Biomechanics of Resistance Training. Tutor: Phil Watkins
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1 Biomechanics of Resistance Training Tutor: Phil Watkins
2 Types of Resistance Training Isometric Free Weights- isotonic/isoinertial Variable Resistance Isokinetic Hydraulic and pneumatic Isointerial/ballsistic
3 Isometric Requires little or no equipment Static contraction at given joint angle Dynamic strength not increased Strength gain specific to joint angle Some sport applications
4 Cable Tensiometer
5 Measuring isometric force
6 Free Weights Similar to sporting situation Inexpensive equipment Difficult to work full range due to sticking region
7 Isotonic/isoinertial Isotonic- constant external resistance Isoinertial- initially applied to ballistic training but term strictly refers to constant load provided by action of gravity on mass
8 Sticking Region Sticking region result as a combination of Length-tension effect Muscle angle of pull Line of resistance
9 Line of resistance Resistance in free weight acts vertically downwards Many movements are rotary about a single joint Resistance is maximised at the point when bone being moved is parallel to the ground, i.e., perpendicular to line of resistance
10
11 Changing emphasis. Therefore can alter body position to change the emphasis on different ranges of a movement
12 Multiarticulate Muscles Use passive and active insufficiency to change emphasis on specific muscles during resistance training For example: Shoulder flexion/extension position during resisted elbow extension Knee position during calf raises
13 Machines with pulleys and stacks Can change direction of force by the use of pulleys. Weight stack Ease of selecting weight Reduces risk of injury loading bar Easier to keep tidy
14 Variable Resistance Developed by Universal to overcome the problem of matching the resistance to the strength curve. Used sliding lever system in which mechanical advantage of the machine changed through the range. Problem: designed for normal male subject
15 Hammer strength Resistance changes as weight force vector shifts relative to lever
16 Isokinetic Resistance Constant velocity Constant angular or linear velocity Also called accommodating resistance because resistance changes to match muscle torque output. Constant velocity therefore no net torque or force.
17 Cybex Biodex KinCom Examples Many now have eccentric phase Well accepted in rehabilitation Limited use in athlete performance training because isokinetic is such an artificial movement
18 More specific? Many manufacturers of isokinetic dynamometers are implementing isoaccelerative, isotonic and isometric modes Also, more functional (compound) movements can be tested. Some have a heavy eccentric mode where load during eccentric is % heavier than the concentric
19 Cybex Norm
20 Biodex
21 Torque Resistance Resistance applied as a constant torque about the axis Overcomes problems of changing resistance arm Not specific to movement in the gravity environment
22 Hydraulic Resistance e.g., Hydragym, Fitness Technology Uses resistance of oil being forced through a valve Some control velocity (flow control valve) others force or torque (pressure control valve)
23 Hydraulic Resistance (continued) No eccentric therefore reduced muscle soreness May have application in power development Limited feedback
24 Fitness Technology- Pressure Control
25 Fit Express- Flow Control
26 Pneumatic Resistance Uses air pressure to provide adjustable resistance. As push through the movement air compression increases as does resistance. Fits ascending force curves. May have application in power development. Limited feedback Requires external compressor
27 Pneumatic Resistance. 2
28 Ballistic Resistance e.g., Ballistic Power System Most effective for training explosive power Limited strength increases or hypertrophy Brake controls eccentric phase Electronic feedback provided
29 Ballistic Power System
30 References and Recommended Reading Hay, J.G (1985) The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques, Prentice-Hall: London, 3 rd Edition Kreighbaum, E and Barthels, K (1996) Biomechanics: A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement, Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 4 th Edition
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