Index. Autoimmune disease, differential diagnosis, eye involvement pattern, 400 pathogenesis,

Transcription

1 A Acoustic rhinometry, description, 456 diagnostic value, 458, 459 nozzles, 456, 458 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acute sinusitis treatment, 190, 191 children and sinusitis, 201 dementia and smell loss, 445 nasal manifestations, 376 sinusitis pathogens, 94 Acute sinusitis, complications, 211 diagnosis, clinical presentation, computed tomography, 71, endoscopy, 177 nasal cytology, 174 physical findings, radiography, 175, 177 transillumination, 175 ultrasonography, 175 headache, incidence in children, 169 microbiology in adults, bacteriology, 92, 170, 171 nosocomial sinusitis, 93 virology, 92, 93 microbiology in children, 88, 89, 170, 171, nosocomial sinusitis, 190 pathogens, 71,170,171,178,179 pathophysiology, 170,215,216 spontaneous recovery rate, 192, 193,224 time course, 168,202,217,218 treatment, AIDS patients, 190, 191 amino-penicillins, 179 anti-inflammatory agents, 208 antibiotic resistance, 188 antihistamines, 208 augmented penicillins, 179 cephalosporins/carbacephems, children, Acute sinusitis, treatment (continued), clindamycin, 187 decongestants, 207, 208 expectorants, 208 fluoroquinolones, 185, 186, 190 indications, macrolides, 184, 185 saline irrigation, 208 sulfonamide combinations, 186, 187 tetracyclines, 187 timing, 188, 190,209 Adenocarcinoma, 303 Adenoid, endoscopic findings, 475 Adenoidectomy, see Tonsilloadenoidectomy Agger nasi, anatomy, 16,553 imaging, 68, 70 Aging, smell loss, 445, 446 AIDS, see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Albumin, respiratory secretion, 54 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 341 Allergic rhinitis, evaluation, 439 prevalence, 438 sinusitis incidence in children, 200 smell loss, 439 treatment, 238, 439 Allergic sinusitis, see also Food allergy; Hypersensitivity reaction associated paranasa1 sinus response, 136, 137 delayed sinus response, diagnosis, disease history, 146 general examination, 146 imaging of parana sal sinus response, nasal provocation test, 147 nasal secretion examination, 147, 148 screening, 146, 147 early sinus response, hypersensitivity mechanisms, 99, 100 imaging, 74 immunotherapy, 157,

2 578 Allergic sinusitis (continued), late response of maxillary sinuses, 136 late sinus response, 140, 142, 143 nomenclature, 97, 98 nonassociated paranasal sinus response, 135 nonspecific hyperreactivity, treatment, 157, 158 occurrence rate, 134, 135 pharmacologic agents and regimens, primary form, 98, 133 secondary form, 98, 134, 135 Allergy, see Allergic sinusitis; Food allergy; Hypersensitivity reaction Alzheimer's disease, plaques, 443 smell loss, 443, 444 Amalgam, sinusitis association, 277 Ameloblastoma, 305 Amino-penicillins, efficacy studies, 179 mode of action, 179 sinus penetration, 179 spectrum of activity, 179 Amphotercin B, delivery, 353, 354 nephrotoxicity, 353 rhinocerebral mucormycosis treatment, 353, 354 Analgesics, sinusitis treatment, 228, 243 Anosmia, see also Smell complication in FESS, 565 prevalence, 425 Anterior ethmoid, embryonic development, 4, 5 Antihistamines, sinusitis treatment, adults,228,240 allergic sinusitis, 151 children, 208 Antral lavage, adults, 516 approaches, 503, 504 cannulation, 504 children, efficacy, 504 outcome, 504, 505 Aspirin, asthma and hypersensitivity triad, intolerance, clinical expression, 332 desensitization, management, 332, 333 nasal polyposis association, 318, 319, 331, 530 pathogenesis, 331, 332 Asthma, adrenergic blockade, 327 aspirin hypersensitivity triad, complication in FESS, 565 microbiology of sinusitis in children, 91, 92 nasal polyposis association, 289, 317, 324, 330 Asthma (continued), nasal triggers, 324 sinusitis association, clinical characteristics, 327, 328, 335 diagnosis, laboratory studies, 329, 330 medical history, 329 physical examination, 329 management, 330, 335, 336 mechanisms, nasal sinus bronchial reflex, 326, 327 sinusitis incidence, adults, 323 children, 200 Astringents, sinusitis treatment, 230 Augmented penicillins, efficacy studies, 182 general precautions, 182 sinus penetration, 179 spectrum of activity, 179 Autoimmune disease, differential diagnosis, eye involvement pattern, 400 pathogenesis, B Barotrauma, sinusitis association, 238 Basal cell, function, 370 Basal lamella, anatomy, 11-13,553 bulla, 12, 13 middle turbinate bone, 11, 12 superior turbinate, 13 uncinate process, 13, 15, 16 Behcet's syndrome, clinical overview, 389, 390 definition, 389 diagnosis, 390, 391 prognosis, 391 treatment, 391 Benign mucosal cyst, clinical implications, 275 imaging, 274, 275 incidence, 275 pathophysiology, 274, 275 treatment, 276 Blindness, complications in FESS, 79, sinusitis association, 76 Bony dysplasia, clinical aspects, 282 diagnosis, 283 Bradykinin, regulation of nasal secretions, 57, 373 Brain, injury in FESS, 566 Breathing, see also Nasal air flow nasal air-flow sensation, 37

