(FEVy ), strength and perceived exertion measures (RPE). The implication of these findings are discussed.

Transcription

1 122 Brit. J. Sports Med. - Vol. 11, o. 3, September 1977, pp RESPSES F ADULT WME T PRGRAMMED EXERISE B. DAVIES, Ph.D. nd AE DAGGETT, M.A. Deprtment of Physicl Eduction, Preston Polytechnic ABSTRAT A group of eight helthy women ws studied following two months of progrmmed exercise (3 x 15 mins/per week) t 6 to 8 percent of ge-predicted mximum hert rte. Physicl work cpcity rresponding to hertrte of 17 bts. (PW-17) ws determined using bicycle ergometer. Anthropometric nd lung function vribles were lso scertined prior to (T1) nd following trining (T2). The post trining mesurements of this exercise group, mpred with mesurements of sedentry ntrol group, displyed significnt chnges in PW-17, resting systolic blood pressure nd ft index. There were no significnt chnges in vitl cpcity, forced expirtory volume in one send (FEVy ), strength nd perceived exertion mesures (RPE). The impliction of these findings re discussed. ITRDUTI There hs recently been n incresed emphsis on physicl fitness progrmmes for women, nd it hs been estblished tht there re no mjor sex differences in their physiologicl responses to trining (Flint, 1974; Kilbom, 1971; nd Roskmm, 1967). At present there is limited knowledge regrding intensity frequency nd durtion of women's exercise nd mny progrmme leders fil to regnize the need for specificity during trining (Burwitz nd Dvies 1976). Improvements in crdiorespirtory fitness hve been observed with vriety of ctivities such s cycling, tredmill running, skipping, nd jogging (Kilbom, 1971; Edwrds, 1974; Getchell nd Moore, 1975; Jckson nd Shrkey, et l., 1968 nd Smith nd Strnsky, 1975). These studies displyed significnt crdiorespirtory chnges t frequencies nd intensities rnging from 1 minute sessions dily t 125 bpm to 15 minutes, three times per week t 15 bpm. There is need to derive trining regimen which will effect beneficil chnges with minimum mount of intensity nd time. This study ws designed to exmine the effects of n eight week progrmme of clisthenics nd running, using three 15 minute sessions per week. PREDURES Twenty-one women prticipted in the project, eight (men ge 29.2 yers) prticipted in the exercise group nd nine (men ge 31.1 yers) mposed the ntrol. The subjects were members of the dministrtive stff t Preston Polytechnic nd were clssified s sedentry from questionnire informtion given by the subjects. Present ddress: Humn Performnce Lbortory, Physicl Eduction Unit, The University, SALFRD M5. Initilly, the exercise group mprised twelve subjects, however, filure to meet the criteri of 7% ttendnce of trining sessions led to eight returning for posttrining tests. Ech subject ws enurged to mintin norml dietry nd exercising hbits. Testing A preliminry six minutes cclimtiztion session ws performed on cycle ergometer (Monrk) by ll subjects t work lod of 5 wtts. All subjects were tested twice prior to the strt nd immeditely following the trining progrmme nd the verge of these two tests used for T1 nd T2 respectively. The following mesurements were mde on ech subject. Height, weight, resting hertrte nd blood pressure were rerded following ten minutes of supine rest. The physicl work cpcity rresponding to hertrte of 17 bt/min (PW-17) ws rrived t by incresing increments from 5 wtts/min until pulse rte of pproximtely 17 ws ttined during nine minute ergometer ride. The results were then grphed nd extrpolted to obtin the work lod rresponding to 17 bt/min. This ws modified version of the method used by Sjostrnd (196). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) were obtined by brchil usculttion with B-SP electronic sphygomomnometer during the sixth nd ninth minutes of the exercise test. The rte pressure products were mputed using the hert rtes rerded in njunction with the systolic blood pressures (HR x SBP). Rtings of perceived exertion were lso obtined t the sixth nd ninth minute using the method of Borg (1962). Skinfolds were mesured crding to the technique described by Durnin nd Womersley (1974) the thickness of the four sites mesured - triceps, biceps, sub-

