Chapter 7 The Muscular System - Part 2. Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1
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1 Chapter 7 The Muscular System - Part 2 Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1
2 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE A. Functions 1. Movement 2. Posture or muscle tone 3. Heat production Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2
3 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement a. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3
4 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement a. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts The insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4
5 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement a. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts The insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5
6 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement a. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts The insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion Eccentric contraction tension during muscle lengthening!example lowering a bowling ball Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6
7 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement a. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts The insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion Eccentric contraction tension during muscle lengthening!example lowering a bowling ball Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7
8 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement b. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single, smooth movement Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8
9 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement b. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single, smooth movement Prime mover mainly responsible for producing a given movement (agonist) Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9
10 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement b. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single, smooth movement Prime mover mainly responsible for producing a given movement agonist Synergist helps the prime mover produce a given movement Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10
11 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. Movement b. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single, smooth movement Prime mover mainly responsible for producing a given movement agonist Synergist helps the prime mover produce a given movement Antagonist opposes the action of a prime mover in a given movement Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11
12 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 2. Posture a. A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction (muscle tone) enables us to maintain body position Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12
13 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 2. Posture a. A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction (muscle tone) enables us to maintain body position Only a few of a muscle's fibers shorten at one time Produce no movement of body parts Maintain muscle tone called posture Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13
14 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 2. Posture a. A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction (muscle tone) enables us to maintain body position Only a few of a muscle's fibers shorten at one time Produce no movement of body parts Maintain muscle tone called posture b. Good posture favors best body functioning Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14
15 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 2. Posture a. A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction (muscle tone) enables us to maintain body position Only a few of a muscle's fibers shorten at one time Produce no movement of body parts Maintain muscle tone called posture b. Good posture favors best body functioning c. Skeletal muscle tone maintains good posture by counteracting the pull of gravity Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15
16 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 3. Heat production a. Survival depends on the body s ability to maintain a constant body temperature Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16
17 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 3. Heat production a. Survival depends on the body s ability to maintain a constant body temperature Fever an elevated body temperature often a sign of illness Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17
18 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 3. Heat production a. Survival depends on the body s ability to maintain a constant body temperature Fever an elevated body temperature often a sign of illness Hypothermia a reduced body temperature Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18
19 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 3. Heat production a. Survival depends on the body s ability to maintain a constant body temperature Fever an elevated body temperature often a sign of illness Hypothermia a reduced body temperature b. Contraction of muscle fibers produces most of the heat required to maintain normal body temperature Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19
20 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 1. Reduced strength of muscle contraction Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20
21 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 1. Reduced strength of muscle contraction 2. Caused by repeated muscle stimulation without adequate periods of rest Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21
22 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 1. Reduced strength of muscle contraction 2. Caused by repeated muscle stimulation without adequate periods of rest 3. Repeated muscular contraction depletes cellular ATP stores and outstrips the ability of the blood supply to replenish oxygen and nutrients Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22
23 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 4. Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23
24 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 4. Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness 5. Oxygen debt term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24
25 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 4. Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness 5. Oxygen debt term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise Labored breathing after strenuous exercise is required to pay the debt Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25
26 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 4. Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness 5. Oxygen debt term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise Labored breathing after strenuous exercise is required to pay the debt This increased metabolism helps restore energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26
27 B. Fatigue FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (cont.) 4. Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness Good 5. Oxygen debt term example used of to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate homeostasis. during prolonged periods of exercise Labored breathing whew. after strenuous exercise is required to pay the debt This increased metabolism helps restore energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27
