GCSE Physical Education

Transcription

1 GCSE Physical Education GCSE year You Should Know Guide 1.1 Healthy Active Lifestyle and How it Could Benefit You What is a healthy active lifestyle? A lifestyle that contributes positively to physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and includes regular exercise and physical activity What are the benefits of a healthy active lifestyle? Physical - increase fitness, improve performance, for the physical challenge, etc. Mental/Psychological - for the mental challenge, increase confidence, enjoyment, etc. Social - develop teamwork, work with others, make new friends, etc. What are the reasons for taking part in physical activity? Cooperation - many sports are played in teams and working in groups helps to improve teamwork and cooperation.

2 Competition - competition can be thought of as psychological as it prepares the mind to compete and helps athletes forget about stress in their lives. Physical challenge - setting a physical task that is challenging but achievable will mean the athlete will be very satisfied when completing the task. Aesthetic appreciation - beauty of the game. It s about appreciating a performance that is beautiful and not just winning. Aesthetic appreciation can be from both a performer s and an observer s point of view. Developing friendships - taking part in exercise or sport at school or at a club means involvement with other people, including other participants, coaches, and officials. 1.2 Influences on Your Healthy, Active Lifestyle What factors affects involvement in physical activity? People - family, peers (friends), and role models. Image - fashion and media coverage. Cultural factors - disability, age, gender, and race Resources - availability, location, access, and time Health and wellbeing - illness and ongoing health problems Socio-economic - cost and status (social class) 1.3 Exercise and Fitness as Part of Your Healthy, Active Lifestyle What is the correct definition for health? Health is a state of complete mental, physical, and social wellbeing and not just being free of disease and infirmity. What is the correct definition for exercise? Exercise is a form of physical activity which maintains of improves health and physical fitness. What is the correct definition for fitness? Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. What is the correct definition for performance? Performance is how well a task is completed. What are the 5 health-related components of exercise? Cardiovascular fitness - the ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time. Muscular strength - the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance. Muscular endurance - the ability to use voluntary muscles many times without getting tired. Flexibility - the range of movement possible at a joint. Body composition - the percentage of body weight that is fat, muscle, and bone. What are the 6 skill-related components of fitness?

3 Agility - the ability to change the position of the body quickly and to control the movement of the whole body. Balance - the ability to retain the centre of mass (gravity) of the body above the base of support with reference to static or dynamic conditions or movement, shape, and orientation. Coordination - the ability to use 2 or more body parts together. Power - the ability to undertake strength performances quickly (power = strength x speed). Reaction time - the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of movement. Speed - how quickly a movement can be performed or a distance can be covered. Physical Activity as Part of Your Healthy, Active Lifestyle What is the correct definition for aerobic fitness? With oxygen - if exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart can supply all the oxygen the muscles need. What is the correct definition for anaerobic fitness? Without oxygen - if exercise is done in short, fast bursts, the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the cells use them. What is heart rate? Heart rate is the number of times that the heart beats per minute (bpm). What is resting heart rate? Resting heart rate is the heart at rest. It is normally between bets per minute and is best taken first thing in the morning before getting out of bed. What is the maximum heart rate (MHR)? Maximum heart rate is calculated by subtracting a person s age from 220: (age) = MHR What is meant by the term target zone and how can it be worked out? Target zone means working at 60%-80% of maximal capacity. It can be worked out by finding out 60% of MHR (lower threshold) and 80% of MHR (upper threshold). What is meant by the term recovery rate? Recovery rate means how long it takes for a person s heart rate to return to its resting level after a training session. : Fats - are important because they provide energy and, together with glycogen, help

4 Physical Activity & Your Healthy Mind & Body What is meant by the term somatotypes? Somatotype refers to the classification of body type. What is an endomorph? An individual with wide hips and narrow shoulders, characterised by % of leanness /fatness. What is a mesomorph? An individual with wide shoulders and narrow hips, characterised by % muscularity. What is an ectomorph? An individual with narrow shoulders and narrow hips, characterised by % leanness /thinness. What is optimum weight and what factors affect it? Optimum weight refers to a person s favourable weight with reference to their lifestyle or a specific sport. Factors affecting optimum weight include: Height - taller people are usually, but not always, heavier than shorter people. Gender - men tend to have more muscle and larger bones. Bone structure - two men of the same height may have completely different bone structures, for instance one may have broader shoulders or thinker wrists. Muscle girth - as with bone structure, people have different muscle girths which will mean they weight different amounts. Genetics - body weight and shape are largely passed on through genes from parents to child. What weight related conditions can affect physical activity? Anorexia - a prolonged eating disorder due to constant loss of appetite. Obese - a term used to describe people who are very overfat Overfat - having body fat in excess of normal Overweight - having weight in excess of normal (not harmful unless accompanied by overfatness). Underweight - weighing less than is normal, healthy or required. Warming up & cooling down - allows muscles to be prepared before and after activity to aid being able to be physically active. Cooling down disperses lactic acid and prevents soreness and aches. How can balanced competition be created? Weight categories - in sports such as boxing, the competitors are matched according to weight as well as ability. Mixed or single sex - in most sports men play against men and women against women. However in racket sports such as tennis and badminton, for example, mixed games are played.

