REVISION BOOKLET. The Body Systems

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1 REVISION BOOKLET The Body Systems GCSE PE 2016

2 Skeletal System Functions of the skeleton Joints for movement Muscle attachment Protection of vital organs Red and white blood cell production platelets Storage of calcium and phosphorus 1 P a g e

3 Pivot Joint Hinge Joint Condyloid Joint Ball and Socket Joint Types of bone: Flat bone Long bone Short bone Irregular bone Tendons attach muscle to bone, which provides leverage Ligaments attach bone to bone which strengthens the joints Types of Movement Type of Movement Adduction Flexion Dorsi Flexion Rotation Circumduction Abduction Extension Plantar Flexion Description Movement of the limb TOWARDS the centre of the body Angle of the joint decreases An upward movement, as in moving the foot to pull the toes towards the knee in walking. When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation Movement of the limb AWAY from the midline body Angle of the joint increases A movement that points the toes downwards by straightening the ankle. 2 P a g e

4 Muscles Three types of muscle Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac External obliques Hip flexors Tibialis anterior Antagonistic Muscles Muscles can only PULL they cannot push! This is called a muscle contraction. There are a number of ways a muscle can contract... The two we are concerned with are: Isotonic Isometric 3 P a g e

5 Isometric is static. The muscle is contracting but it is in a fixed position. For example, in an arm wrestle when two people are taking the strain their muscles are in isometric contractions. Isotonic is moving (think of tonic the energy drinks = movement). For example, in an arm wrestle when both people have started to push the other then the muscle is moving. Antagonistic Muscle Pairs As muscles can only pull, you have to have sets of muscles that pull in the opposite directions; these are called antagonistic pairs. The muscle that is working is called the AGONIST (it s easy to remember if you think of agony the muscle is in agony which means it is working). The muscle relaxing is the ANTAGONIST Muscles Location Movement Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior Ankle Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion Quadriceps and hamstring Knee Flexion and extension Biceps and triceps Elbow Flexion and extension Hip flexors and gluteus maximus Hip Flexion and extension Muscle Fibres Type 1: Slow Twitch Type 2a: Fast-twitch Type 2b: Fast-twitch They contract slowly with less force and are slow to get tired and are suited to aerobic activities such longdistance running and swimming. These are fast contracting and able to produce great force. They are slow to get tired and are suited to middle distance events. These are also fast-twitch which contract rapidly and produce large amounts of force but get tired quickly. Are suited to short distance events (100M) 4 P a g e

6 Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is made up of: Blood Blood vessels Heart Bicuspid Valve Functions of the cardiovascular system Transport of oxygen and nutrients Removal of carbon dioxide Clotting of open wounds Regulation of body temperature 5 P a g e

7 Vasodilation means the blood vessels are dilated to make them bigger. This means there is a greater amount of blood near the skin so that the heat can be released. Vasoconstriction the blood cells are constricted (squeezed) to make them smaller. This means less blood flows near the surface of the skill and so less heat is lost. 6 P a g e

8 Arteries Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart. They consist of three layers. Artery walls are thick and flexible. They have a pulse and work under high pressure. Veins carry deoxygenated back to the heart and they work at a lower pressure. The walls are thinner than arteries and less elastic. They have valves to stop the blood flowing backwards. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel and are just one cell thick (thinner than a strand of hair). They have semi-permeable walls. 7 P a g e

9 Vascular Shunt Vascular shunt is the redistribution of blood when we are exercising. When you exercise your working muscles need more oxygen. Oxygen is attached to the red blood cells in the blood and carried to your active muscles. Your heart rate and stroke volume increases so more blood is circulating every minute. Blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles. This is called Blood shunting. Blood can be shunted away from the stomach. This is why it is important that digestion is complete before exercise begins. Blood Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which carrie s oxygen made in the bone marrow, the more you train the more red blood cells are made White blood cells an important part of the immune system produces antibodies and destroy harmful microorganisms made in the bone marrow Platelets clump to form clots (stops bleeding) Plasma fluid part of blood carries carbon dioxide, hormones and waste 8 P a g e

10 Respiratory System Inhalation In order to draw air into our lungs, the volume of the chest must increase. This occurs because the Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract. The rib cage moves up and out and the diaphragm flattens to increase the space. This decreases the air pressure within our lungs, causing air to rush in from outside. 9 P a g e

11 Exhalation At the end of a breath, the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, Returning to their starting position, which decreases the volume of the chest. The decreased space and increased air pressure in the lungs forces air out Gas Inhaled Exhaled Oxygen 21% 17% Carbon Dioxide 0.04% 4% Nitrogen 79% 79% Gas Exchange 1. The oxygen we breathe in travels down to the alveoli. 2. Capillaries carry de-oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the lungs. 3. The alveoli have a HIGH concentration of oxygen and the capillaries have a LOW concentration of oxygen. 4. Capillaries and alveoli have thin walls so gas exchange takes place from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration. 5. This means oxygen is put into the blood cells & the carbon dioxide is removed. 6. The oxygen rich blood is then taken back to the heart via the pulmonary vein where it can be delivered to the rest of the body. 10 P a g e

12 Gas Exchange Diagram (diffusion) Tidal Volume : During normal breathing, the total amount breathed in and out in one cycle. Vital Capacity: The maximum you can forcibly breathe in and out. 11 P a g e