Increased participation of women in sport and physical activities. competitive sport, recreation

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1 Women in sport

2 INTRODUCTION Increased participation of women in sport and physical activities competitive sport, recreation Reduction of obesity and illness Improvement of physical and mental health reduction of stress and depression self-esteem

3 Differences: Anatomical Physiological Emotional/psychological Socio-cultural

4 OG 1900 à rapid progression of results and research recognition of difference between the two sexes / quality implementation of the latest insights into physical conditioning strength training

5 "Female athlete triad = amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) and osteoporosis (loss of bone mass increased bone fragility) are the three most frequently mentioned issues plaguing female athletes

6 Specific make-up and functions of the female organism Differences in morphological space primary cause of differences in motoric and functional abilities. 13 cm shorter and kg lighter narrower shoulders and wider hips

7 The pelvis is significantly wider and of different build due to its role in pregnancy Women s physiological x-legs and x-elbows are responsible for different extremity statics

8 Q-angle is the angle between the lines running between the midpoint of the patella, anterior superior iliac spine and midpoint of the patella and tibial tubercle Increased angle is a frequent of cause of x-legs in women, painful patella and more frequent injury of anterior cruciate ligament.

9 Musculoskeletal system thinner bones, weaker joint connections more pronounced lumbar lordosis women have less developed muscles (softer, more flexible and elastic) muscles account for 40% of men s physical weight, but only 33% (23%) of women s

10 8% - 18% Fatty tissue Women have 6-10% higher relative percentage of fatty tissue, which is also differently placed (breasts and gluteal area) Women and men also differ in the quantity of fat in muscles (greater quantity of fat between muscle fibers)

11 Physiological indicators Maximum oxygen absorption values are 8-12 % lower (Wilmore, Costill 1997) Higher heart rate Less hemoglobin, hematocrits Higher frequency of breathing Lower blood volume, lower blood pressure

12 Hormonal differences Hormonal differences are manifested in the release of sex hormones: Estrogen is the cause of increased share of fat in the total body mass in women Testosterone is an important factor in the larger bone and muscle share in men

13 Men have 10 times higher concentration of testosterone in blood while resting than women Women with genetically higher testosterone levels have preconditions for generation of greater muscle force and strength Loss of menstrual blood causes changes in iron concentrations in women (men grams%, women grams%).

14 Menstrual cycle In average, the first period occurs somewhat later in female athletes than women not engaged in sports, usually between 13 and 14 years of age (average of Zagreb pupils is 12,6) Irregular period- 20 times more frequent in female athletes than other women (De Cree 1998) + early in top sport 1-66%, 2-5% Changes in the menstrual cycle have been observed in some women doing intense strength training (Kraemer, Fleck 1997)

15 Menstruation - abilities The period immediately before menstruation seems to be the least and the period after menstruation the most favorable for achieving top results Recognize individual characteristics of female athletes to adjust training during menstruation

16 Planning training by days of the menstrual cycle (according to Daly and Ey, 1996) Stage of the menstrual cycle Hormone levels Physiological and psychological changes Training modifications Follicular stage - beginning Estrogen - low Progesterone - low Testosterone - low Mood swings, increased stress and probability of injury, poorer reaction time and task execution perception. Weakened immune system. Avoid complex technical tasks and precision training Include anaerobic activities (glycolitic and phosphagen), explosive and strength training Follicular stage - middle Estrogen increasing, progesterone - low Intense low extensity training, complex tasks, anaerobic glycolitic and strength activity, anaerobic alactate activity and strength training Follicular stage - end Estrogen highest level Increased glycogen stores, fat, protein, water and electrolyte reserves. Low intensity, long-duration aerobic activities. Stress on weight-free, long duration training Ovulation Testosterone highest level Strength training

17 Luteal stage - beginning Growing progesterone levels Increased glycogen storage in liver and muscles. Reduction of glycogen levels in blood. Increased total intake of energy generating foods and fats. Reduced lactate concentrations in blood. Retention of liquid, sodium and potassium in the body. High intensity, short duration training, complex tasks, anaerobic glycolitic and phosphagen work and strength training Luteal stage - middle High estrogen and progesterone levels Increased protein decomposition. Poor muscle endurance. Increased glycogen, fat and protein levels. Increased water and electrolyte levels. Low intensity, long duration aerobic activities. Stress on weight free training. Long duration activities. Resistance to temperature changes Luteal stage - end Low estrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels. Mood swings, increased stress and probability of injury, poorer reaction time and task execution perception. Weakened immune system. Regeneration week. Avoid complex technical tasks nor precision training. Include simple tasks and avoid situations stressful for the organism. Reduce extensity and apply strength training.

18 Training during menstrual cycle (according to Paish, 2000) Menstruation Intense training load + tests Intense training load Low intensity training Days of the menstrual cycle

19 SPECIFIC TRAINING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL CONDITION ABILITIES Differences in build and function are responsible for mostly lower manifestations of condition abilities in women