3 579 Breathing (continued), nasal airway advantages, 36, 37 posture and pressure effects on nasal resistance, 45, 46 respiratory air processing, Bromhexine, sinusitis treatment, 227, 228 Bulla, basal lamella, 12, 13 C Calcitonin gene-related peptide, regulation of nasal secretions, 57, 372 Caldwell-Luc operation, complications, 572 sinusitis treatment, 211, 212, 341, 363, 516, 532, 534, 538 Cancer, see Tumors Carbacephems, efficacy studies, 183, 2lO mode of action, 182 sinus penetration, 182, 183 spectrum of activity, 182, 183 Cavernous sinus thrombosis, anatomy, 257 clinical presentation, 257, 258 imaging, 76, , 258 treatment, 259 Cepha1osporins, efficacy studies, 183, 2lO, 225 general precautions, 184 mode of action, 182 sinus penetration, 182, 183 spectrum of activity, 182, 183 Cerebral abscess, clinical presentation, 265 diagnosis, 266 formation, 265, 266 frontal sinusitis association, 265 mortality, 267 treatment, antibiotics, 266, 267 drainage, 267 steroids, 267 Cerebrospinal fluid leak, complication in FESS, 80, 81, 524,550,558,568 Cerebrospinal fluid leak, FESS complication, 80, 81,524,550,558 repair, 558 Choana, endoscopic findings, 474 Choana1 arcade, 27 Chondrosarcoma, 307 Chronic sinusitis, asthmatic children, 91, 92 complications, 211 definition in children, 168 dental origin, 277, 278 diagnosis in adults, antral puncture, 221 computed tomography, Chronic sinusitis, diagnosis in adults (continued), differential diagnosis, 218, 219 endoscopy, 221 magnetic resonance imaging, 221 radiography, 219, 220 ultrasonography, 220 diagnosis in children, clinical features, 20 I, 202 computed tomography, 202, 203 magnetic resonance imaging, 202, 204 nasal cytology, 205 radiology, 202, 203 rhinoscopy, 205 sinus aspiration, 205 transillumination, 204 ultrasonography, 204, 205 headache, 411,412 imaging, microbiology, adults, 93 children, 89-91, pathogens, 71, 87 pathophysiology, 215, 216 postoperative patients, prevalence, 439 smell loss, 440, 441 time course, 168, 202, 217, 218 treatment, adults, antibiotics, , 224, 225, 549 antihistamines, 208 anti-inflammatory agents, 208 children, decongestants, 207, 208 expectorants, 208 saline irrigation, 208 surgery, 211, 212, 230 Churg-Strauss syndrome, clinical overview, 387, 388 definition, 387 diagnosis, 388 nasal polyposis association, 315 pathogenesis, 382, 387 prognosis, 389 treatment, 388, 389 Cilia, see also Immoti1e cilia syndrome; Primary cilia dyskinesia abnormalities, 35, 36 beat frequency and drugs, 490 injury, 36 motility assay, 431 mucociliary transport, 35, 36, 370,490 Clindamycin, general precautions, 187 mode of action, 187