28 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A. Slow Fibers 1. Called red fibers due to high content of oxygenstoring myoglobin (red pigment similar to hemoglobin) Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28
29 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A. Slow Fibers 1. Called red fibers due to high content of oxygenstoring myoglobin (red pigment similar to hemoglobin) 2. Do not fatigue easily Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29
30 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A. Slow Fibers 1. Called red fibers due to high content of oxygenstoring myoglobin (red pigment similar to hemoglobin) 2. Do not fatigue easily 3. Best suited for endurance activities like running; posture Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30
31 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A. Slow Fibers 1. Called red fibers due to high content of oxygenstoring myoglobin (red pigment similar to hemoglobin) 2. Do not fatigue easily 3. Best suited for endurance activities like running; posture 4. This is your dark meat in poultry Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31
32 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types B. Fast Fibers 1. Called white fibers due to low content of oxygenstoring myoglobin Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32
33 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types B. Fast Fibers 1. Called white fibers due to low content of oxygenstoring myoglobin 2. Produce ATP quickly but fatigue easily Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33
34 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types B. Fast Fibers 1. Called white fibers due to low content of oxygenstoring myoglobin 2. Produce ATP quickly but fatigue easily 3. Best suited for quick, powerful contractions; sprinting; weight lifting Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 34
35 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types B. Fast Fibers 1. Called white fibers due to low content of oxygenstoring myoglobin 2. Produce ATP quickly but fatigue easily 3. Best suited for quick, powerful contractions; sprinting; weight lifting 4. This is your white meat in poultry Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35
36 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types C. Intermediate Fibers 1. Have characteristics between the extremes of slow and fast fibers Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36
37 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types C. Intermediate Fibers 1. Have characteristics between the extremes of slow and fast fibers 2. Example - gastrocnemius Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37
38 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types C. Intermediate Fibers 1. Have characteristics between the extremes of slow and fast fibers 2. Example - gastrocnemius 3. Used for posture and occasional brief, powerful contractions (jumping) Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38
39 ROLE OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS IN MOVEMENT 1. Muscle functioning depends on the functioning of many other parts of the body Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 39
40 ROLE OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS IN MOVEMENT 1. Muscle functioning depends on the functioning of many other parts of the body 2. Most muscles cause movements by pulling on bones across moveable joints Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 40
41 ROLE OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS IN MOVEMENT 1. Muscle functioning depends on the functioning of many other parts of the body 2. Most muscles cause movements by pulling on bones across moveable joints 3. Respiratory, circulatory, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems play essential roles in producing normal movements Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 41
42 ROLE OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS IN MOVEMENT 1. Muscle functioning depends on the functioning of many other parts of the body 2. Most muscles cause movements by pulling on bones across moveable joints 3. Respiratory, circulatory, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems play essential roles in producing normal movements 4. Multiple sclerosis, brain hemorrhage, and spinal cord injury are examples of how pathological conditions in other body organ systems can dramatically affect movement Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 42
43 MOTOR UNIT 1. Stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 43
44 MOTOR UNIT 1. Stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement 2. A motor neuron is the specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44
45 MOTOR UNIT 3. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45
46 MOTOR UNIT 3. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber 4. Motor unit combination of a motor neuron with the muscle fibers it controls Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 46
47 MUSCLE STIMULUS 1. A muscle will contract only if an applied stimulus reaches a certain level of intensity Threshold stimulus minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 47
48 MUSCLE STIMULUS 1. A muscle will contract only if an applied stimulus reaches a certain level of intensity Threshold stimulus minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract! 2. Once stimulated by a threshold stimulus, a muscle fiber will contract completely, a response called all or none Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 48
49 MUSCLE STIMULUS 3. Different muscle fibers in a muscle are controlled by different motor units having different thresholdstimulus levels Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 49
50 MUSCLE STIMULUS 3. Different muscle fibers in a muscle are controlled by different motor units having different thresholdstimulus levels a. Although individual muscle fibers always respond all or none to a threshold stimulus, the muscle as a whole does not Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 50
51 MUSCLE STIMULUS 3. Different muscle fibers in a muscle are controlled by different motor units having different thresholdstimulus levels a. Although individual muscle fibers always respond all or none to a threshold stimulus, the muscle as a whole does not b. Different motor units responding to different threshold stimuli permit a muscle as a whole to execute contractions of graded force Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 51
52 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION 1. Twitch and tetanic contractions a. Twitch contractions are laboratory phenomena and not normal muscle activity; they are a single contraction of muscle fibers caused by a single threshold stimulus Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 52
53 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION 1. Twitch and tetanic contractions a. Twitch contractions are laboratory phenomena and not normal muscle activity; they are a single contraction of muscle fibers caused by a single threshold stimulus! b. Tetanic contractions are sustained muscular contractions caused by stimuli hitting a muscle in rapid succession Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 53
