EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE

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1 Swine Dy 21 EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokch, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, S. S. Dritz 1, J. C. Woodworth, M. J. Webster, B. W. Jmes, nd D. E. Rel Summry Two trils were conducted to determine the effects of irrdition of individul ingredients or the whole diet on growth performnce in nursery pigs. The response ws similr for both trils with pigs fed diets contining irrdited spry-dried niml plsm or soyben mel hving incresed (P<.5) ADG compred with pigs fed the control diet with no irrdited ingredients or the complete diet tht ws irrdited. Also, ADFI (P<.5) ws higher for pigs consuming the diet with irrdited soyben mel compred with those fed the irrdited whole diet. Pigs fed irrdited spry-dried niml plsm lso hd superior (P<.5) compred with those fed diets contining irrdited microingredients or if ll ingredients hd been irrdited before mnufcturing. Therefore, irrdition of certin feed ingredients cn improve growth performnce in nursery, wheres irrdition of ll ingredients in the diet or the whole diet does not enhnce performnce. (Key Words: Nursery Pig, Feed Ingredients, Irrdition.) Introduction Reserch hs estblished tht irrdition of dried blood products before dding them to diets for nursery pigs improves growth performnce compred with dried blood products tht hve not been irrdited. However, irrdition of other protein, crbohydrte, energy, nd microingredient sources used in nursery pig diets hs not been thoroughly reserched. Irrdition of other ingredients tht re typiclly included in nursery diets my enhnce growth performnce similr to tht of dried blood products. Therefore, it ws our objective to determine the effects of irrdition of individul ingredients or the whole diet on nursery pig performnce. Procedures Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of irrdition of individul ingredients or the whole diet on growth performnce in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 4 pigs (BW of 1.8 lb nd 15 ± 2 d of ge) were used in 14-d growth ssy. In Exp. 2, 48 pigs (BW of 11.3 lb nd 15 ± 2 d of ge) were used in 12-d growth ssy. Pigs were blocked by weight nd llotted to one of 1 dietry tretments in both experiments. In Exp. 1, there were eight pigs/pen nd five pens/tretment, wheres there were eight pigs/pen nd six pens/tretment in Exp 2. For both experiments, pigs were housed in n environmentlly controlled nursery in 5 5 ft pens on commercil frm in N.E. Knss. All pens contined one self-feeder nd two nipple wterers to provide d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. All diets were fed in pelleted form, nd pigs were ssigned to one of 1 dietry tretments. First, control diet ws used contining ingredients tht were not irrdited. Other tretments included diets tht hd specific ingredients irrdited, which included corn, soyben mel, whey, 1 Food Animl Helth nd Mngement Center. 27