4 580 Clindamycin (continued), sinus penetration, 187 spectrum of activity, 187 Cogan's syndrome, clinical overview, 393, 394 definition, 393 diagnosis, 394 prognosis, 394, 395 treatment, 394, 395 Cold, see Rhinovirus Columnar epithelia, cell function, 370 luminal surface area, 35 mucociliary transport, 35 Common variable immunodeficiency, prevalence, 374 sinusitis association, 374 Computed tomography, see also Single photon emission computed tomography acute sinusitis diagnosis, allergic sinusitis, diagnostic imaging, 148, 149 chronic sinusitis, 72 computer-assisted surgery, 81 findings in complaint population, 529 fungal sinusitis, 73, 74 indications, 552 neoplasms, orbital complications, preoperative evaluation, 518, 519, pretreatment of patient, 66 reconstruction, 64, 66 sinusitis diagnosis, adults, children, 202, 203 sinus scanning, 64, Concha bullosa, imaging, 69 Coryza, paranasal sinus involvement, 33 Cranofacial resection, complications, 542 contraindications, 542 indications, 542 sequelae, 542 skin grafting, 542 survival rates, 542, 543 Crista galli, imaging, 70 Cromolyn sodium, sinusitis efficacy, 242 CT, see Computed tomography Cystic fibrosis, airway clearance, 358 gene,357,358,442 incidence, 357,442 nasal polyposis association, 288, 314, , 530, 531 sinusitis, association, 201, 330, 331 imaging, 360, 361, 495 pathogens, 360 Cystic fibrosis, sinusitis (continued), sinus secretion characteristics, 356 symptoms, 360 treatment, antibiotics, 361, 362 surgery, 363,364,495,496 smell loss, 442, 443 survival rate, 442 Cytokines, allergic response, 10 I, 102 regulation of nasal secretions, 373 D Dacryocystitis, treatment, 550, 551 Decongestants, side effects, 226 sinusitis treatment, adults, children, 207, 208 nasal decongestants, 239, 240 oral decongestants, 240 Delayed nasal response, association with other diagnostic parameters, association with other organ responses, 123 cellular response, 127 clinical features, 120, 121 cytokine response, 127 detection, 121 mechanisms, 124, 126, 127 nasal mucosa biopsy, 123, 124 nasal secretions, 123 occurrence rate, 120 pharmacologic modulation, 124 time course, 104 Dental disease, infundibulo-meatal dysfunction, 31 Dental extraction, sinusitis association, 276, 277 Dental implant, effect on sinuses, 278 Disodium cromoglycate, allergic sinusitis therapy, 151, 156, 157 E Embryo, olfactory placode development, 4, 5 Endoscopic surgery, see also Functional endoscopic sinus surgery anesthesia, 533 children, abscess drainage, 496 adenoidectomy, 494 allergy with nasal polyps, 497, 498 complications, 498 ethmoidectomy, 493, 494 indications, 489, 490, 507 inferior meatal antrostomy, 491, 492 instrumentation, 491 maxillary sinus hypoplasia, 496, 497