2 scpul nd suprilic were dded together to provide ft index. Vitl cpcity (V) nd forced expirtory volume in the first send of expirtion (FEV 1) were determined using single breth wedge spirometer (vitlogrph). Right nd left grip strength ws mesured with hnd grip dynmometer (Tkeikiki). During the lbortory tests the room temperture remined nstnt t 2 ± 2. Trining An individul trining regimen ws devised for ech subject, bsed on ge-predicted mximl hert rte. Mximl hert rte for this group ws estimted to be between 18 nd 19 bt/min. (Drinkwter nd Horvth, 1972; Higgs, 1973). Ech fifteen minute work session (three times per week) ws mprised of three minutes of clisthenics nd twelve minutes of wlking nd jogging. The exercise mmenced t 6% of mximum hert rte (Krvonen, 1957) for the first three weeks nd ws incresed to 8% of mximum hert rte for the lst five weeks. This pproximted trining hert rtes of ( bt/min). During ech session the investigtors periodiclly checked the hert rtes by plpltion t the crotid rtery. Sttisticl Anlyses Stndrd sttisticl procedures were dpted with the Person Product Moment rreltion nd Students "t" test being used to determine test/retest relibility efficients, nd within group differences respectively. n the ssumption tht the dt before nd fter nditioning uld be nsidered s replicte smples the "t" test for pired smples ws pplied to the differences. RESULTS The relibility efficients rnged from.78 to.99. Tbles I nd 11 disply the mesurements t the beginning nd following mpletion of the trining progrmme for the exercise nd ntrol groups respectively. At T1 there were no significnt differences between the exercise nd ntrol groups with respect to ge, weight nd PW-17, but the exercise group demonstrted significntly lower resting hert rtes nd skinfolds. Following the exercise progrmme the most prominent chnges were in those vribles indicting n improvement in crdiorespirtory function. There ws significnt increse in the work cpcity prior to reching hert rte of 17 bt/min (PW-17) nd rresponding decrese in the rte pressure product during the 6th nd 9th minute of the physicl work cpcity test. 123 A feture of this prticulr smple ws their reltively low resting blood pressures t T1. At T2 there were significnt decreses in the men difference of resting systolic blood pressure of the exercise group nd the resting distolic pressure of the ntr6l group. There were no significnt differences in either group t T1 or T2 between the hert rtes rerded t the sixth nd ninth minute of exercise nd the rting of perceived exertion (RPE). There were no significnt chnges in body weight in either group but both groups demonstrted significnt chnges in skinfold mesures t T2. Strength nd pulmonry function mesures remined reltively stble throughout the study, nd were within the norms quoted by other investigtors (Brown nd Shephrd, 1967; Getchell, 1975). DISUSSI The significnt (13%) increse of PW-17 nd the decrese in rte pressure products of the exercise group re evidence of the efficcy of the exercise progrmme in developing crdiovsculr fitness. The decrese in exercising rte pressure product (RPP) ws brought bout primrily by brdycrdi, the exercising systolic pressures remining reltively unffected by the trining. These RPP chnges do suggest decrese in the oxygen nsumption of the hert for given work lod. Following trining the men difference of the resting systolic blood pressure in the exercise group nd the resting distolic blood pressure in the ntrol group were significntly reduced. The ltter finding is difficult to explin but the former findings hve been documented previously. (Hnson nd edde, 197). The increse in PW-1 7 in the present study ws smller thn the 19% found by Hnson nd edde (1974) following 1 months of jogging nd clisthenics. These investigtors exercised their subjects five one hour sessions per week, nd it is probble tht this greter frequency nd intensity influenced their greter chnges. It is interesting to note tht when they extended their trining further four months the PW remined reltively stble. There were no significnt decreses in the resting hert rtes of either group. This is in greement with Getchell nd Moore (1975) but not with Smith nd Strnsky (1975). The pretrining hert rtes of the ltter study were nsiderbly higher thn the former two suggesting tht their subjects were initilly of lower crdiovsculr fitness. The lck of significnt chnges in body weight re in greement with previous studies of the sme length. (Girndol, 1975; Ktch et l., 1969). This, in njunc-

3 124 cno X 2 A 4- u cso cnz I- + -H +l - +l I. T- -I I- r- b ~~ o I q I- D. 4. D Y.' r- - - L IV o L ! o q q ' o o o Iq 4 c6 oo u- i D D - n~~~~~~~~~~~~1. F I T - ) wl r-: 6 u t +i + L) c T- -- # L x.o w i.+ -H + td t ) o Y V I ) Le) oc r.. 4 w,, o DV) t o - - V- lev) l) +l +l +- D - r. 1D I Y) L I.: : 1 4l +l +l +l -H t+l ') 6-4.-i.) -l ') D X e V) - -VI' I- t D )e S ') ) u H ) o D '. (I. ci ci r- 44 ' ') 7) L 11 ) o ) q't cd 1 )~ (V ; M ~~~~> )~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4- ') E E~~~~~~~.! ~ ~ ~ cmx (L > wjl +4 D4 o 6 o r~- 3) 6 6 +, +, -. (') ') ) r- i D) vi.) o V) o - oi.2 l) %- 4 D~ ~~~~~~ c E,.I L. '. L c