2 niml plsm, fishmel, soyben oil, ll microingredients combined (ntibiotic, slt, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, zinc oxide, vitmin nd trce minerl premixes, nd DL-methionine). Finlly, diet including ll ingredients tht hd been irrdited nd diet tht ws mnufctured nd subsequently irrdited were utilized. All irrdited ingredients nd complete feed were exposed to n verge irrdition dose of 8.5 kgy from gmm ry (colblt-6 source) irrdition in Exp. 1 nd electron bem irrdition in Exp. 2. The diet used in this experiment ws formulted to contin 1.5% lysine,.9 C, nd.5 vilble P. For Exp. 1, ADG, ADFI, nd were determined by weighing pigs nd mesuring feed disppernce on d 7 nd 14, while in Exp. 2 this ws ccomplished on d 6 nd 12. Dt for both experiments ws pooled nd nlyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS s rndomized complete block design with pen s the experimentl unit. Phse I dt represents mens from d to 7 of Exp. 1 nd d to 6 of Exp. 2, while Phse II dt represents mens from d 7 to 14 for Exp. 1 nd d 6 to 12 for Exp. 2. Results Irrdition of individul feed ingredients nd the complete diet proved to be successful in reducing the totl erobic bcteri concentrtions (Tble 2). Bcteri levels in regulr plsm nd corn were noticebly the highest with miniml concentrtions detected in spry-dried whey nd soyben oil. Reductions in totl bcteril concentrtions in diets tht hd individul ingredients irrdited were miniml compred with the control diet, but if ll ingredients or the entire diet hd undergone irrdition tretment the bcteril concentrtion ws substntilly reduced (Tble 3). For Phse I, nursery pigs fed diets contining either irrdited soyben mel or spry-dried niml plsm hd improved (P<.5) ADG while pigs fed irrdited corn tended (P<.7) to hve incresed ADG compred with pigs fed the control diet (Tble 4). In ddition, pigs fed irrdited corn, soyben mel, or spry-dried niml plsm hd incresed ADFI (P<.5) compred with pigs fed the diet tht ws mnufctured nd subsequently irrdited. Also, pigs fed diets contining irrdited soyben mel, spry-dried niml plsm, or the diet tht ws mnufctured nd then irrdited hd improved (P<.5) compred with the control diet with no irrdited ingredients, while those fed irrdited fishmel, soyben oil, or the diet with ll ingredients irrdited tended (P<.8) to do the sme. Tble 1. Composition of Diet (As Fed Bsis) Ingredient % Corn Soyben mel (46.5%) Spry-dried whey 25. Spry-dried niml plsm 6. Select menhden fish mel 6. Soyben oil 5. Mediction 1. Monoclcium phosphte (21% P).57 Limestone.6 Zinc oxide.39 Vitmin premix.25 Slt.25 Trce minerl premix.15 DL-methionine.9 Totl 1. Clculted Anlysis Lysine, % Met:lysine rtio, % Met & Cys:lysine rtio,% Threonine:lysine rtio, % Tryptophn:lysine rtio, % ME, kcl/lb Protein, % Clcium, % Phosphorus, % Avilble phosphorus, % Provided 5 g per ton crbdox , For Phse II, ADG nd ADFI were not ffected by dietry tretment, but ws improved (P<.5) for pigs consuming diets with irrdited spry-dried niml plsm compred with those fed the diet with ll ingredients irrdited. 28

3 Overll, ADG ws incresed (P<.5) for pigs fed the diet with irrdited spry-dried niml plsm compred with those fed either the control, the diet contining irrdited microingredients, or the diet tht ws mnufctured nd subsequently irrdited. Also, pigs fed irrdited soyben mel hd incresed (P<.5) ADFI compred with the mnufctured diet tht ws irrdited nd tended to improve ADFI (P<.7) compred with those fed the control. In ddition, pigs feed irrdited spry-dried niml plsm hd improved (P<.5) compred with those fed the diet with ll ingredients irrdited. Furthermore, they hd moderte increse (P<.6) in efficiency of gin compred with pigs fed the control. Finlly, the ddition of irrdited corn, whey, fishmel, soyben oil, microingredients, or if ll ingredients or whole diet ws irrdited did not influence growth performnce (P>.12) compred with the control for ny of the growth prmeters mesured in this study. diets ws reduced when subjected to irrdition tretment. Bcteril concentrtion of ingredients vried gretly with highest levels mesured in spry-dried niml plsm, corn, nd soyben mel nd the lowest levels cultured in spry-dried whey nd soyben oil. Use of irrdition on individul ingredients improved performnce in certin instnces, but no uniform pttern ws detected in regrds to the totl erobic bcteril concentrtions in ech ingredient. Although the lrgest improvements in growth performnce were elicited from two of the irrdited protein sources (spry-dried niml plsm nd soyben mel) used in this study, the benefits from irrditing these ingredients were lost when ll ingredients or whole diet ws irrdited compred with the inclusion of ech ingredient individully. The resons for this loss of improvement is not currently known, nd further reserch needs to be conducted to determine why certin ingredients tht re irrdited improve growth performnce. In conclusion, the bcteri concentrtion of ingredients commonly used in nursery pig Tble 2. Aerobic Bcteri Concentrtion of Feed Ingredients Totl Plte Count, CFU/g Totl Coliform Count, CFU/g Ingredient Regulr Irrdited Regulr Irrdited Corn Soyben mel (46.5%) Spry-dried whey Spry-dried niml plsm Select menhden fish mel Soyben oil Micronutrients b Irrdited t n verge dose of 8.5 kgy. b Mediction, monoclcium phosphte (21% P), limestone, zinc oxide, vitmin nd trce minerl premixes, slt, nd DL-methionine. 29