54 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont.) 2. Isotonic contractions a. Contractions that produce movement at a joint because the muscle changes length Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 54
55 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont.) 2. Isotonic contractions a. Contractions that produce movement at a joint because the muscle changes length Concentric contractions the muscle shortens at the insertion end of the muscle to move toward the point of origin Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 55
56 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont.) 2. Isotonic contractions a. Contractions that produce movement at a joint because the muscle changes length Concentric contractions the muscle shortens at the insertion end of the muscle to move toward the point of origin Eccentric contractions the muscle lengthens under tension, thus moving the insertion away from the origin Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 56
57 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont.) 2. Isotonic contractions a. Contractions that produce movement at a joint because the muscle changes length Concentric contractions the muscle shortens at the insertion end of the muscle to move toward the point of origin Eccentric contractions the muscle lengthens under tension, thus moving the insertion away from the origin b. Most types of body movements (walking, running, etc.) are produced by isotonic contractions Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 57
58 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont.) 3. Isometric contractions a. Contractions that do not produce movement; the muscle as a whole does not shorten b. Although no movement occurs, tension within the muscle increases Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 58
59 Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 59
60 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 1. Exercise, if regular and properly practiced, improves muscle tone and posture, results in more efficient heart and lung functioning, and reduces fatigue Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 60
61 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 1. Exercise, if regular and properly practiced, improves muscle tone and posture, results in more efficient heart and lung functioning, and reduces fatigue 2. Muscles change in relation to the amount of work they normally do Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 61
62 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 1. Exercise, if regular and properly practiced, improves muscle tone and posture, results in more efficient heart and lung functioning, and reduces fatigue 2. Muscles change in relation to the amount of work they normally do a. Prolonged inactivity causes disuse atrophy Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 62
63 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 1. Exercise, if regular and properly practiced, improves muscle tone and posture, results in more efficient heart and lung functioning, and reduces fatigue 2. Muscles change in relation to the amount of work they normally do a. Prolonged inactivity causes disuse atrophy b. Regular exercise increases muscle size, called hypertrophy Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 63
64 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 2. Strength training is exercise involving contraction of muscles against heavy resistance Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 64
65 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 2. Strength training is exercise involving contraction of muscles against heavy resistance a. Strength training increases the number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber, and as a result, the total mass of the muscle increases Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 65
66 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES 2. Strength training is exercise involving contraction of muscles against heavy resistance a. Strength training increases the number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber, and as a result, the total mass of the muscle increases b. Strength training does not increase the number of muscle fibers Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 66
67 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES (cont.) 3. Endurance training is exercise that increases a muscle s ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period; it is sometimes called aerobic training Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 67
68 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES (cont.) 3. Endurance training is exercise that increases a muscle s ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period; it is sometimes called aerobic training a. Endurance training allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a muscle via increased blood flow Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 68
69 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELETAL MUSCLES (cont.) 3. Endurance training is exercise that increases a muscle s ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period; it is sometimes called aerobic training a. Endurance training allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a muscle via increased blood flow b. Endurance training does not usually result in muscle hypertrophy Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 69
70 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 70
71 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 71
72 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline 5. Rotation around an axis Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 72
73 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline 5. Rotation around an axis 6. Circumduction move distal end of a part in a circle Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 73
74 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline 5. Rotation around an axis 6. Circumduction move distal end of a part in a circle 7. Supination and pronation hand positions that result from twisting the forearm Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 74
75 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline 5. Rotation around an axis 6. Circumduction move distal end of a part in a circle 7. Supination and pronation hand positions that result from twisting the forearm 8. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion foot movements (upward and downward ankle movement) Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 75
76 MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 1. Flexion decreases an angle 2. Extension increases an angle 3. Abduction away from the midline 4. Adduction toward the midline 5. Rotation around an axis 6. Circumduction move distal end of a part in a circle 7. Supination and pronation hand positions that result from twisting the forearm 8. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion foot movements (upward and downward ankle movement) 9. Inversion and eversion foot movements (sideways) Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 76
77 Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 77
78 Mosby items and derived items 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 78
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