5 Age - children s competitions are grouped by age with some talented athletes perform above their age category. Handicap system - this is used in golf so players of an unequal ability can play in direct competition with one another. 1.4 A Health, Active Lifestyle & Your Cardiovascular System What is the cardiovascular system? The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood and the blood vessels. Its 2 main functions are to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients, and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. What is meant by the term blood pressure? Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. What is meant by the term systolic blood pressure? What is lactic acid? Lactic acid is a waste product which is produced during exercise and is produced quicker when the intensity of exercise is higher. Lactic acid can lead to aching muscles and eventually cramping. What is meant by the term cardiac output? Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute. What are the long-term benefits of the cardiovascular system resulting from regular exercise? Decreased resting heart rate the heart becomes bigger and stronger, meaning it can supply the same amount of blood with fewer beats. Quicker heart recovery rate the heart can return to its normal rate after exercise quicker than it used to be able to. Increased stroke volume more blood is pumped by the heart every week, making it more efficient and stronger. This leads to increased cardiac output also. Reduced blood pressure the heart is more efficient and stronger as a result of exercise, therefore blood pressure is reduced Healthier veins & arteries blood vessels are more flexible and efficient and so stay clear as well as increasing the number of capillaries in the heart.

6 A Healthy Active Lifestyle & Your Respiratory System What is meant by the term oxygen debt? Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen consumed during recovery from a period of intense physical activity, compared with the amount of oxygen which would usually have been consumed over the same length of time at rest.. What are the long-term benefits of the respiratory system resulting from regular exercise? Improved lung efficiency - lungs will deliver oxygen to working muscles better, allowing the body to cope better during exercise. Efficient carbon dioxide removal - body can cope with more carbon dioxide being produced during exercise. Increased vital capacity - whole system becomes more efficient, especially the lungs. More alveoli available - more oxygen can be absorbed by capillaries and more carbon dioxide taken from them. More blood vessels - increase in capillaries around the alveoli means more blood can get into the blood and through the muscles. What are the long-term benefits of the muscular system resulting from regular exercise? Muscle hypertrophy - when using the principle progressive overload, the muscle s fibres become torn causing trauma. The muscle will rebuild itself, making it slightly stronger. This increase in muscle mass is muscle hypertrophy. Increase in muscular strength - muscle hypertrophy will lead to increased muscular strength. This can also lead to an increase in power (strength x speed). Increase in muscular endurance - as with muscular strength, muscles will be able to withstand more and more and they are progressively overloaded, therefore muscular endurance will increase. Compression - helps limit and reduce swelling of the injury. Elevation - reduces swelling by elevating injured part of body above the level of the heart. Healthy, Active Lifestyle & Your Skeletal System What is the skeletal system and what does it do? The skeletal system includes all the bones in the body. Its three main functions are movement, support and protection.

7 rm benefits of the skeletal system resulting from regular exercise? Increased bone density - exercise increases bone density. When bones become heavier, they also become stronger. Stronger ligaments & tendons - ligaments (which attach bone to bone) and tendons (which attach bone to muscle) become thicker and stronger with exercise. This increases joint flexibility and allows more power in movement. What is osteoporosis? Bones becomes lighter with age and their density and strength are gradually reduced, Although this occurs naturally, it can be a problem if too much bone is lost, resulting in a weak skeleton and bones which can break easily. This condition is called osteoporosis. The BENEFITS for taking part in physical activity fall into 3 categories: PHYSICAL SOCIAL MENTAL Contribute to good physical health Mix with others Relieve and/or prevent stress and tension Improve health related exercise factors: Cardiovascular fitness Muscular strength Muscular endurance Flexibility Body composition Work with others Physical challenge Make new friends Mental challenge Increase fitness Meet current friends Increase self-esteem and confidence Improve performance Develop teamwork/cooperation Help the individual feel good exercise produces serotonin a feelgood hormone. Contribute to enjoyment of life Aesthetic appreciation

8 There are 5 REASONS for taking part in physical activity: Cooperation Teamwork support and encourage your team work. Competition Can be regarded as psychological in terms of the mental preparation and in terms of getting away from the stresses of life. Physical challenge Perhaps someone is coming back to sport after a long time away or taking on a seemingly impossible task. For example The London Marathon. Aesthetic appreciation Moments in sport are sometimes beautiful. For example a brilliantly executed goal, a cover drive in cricket, a delicate chip in golf or a smash in badminton. Sports such as ice dancing or gymnastics often thought of in these terms. The development of friendships and social mixing Involvement with others, get to know more people, make new friends and develop lasting friendships. Many sports teams have a strong social side. Aerobic = with air Lower intensity than anaerobic, and performers would breath throughout it. Means can exercise for longer periods of time than anaerobic than anaerobic. Marathon=aerobic event. Anaerobic = without air Out of breath after the exercise as body has been working at a high intensity. Also out of breath as the body, which requires extra oxygen when working, has not had enough oxygen during the exercise. 100m = anaerobic event. Aerobic: with oxygen. If exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart can supply all the oxygen muscles need. Follow your own notes Anaerobic: without oxygen. If exercise is done in short, fast bursts, the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the cells use them.