4 Tble 3. Aerobic Bcteri Concentrtions of Mnufctured Diets Portion of Diet Treted with Irrdition Prior to Mnufcturing Item Control Corn SB Mel Whey Plsm Fishmel SB Oil Micro s b All Complete c Totl Plte Count Totl Coliform Count Irrdited t n verge dose of 8.5 kgy. b Mediction, monoclcium phosphte (21% P), limestone, zinc oxide, vitmin nd trce minerl premixes, slt, nd DL-methionine. Tble 4. Effects of Irrdition of Ingredients nd Whole Diet on Nursery Pig Performnce Portion of Diet Treted with Irrdition Prior to Mnufcturing Item Control Corn SB Mel Whey Plsm Fishmel SB Oil Micro s b All Complete c SEM Phse I d Phse II e Overll.35 f.4 fg 1.17 f fg.49 h.6 fg 1.24 fg.4 fg.44 f 1.13 fg gf.52 fgh.63 fg 1.22 fg.41 g.44 f 1.7 g fg.54 fg.64 f 1.19 fg.38 fg.43 fg 1.12 fg fg.53 fgh.63 fg 1.21 fg.41 g.44 f 1.7 g f.55 f.64 fg 1.17 f Vlues re representtive of two trils. Tril I hd totl of 4 pigs (8 pigs per pen nd five pens per tretment) with n verge initil BW of 1.8 lb. Tril 2 hd 48 pigs (8 pigs per pen nd six pens per tretment) with n verge initil BW of 11.3 lb. b Antibiotic, slt, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, zinc oxide, vitmin nd trce minerl premixes, nd DL-methionine. c Complete diet mnufctured then irrdited. d Phse I is from d to 7 in Tril 1 nd d to 6 in Tril 2. e Phse II is from d 7 to 14 in Tril 1 nd d 6 to 12 in Tril 2. f,g,h Mens in sme row with superscripts differ (P<.5)..39 fg.43 fg 1.9 fg fg.51 fgh.61 fg 1.2 fg.38 fg.42 fg 1.1 fg fg.51 fgh.62 fg 1.22 fg.36 fg.4 fg 1.12 fg fg.5 gh.62 fg 1.25 g.4 fg.43 fg 1.9 dg g.51 fgh.63 fg 1.25 g.36 fg.38 g 1.7 g fg.5 h.59 g 1.2 fg

5 Tble 5. Probbility of Irrdition of Ingredients nd Whole Diet Versus Control on Nursery Pig Performnce Portion of Diet Treted with Irrdition Prior to Mnufcturing vs. Control Diet Item Corn SB Mel Whey Plsm Fish Mel SB Oil Micro s b All Complete c SEM Phse I d Phse II e Overll Vlues re representtive of two trils. Tril 1 hd 4 pigs (8 pigs per pen nd five pens per tretment) with n verge initil BW of 1.8 lb. Tril 2 hd 48 pigs (8 pigs per pen nd six pens per tretment) with n verge initil BW of 11.3 lb. b Antibiotic, slt, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, zinc oxide, vitmin nd trce minerl premixes, nd DL-methionine. c Complete diet mnufctured then irrdited. d Phse I is from d to 7 in Tril 1 nd d to 6 in Tril 2. e Phse II is from d 7 to 14 in Tril 1 nd d 6 to 12 in Tril