EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1

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1 Swine Dy 2001 Contents EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1 C. W. Hstd, S. S. Dritz 2, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokch, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry Two trils were conducted to determine the effects of dded copper from copper sulfte or copper chloride on performnce of growing-finishing pigs. A totl of 2,277 pigs with n initil weight of 71.6 lb were used in commercil reserch fcility in southwest Minnesot. Adding copper to the diet improved performnce during the first two weeks in the finishing brn regrdless of copper source or level. The results of these experiments indicte tht low levels of copper chloride or copper sulfte (50 to 100 ppm) cn be n effective nd economicl growth promoter when fed for the first two weeks to growing-finishing pigs. (Key Words: Growth Promoter, Copper Sulfte, Copper Chloride, Grower-Finisher Pigs.) Introduction Mny swine production systems hve used copper sulfte s growth promoter in growing nd finishing diets. Recent reserch indictes tht tribsic copper chloride is s effective s copper sulfte s growth promoter in nursery pig diets. Previous trils hve shown tht low levels of tribsic copper chloride yield similr results s higher levels of copper sulfte. Becuse of the lower inclusion rte, dding copper chloride my be more cost effective thn copper sulfte for growth promotion. The lower inclusion rte lso would result in less copper excretion in swine wste. In ddition, copper chloride is thought to be less oxidtive nd thus, should result in less corrosion to feeders nd gting. Therefore, the objective of these trils ws to evlute low levels of copper chloride nd copper sulfte s growth promoters in growingfinishing diets. Procedures Both experiments were conducted in commercil reserch fcility in southwest Minnesot. Pigs were rndomly llotted to the dietry tretments in rndomized complete block design in both experiments. Ech pen contined one self-feeder nd nipple wterer to llow d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. There were pproximtely 28 pigs per pen with the sme number of pigs per pen within ech block. Pigs were weighed nd feed disppernce ws determined pproximtely every 14 dys to clculte ADG, ADFI, nd feed efficiency. Experiment 1. A totl of 1,100 pigs (initilly 74.2 lb) were used. Pigs were llotted to one of five dietry tretments with 8 replictions (pens) per tretment (4 per gender). Diets were fed in four phses in order to more closely mtch nutrient requirements of the pigs. The phses were from d 0 to 31, 31 to 59, 59 to 86, nd 86 to 115 (Tble 1). Within ech phse, tretment diets consisted of control diet with no dded copper, three diets with 50, 100, nd 200 ppm of dded 1 Apprecition is expressed to Globl Ventures for the use of pigs nd fcilities; nd to Mrty Heintz, Sm Hni, nd Robert Powell for technicl ssistnce. 2 Food Animl Helth nd Mngement Center. 111

2 copper from copper chloride nd single diet with 200 ppm of dded copper from copper sulfte. Copper replced corn in the control diet. Experiment 2. A totl of 1,177 gilts (initilly 68.9 lb) were used in this experiment. Pigs were llotted to one of seven dietry tretments in rndomized complete block design with six pens per tretment. Diets were provided in two phses from d 0 to 27 nd d 27 to 56. Diets consisted of control diet with no dded copper nd control plus 50, 100, or 200 ppm of dded copper from either copper chloride or copper sulfte (Tble 2). Results nd Discussion Experiment 1. Adding either copper source to the diet reduced (P<0.02) ADFI nd improved (P<0.05) F/G during phse 1 (d 0 to 31). When copper chloride ws dded to the diet, the gretest improvement in ADFI nd F/G occurred with the ddition of the first 50 ppm of copper. Adding copper to the diet cused similr reduction (P<0.05) in ADFI during phse 3. Copper did not consistently influence ADG; however, there ws trend (P<0.12) for improved ADG during phse 2 nd 4 when copper ws dded to the diet. For the overll experiment, ADG ws improved s either copper source ws dded to the diet (liner, P<0.07 for copper chloride nd P<0.003 for copper sulfte). Pigs fed either copper source hd reduced (P<0.06) ADFI nd improved (P<0.003) F/G for the overll tril. The feed intke nd feed efficiency response to incresing copper chloride ws qudrtic; the mximl response ws observed in pigs fed 50 ppm, with no further improvement through the higher levels. Experiment 2. Pigs fed either copper source hd greter (P<0.01) ADG during the first two weeks of the experiment compred to pigs fed the control diet. There were no differences between copper sources nd no response to copper level indicting tht the mximl response ws chieved with the inclusion of the first 50 ppm of copper. Adding copper sulfte to the diet reduced (P<0.03) ADFI nd copper chloride tended to improve (P<0.07) feed efficiency from d 0 to 14. From d 14 to 27, pigs fed copper sulfte hd greter (P<0.04) ADG thn pigs fed copper chloride. However, ADG for pigs fed either copper source ws not different from pigs fed the control diet. Neither copper source nor level hd ny ffect on ADFI or F/G. From d 27 to 42, pigs fed diets contining copper chloride hd decresed (P<0.03) ADFI but improved (P<0.04) F/G compred with pigs fed the diets contining copper sulfte. Similr to the response from d 14 to 27, neither copper source influenced ADG, ADFI, or F/G compred to the control diet. Neither copper source nor level influenced performnce from d 27 to 56. For the overll experiment, ADG ws greter (P<0.05) for pigs fed copper sulfte compred to those fed the control diet. They lso tended to hve greter (P<0.08) ADG thn pigs fed the diets contining copper chloride. Pigs fed diets contining copper sulfte hd greter (P<0.02) ADFI thn pigs fed diets contining copper chloride; however, neither source influenced ADFI compred to pigs fed the control diet. Also, neither copper source influenced F/G compred to the control diet; however, there ws level by source interction (P<0.05). The reson for the interction is tht F/G improved with incresing levels of copper chloride while no distinct pttern ws found with incresing levels of copper sulfte. In conclusion, dding low levels of copper to diets during the first four weeks of the growingfinishing phse ppers to provide n dvntge in gin nd feed efficiency. There is not n dvntge to use copper chloride s replcement for copper sulfte. Becuse of the low cost of copper nd the improvements in ADG nd feed efficiency, this prctice my offer n economic benefit for the producer. Added copper during the lte finishing phse does not pper to provide ny significnt dvntge in gin or feed conversion. 112