9 Reasons for taking part in Sport Key Words Mental Physical Social Health Fitness Performance Stress Enjoyment Illness Friendship Teamwork leadership Challenge Aesthetic Appreciation What I must know The 3 reasons why people take part and be able to give at least 3 examples of each.

10 These MUST be specific and not just vague answers like get fitter. Be able to apply to different situations and look for a reason within the text. The benefits of things like competition, teamwork etc and be specific about what someone might enjoy. The definitions must be clearly remembered. Physical Benefits helps the individual to feel good and look good enhances body shape and improves muscle tone Improves cardiovascular fitness, weight loss, muscular strength contributes to good health preventing illness and heart/lung disease Mental Benefits relieve stress/tension and stress related illness Improve self esteem and confidence Stimulate enjoyment and escapism Stimulates challenge and competition Aesthetic appreciation, enjoying the art of the performance Social Benefits Encourage teamwork and co-operation Meeting new people encouraging friendship and social mixing Definitions I must know and be able to explain with examples. Health: A complete state of physical, mental and social well being, not just the absence of disease Fitness: The ability to adapt to the demands of the task or environment Performance: How well an activity is completed compared to others or previous performance Exercise: Physical activity used to improve one s health Training: Physical activity used to improve one s fitness Aesthetic Appreciation: Enjoying the artistic beauty of a performance Types of Fitness Key Words Health Related Cardiovascular, Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance, Flexibility Body Composition

11 Skill Related Agility, Balance Co-ordination, Power Speed Reaction, Time What I must know The definition of all 11 components of fitness and be able to give specific sporting examples of how they are used in sports performance. The example a situation such as pushing in a rugby scrum to show strength. For each component you must be able to explain what principles of training and what types of training that you would use to improve them. Component Definition Example Cardio vascular Endurance The ability of the heart and blood vessels to supply the body with oxygen and sustain exercise over long periods of time Being able to maintain a high work rate throughout the 90 minutes of a football match Strength Maximal force produced in one single contraction Lifting your body up during a rock climbing move Muscular Endurance Ability of muscles to sustain repeated contractions Maintaining the same effort during a rowing race Flexibility Range of motion possible at a joint Range of motion of arms in the butterfly swimming stroke Body Composition Ratio of fat to muscle, bone and lean body mass Reducing weight to make a fight category in boxing Agility Ability to change direction quickly Sidestepping in netball Balance Ability to maintain stability during stationary positions or dynamic movement Staying upright during ski slalom Co-ordination Ability to perform 2 or more tasks at once Looking around the pitch whilst dribbling with a hockey stick Power Ability to produce a maximal force as quickly as possible Taking off during a basketball lay up Reaction Time Ability to respond to a stimulus Reacting to a smash in badminton Speed Ability to move the body or body parts quickly Bowling a fastball in baseball Somatotypes Somatotypes

12 Mesomorph M for Muscular Lean body mass, sprinters, boxers and gymnasts ECTOmorph T for thin High jumpers, triple jumpers, ENDOmorph D for Dumpy Rugby forwards, sumo wrestlers Athletes may not be ideal weight but their body shape is an advantage to their sport and can therefore be overweight. Overweight- Being heavier than the recommended weight, common in sportspeople Over fat Too much body fat compared to lean body mass Obese- More than 20% overweight MOST DANGEROUS!! Long Term Effects of Exercise Key Words V02 Max,Cardiac Output Heart Rate, Stroke Volume Fatigue, Oxygen What I must know Be able to explain in detail how a long term effect can be beneficial to performance. Skeletal System Increase in bone density, especially around joints, movement stimulated growth Muscular System Increase in muscle size and density Hypertrophy Increase in strength More capillaries in the muscles Greater resistance to fatigue Cardiovascular System Lower resting pulse rate Increased stroke volume therefore greater cardiac output Lower blood pressure More capillaries More red blood cells Stronger arteries and veins Respiratory System Increase in alveoli and capillaries in lungs Increased vital capacity Slower breathing rate More oxygen extracted Greater VO2 max Short Term Effects of Exercise Key Words Mental Physical Social Health

13 Fitness Performance Stress Enjoyment Illness Friendship Teamwork leadership Challenge Aesthetic Appreciation What I must know The short term or immediate effects of exercise Limiting factors in exercise The muscles can only exert a force for as long as oxygen and glucose can be supplied and waste products of carbon dioxide and lactic acid removed. Synovial Fixed What I must know The structure and function of the skeleton. Name of the major bones and the types of movement. Structure 4 types, long, short, flat and irregular Vertebrae is in 5 sections of Coccyx, sacrum, lumbar, thoracic, cervical Functions Allow movement through long levers and joints Protect vital organs from impact such as the heart and brain Produce RED blood cells in the bone marrow Provide support to keep the body upright Mineral and calcium storage Provide body shape for the internal organs Bone Names Cranium, atlas, axis, vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, sternum, ribs, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, patella.