,.,. // :... /.... ;.:. [.]., /.,.,.,.. // :... / ;.:..]. 3., (SSR) /.,.,.,.. // :... /
38 36 ;.:. [.]. 3., ,. /. // :... / ;.:. [.] ,. SSR- /.,.,. // :.. / ;.:...) [.]., ,. SSR- /.,. //,. VIII,.... :...,, /.... ;.:. (..) [.]., /.,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. [.] /.,.,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., /.,.,..,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., /.,.,.,. // :... / ;.:. (..) [.]., /..,.,.,. // :
39 37.. / ;.:. (..) [.]., /.,.,..,.,.,. // :.. / ;.:. (..) [.]., Sd //.,.,.,. // :... /,,,.... ;.:. (..) [.]., Malus SSR- /.,.,.,. //, / ;.:. [.]., ,. Va1, /.,.,. // :... /,,,.... ;. (..) [.]., HcrVf /.,.,.,.,. // :... /,,,.... ;. (..) [.]., /.,.,.,. // 2014 :. VIII. / ;..,, Popov, V.N. Classification of sunflawer inbred lines collection with molecular-genetic markers / V.N. Popov, O.Yu. Urbanovich, V.V. Kirichenko // Genetic collections, isogenic and alloplasmic lines : Prosid. International Conf., Novosibirsk, July 30 August 3, 2001 e. / ICG SB RAS ; edit: Shumni [et. al]. Novosibirsk, P
40 38 45.,., /.,..,. //, :...,, / ;.:. [.]., ,. Vf /.,. // :...,, / ;.:. [.]., /.,.,.,. // XXI. :...,, / ;.:. [.]., ,. /.,., // :..-...,, /, " " ;..., SSR-. /.,.,., //. :..-.., (XXII ),, / ;..., /.,.,., // : ,, / ;.:. [.], ,. /.,.,. // :
41 ,, / ;..., ,. Rvi17 /.,.,. // :...-..,, / ;.:. [.]., /.,.,.,.,. //, :.., 80-,, /, ;.:. [.]., Md-Exp7 /.,.,.,. // XXI :,, :...,, / ;.:. [.], Urbanovich, O. Identification of scab resistance genes by molecular markers in apple in Belarus / O. Urbanovich, Z. Kazlouskaya // Actualities in plant physiology : Abstracts of Int. scien. conf., Kaunas, Lithuania, June, / Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian University of Agriculture ; ed.: P.Duchovskis [et al.]. Kaunas, P Urbanovich, O. Using SSR-markers for identification of apple varieties in Belarus / O. Urbanovich, Z. Kazlouskaya // Biotechnology of Fruit Species : Abstracts of First Intern. Symp., Dresden, Germany, 1 5 Sept., / JKI ; ed. M.-V.Hanke. Dresden, P /.,.,.,.,. //.. V ;, /.. ;.. [.]., Urbanovich, O.Yu. SSR-allele polymorphism of pear cultivars growing in Belarus / O. Yu. Urbanovich, Z.A. Kazlouskaya, V.A. Yakimovich, N.A Kartel //
42 40 Molecular Phylogenetics: Contributions to the 2 nd Moscow International Conference "Molecular Phylogenetics", Moscow, May / MGU ; compiled by A. Troitsky, L. Rusin, V. Aleoshin. Moscow, P /.,.,.,. // VI) :. VI..,,, / ;.. [.]., Urbanovich, O.Yu. Allelic diversity of Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 and Md-Exp7 genes of apple cultivars (Malus x domestica Borkh.) / O. Yu. Urbanovich, Z.A. Kazlouskaya, N.A. Kartel // Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources : Abs. 2 International Sym., Bologna, Italy, April / IPK. Bologna, P Urbanovich, O.Yu. Identification of Apple Sport Mutants of 'Antonovka' by Molecular Methods / O. Yu. Urbanovich, P.V Kuzmitskaya, Z.A. Kazlouskaya, N.A. Kartel // Fruit Breeding and Genetics : Abst. XIII Eucarpia Symp., Warsaw, Poland, Sept / WULS ; ed. com.: K.M. Evana [et al.]. Warsaw, P The possibility of applying marker MDMYB1-1 as a selection criterion in apple breeding programs / P. Kuzmitskaya, O. Urbanovich, Z. Kazlouskaya, V. Vaseha, N. Kartel // Molecular biology: advances and perspectives: Abst. The 4th international IMBG conference for young scientist, Kyiv, Sept., / IMBG. Kyiv, P /.,.,.,.,. //. :. III..,, 6 9, /., ,. SSR- /.,.,. //.. VI ( ),, /. -, ,. «(,,, ) /.., // :, ,. /.,
43 41., // :, ISBN ,. /.,., // :, ISBN ,. /.,., // :, ISBN
44 42 :,,, SSR,,,,. : (,,,,,,, ),. : RAPD-, ISSR-, RGAP-, SSR-, S-SAP-, SCAR-, CAPS-,,..,,,,,,,. - SSR-,,....,,,,,.,.
45 43 A :,,, SSR,,,,. : (,,,,,,, ) -,. : RAPD-, ISSR-, RGAP-, SSR-, S-SAP-, SCAR-, CAPS-,,..,,,,,,,. SSR-,,....,,,,,.,.
46 44 SUMMARY Urbanovich Oksana Yur evna Estimating fruit-farming gene pool diversity and developing methods for DNA identification and genotyping orchard varieties and species Keywords: apple genome, pear genome, DNA identification, SSR analysis, phylogenetic relationships, stone fruits genome, diseases and pests resistance genes, apple marker-assisted selection. The aim of the work: the aim of the study was analysis of genetic diversity of the orchard crop genomes (apple, pear, sour cherry, cherry, domestic plum, diploid plum, apricot and their interspecific hybrids) and the development of methods for DNA identification, genotyping and marker assisted selection on the basis of results obtained to improve the breeding process for the creation of competitive varieties. The methods of the study: RAPD-, ISSR-, RGAP-, SSR-, S-SAP-, SCAR-, CAPS-analysis, DNA cloning and sequencing, computer analysis of the nucleotide sequences. The results of the study. Genetic relations for varieties, species and hybrids of apple, pear, diploid plum, domestic plum, sour cherry, cherry and apricot were established for the first time. The SSR-marker methods of DNA identification for stone and pome fruit crops were developed, which allow the DUS variety assessment for compliance with the criteria of distinctness, uniformity and stability. The resistance gene sources to a whole number of apple diseases and pests were identified and approaches for marker-assisted selection were developed. The hybrid apple seedlings with a complex of economically important genes were created. Recommendations for use. The methods of DNA identification for fruit-farming crops are recommended for using in breeding process of orchard crops, variety protection, pedigree clarifying, estimation of variety purity and conformity during purchase and sale of planting material and in higher educational process. The molecular methods for identification of economically important genes and genotypes are recommended for using in apple breeding process for the creation of disease and pests resistant varieties, reduction of breeding process time and improvement of its accuracy.
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