4 tion with significnt decrese in totl skinfold mesurements would suggest n increse in len body weight (LBW) nd decrese in totl body ft. The decrese in skinfolds of the ntrol group ws unexpected nd uld be the result of chnge in dietry nd exercise ptterns, or systemtic mesuring errors. Another nsidertion is tht skinfold mesurements re not n ccurte representtion of the chnges tht occur in totl body ft. This hs been suggested by Wilmore et l., (197) nd Moody et l., (1972), who reported subcutneous ft losses in subjects who hd gins in totl body ft. The filure to increse strength in this study emphsizes the need for specificity. This prticulr progrmme did not provide the necessry overlod required to stimulte strength chnges. Lck of significnt strength gin ws lso documented by Frdy et l., (1976) following seson of mpetitive volleybll. If strength is desired cquisition then it seems it cn only REFEREES be obtined by specific progrmme plnning. 125 The stbility of vitl cpcity ws not unexpected, nd it would seem tht this chrcteristic is most likely influenced by specific ctivity such s swimming during the growth yers (Engstrom etl., 1971 ). The present study clerly documents significnt trining effects with incresed physicl work cpcity following three 15 minute sessions per week for eight weeks. When the findings of Jckson et l., (1968), Bker (1968) nd Edwrds (1974) re nsidered it is evident tht crdiovsculr improvements cn be ttined with time involvement s miniml s 1-15 minutes per session nd hert rte s low s 125 bt/min. Further investigtions re required to scertin the bsolute minimum time nd intensity required for beneficil improvements. Bker, J., 1968, omprison of Rope Skipping nd Jogging s Methods of Improving rdiovsculr Efficiency of ollege Men. Res.Qurt., 39, Borg, G., 1962, Physicl Performnce nd Perceived Exertion, Gleerups Lund. Brown, J. R., nd Shephrd, R. J., 1967, Some Mesurements of Fitness in lder Femle Employees of Toronto Deprtment Store. nd.med.ass.j., 97, Burwitz, L. nd Dvies, B., 1976, Physicl Fitness nd Exercise Progrmmes for Adult Women. Brit.J.Sports Med. 1, Drinkwter, B. L., Horvth, S. M., Wells, G. L., 1975, Aerobic Power of Femles, Ages Journl of Gerontology, 3, o. 4, Durnin, J. V. G. A. nd Womersley, J., 1974, Body Ft Assessed from Totl Body Density nd Its Estimtion From Skinfold Thickness. Mesurements on 481 Men nd Women ged from 16 to 72 yers. Br.J.utr., 32, 77. Edwrds, M. A., 1974, The Effects of Trining t Pre-determined Hert Rte Levels for Sedentry ollege Women. Medicine & Science in Sports, 6, Engstrom, I., Eriksson, B.. Krlberg, P., Sltin, B. nd Thoren,., 1971, Preliminry Report on the Development of Lung Volumes in Young Girl Swimmers. Act.Pedit.Scnd.Suppl. 217, 73. Frdy, P. S., Hritz, M. G. nd Hellerstein, H. K., 1976, rdic Responses During Women's Interllegite Volleybll nd Fitness hnges from Seson of ompetition. J.Sports Med. nd Phys.Fit., 16, Flint, M. F., Drinkwter, B. L. nd Horvth, S. M., 1974, Effects of Trining on Women's Response to Submximl Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports, 6, Getchell, L. H. nd Moore, J. G., 1975, Physicl Trining omprtive Responses of Middle-Aged Adults. Arch. Phys.Med. Rehbil., 56, Girndol, R. W., 1975, Body omposition hnges in Women. Effects of High nd Low Exercise Intensity, Arch. Phys.Med. Rehbil., 57,

5 126 Hnson, J. S. nd edde, W. H., 197, Preliminry bservtions on Physicl Trining for Hypertensive Ptients. ircultion Res., 27, Suppl. 1, Hnson, J. S. nd edde, W. H., 1974, Long Term Physicl Trining Effect in Sedentry Femles, J.Appl.Physiol., 37, Higgs, S. L., 1973, Mximl xygen Intke nd Mximl Work Performnce of Active ollege Women, Res.Qurt., 44, Jckson, J., Shrkey, B. nd Johnston, L., 1968, rdiorespirtory Adpttions to Trining t Specified Frequencies, Res.Qurt., 39, Ktch, F. I., Michel, E. D. nd Jones, E. M., 1969, Effects of Physicl Trining on the Body omposition nd Diet of Femles, Reserch Qurt., 4, Kilbom, A., 1971, Physicl Trining in Women, Scnd.J.lin.Lb.Invest.Suppl., 119, Moody, D. L., Wilmore, J. H., Girndol, R.. nd Royce, J. P., 1972, The Effects of Jogging Progrmme on the Body omposition of orml nd bese High School Girls.. Med. & Science in Sports, 4, Roskmm, H., 1967, ptimum Ptterns of Exercise for Helthy Adults, n.med.assoc.j., 96, 85. Sjostrnd, T., 196, Functionl pcity nd Exercise Tolernce in Ptients with Impired rdiovsculr Function. In linicl rdiopulmonry Physiology. ew York: Grune & Strtton Smith, D. P. nd Strnsky, M. S., 1975, The Effects of Jogging on Body omposition nd rdiovsculr Response to Submximl Work in Young Women, J.Sports Med. & Phys.Fit., 15, Wilmore, J. H., Grndol, R.. nd Moody, D. L., 197, Vlidity of Skinfold nd Girth Assessment for Predicting Altertions in Body omposition, J.Appl.Physiol., 29, Br J Sports Med: first published s /bjsm on 1 September Downloded from on 21 April 219 by guest. Protected by