3 Tble 1. Composition of Diets in Experiment 1 Ingredient d 0 to 31 d 31 to 59 d 59 to 86 d 86 to 115 Corn Soyben mel (46.5%) Choice white grese Monoclcium phosphte (21% P) Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Lysine@HCl Copper chloride or sulfte TOTAL Clculted Anlysis Desired lysine, % Isoleucine:lysine rtio 67% 68% 65% Leucine:lysine rtio 142% 148% 167% Methionine:lysine rtio 25% 26% 30% Met & Cys:lysine rtio 54% 56% 62% Threonine:lysine rtio 62% 62% 65% Tryptophn:lysine rtio 20% 19% 19% Vline:lysine rtio 77% 78% 82% ME, kcl/lb 1,628 1,629 1,633 Protein, % Clcium, % Phosphorus, % Avilble phosphorus, % Lysine:clorie rtio, g/mcl ME Copper source replced corn in the control diets. 113

4 Tble 2. Composition of Diets in Experiment 2 Ingredient, % d 0 to 27 d 27 to 56 Corn Soyben mel (46.5%) Choice white grese Monoclcium phosphte (21% P) Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Copper chloride or sulfte Lysine@HCl TOTAL Clculted Anlysis Lysine, % Isoleucine:lysine rtio 67% 66% Leucine:lysine rtio 141% 151% Methionine:lysine rtio 25% 27% Met & cys:lysine rtio 54% 57% Threonine:lysine rtio 62% 63% Tryptophn:lysine rtio 20% 19% Vline:lysine rtio 77% 79% ME, kcl/lb 1,627 1,634 Protein, % Clcium, % Phosphorus, % Avilble phosphorus, % Lysine:clorie rtio, g/mcl ME Copper source replced corn in the control diets. 114

5 Tble 3. Growth Performnce of Finishing Pigs fed Vrious Copper Sources (Exp. 1) CuCl CuSO 4 CuCl Control vs. Item Control SEM Liner Qudrtic CuSO 4 Period I, d 0 to 31 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Period II, d 31 to 59 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Period III, d 59 to 86 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Period IV, d 86 to 115 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Overll, d 0 to 115 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Finl Wt A totlof 1,100 pigs (20 pens of brrows nd 20 pens of gilts with 26 to 28 pigs per pen nd with eight replictions, four per gender for ech tretment) with n verge initil weight of 74.4 lb were used for this experiment. 115

6 Tble 4. Growth Performnce of Pigs Fed Incresing Copper Chloride or Copper Sulfte (Exp. 2) Control Copper Chloride Copper Sulfte Item No Cu SEM D 0 to 14 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G D 14 to 27 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G D 27 to 42 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G D 27 to 56 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Overll, d 0 to 56 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G A totl of 1,177 gilts with n verge initil wt of 68.9 lb were used in the experiment. The vlues represent the mens of six pens per tretment nd 28 pigs per pen.

7 Tble 5. Probbility Vlues for Growth Performnce of Pigs Fed Incresing Copper Chloride or Copper Sulfte (Exp. 2) P-Vlue Level* Source Copper Chloride Control vs. Copper Sulfte Item Level Source D 0 to 14 ADG ADFI F/G D 14 to 27 ADG ADFI F/G D 27 to 42 ADG ADFI F/G D 27 to 56 ADG ADFI F/G Overll, d 0 to 56 ADG ADFI F/G A totl of 1,177 gilts with n verge initil wt of 68.9 lb were used in the experiment. The vlues represent the mens of six pens per tretment nd 28 pigs per pen.