5 581 Endoscopic surgery, children (continued), middle meatal maxillary sinus ostiaplasty, 492, 493 outcomes, 509, 510 postoperative management, 494, 495,509 technique, timing of initial evaluation, 491 cystic fibrosis sinusitis, procedures, 495, 496 serial microbial lavage, 330, 331 ethmoidectomy, 493, 494, fungal sinusitis, 496 microscopic endonasal surgery, 523 revision surgery, 497, 510 sinoscopy, 533, 534 sphenoidectomy, technique, telescopes, 515 turbinoplasty, 535 Endoscopy, acute sinusitis diagnosis, 177, 481, 482 allergic sinusitis diagnosis, 150 chronic sinusitis diagnosis, 482, 483 endoscopes, 477,480, 527 examination, adenoid,475 choana,474 epiglottis, 476 glottis, 476 mucosa, 473 nasal polyps, 474 neoplasms, 474, 475 pharyngeal wall, 475 Rosenmuller's fossa, 475 septum, 473, 474 sequence, , 551, 552 tonsils, 476 torus tubarius, 474, 475 turbinates, 474 vocal cords, 476, 477 headache diagnosis, 419, 420 history, 477 indications, instrumentation, 477 patient preparation, 478, 551 photo documentation, 478 research applications, 484 sinusitis diagnosis in adults, 221, smell disorder diagnosis, 430 training, 469, 484 upper airway anatomy, Endothelin, regulation of nasal secretions, 373 Eosinophil, allergy role, 325, 370, 371 chemical mediation of inflammation, 324, 325 Epidural abscess, frontal sinus, 264 Epiglottis, endoscopic findings, 476 Epistaxis, complication in FESS, 565 Epithelial lining fluid, components, 54 layers, 54, 55 regulation of secretion, 56, 57 Erectile tissue, distribution, 43 imaging, 43 vascular tone, 43, 44 Esthesioneuroblastoma, imaging, 78 Ethmoidal bulla, anatomy, 7, 8, 553 imaging, 70 Ethmoidal cells, 553, 554 bullar system, prebullar system, 15 meatal cells, 17 uncinate cell group, superior group, 17 supreme group, 17, 18 Ethmoidectomy, adults, 516, 517 approaches, 517,518, children, 493, 494 Ethmoid sinus, anatomy, 472 basal cranial aspect, 9, 10 basal lamella, maxillary aspect, 10, 11 medial aspect, 6-8 orbital side, 8, 9 computed tomography, 10, 14,68 development, 490 mucocele, 280 systematic classification, 3, 98, 99 tumor spread, 297 Exercise, effect, nasal air flow resistance, 460 sinusitis, 239 Expectorants, see Guaifenesin Eye, see Blindness; Orbital complications F FESS, see Functional endoscopic sinus surgery Fibrosarcoma, 308 Fluoroquinolones, efficacy studies, 186 general precautions, 186 mode of action, 185 sinus penetration, 186 spectrum of activity, 185 Food allergy, definition, 128 diagnosis, 128

6 582 Food allergy (continued), forms, 128 immunological features, 128, 129 nasal response, 129, 130, 133 pharmacologic modulation, 133 time course, 129, 130 Frontal sinus, anatomy, 20-22, 263, 553 anterior cutaneous side, 20, 21 inferior side, 21, 22 medial side, 21 posterior cerebromeningeal side, 21 sinusitis, complications, diagnosis, 263 Functional endoscopic sinus surgery, anesthesia, 555 anterior-to-posterior dissection, children, 212, 489, 490,572,573 complications, 79-81, , 558, 574 anosmia, 565 asthma, 565 brain injury, 566 cerebrospinal fluid leak, 80, 81, 524, 550, 558, 568 epistaxis, 565 fatality, 565, 566 incidence, 568, 569, 573 internal carotid artery injury, 566 nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 564 orbital complications, pain, 565 synechia, 524, 564 computer-assisted surgery, 81, 570 contraindications, 518, 519 Hummer application, 558 indications, 489, 490, 516, 518, , 572 learning curve, 563, 564, 569 mucoceles, 550 nasal polyposis, 549 outcomes, 525, 559, 560, 571, 573 patient preparation, 519, 555 posterior-to-anterior dissection, 523 postoperative care, 523, 558, 559 radiographic evaluation, postoperative, 78---B 1 preoperative, 518, 519, , 560, 570 risklbenefit ratio, sequelae, facial growth, 573 mucocele, 573 technique, 519,520, telescopes, 518 uncinectomy, 556 Fungal sinusitis, see also Rhinocerebral mucormycosis allergic fungal sinusitis, 207, 340, 341 children, 206, 207, 496 Fungal sinusitis (continued), diagnosis, 344, 345 forms,206,340,341 historical perspective, 339 imaging, 73, 74, 345, 496, 528 mycetoma, 340 mycology, 93 pathogenesis, , 346 pathogens, 73, 93, 339 prevalence, 339, 346 treatment, , 496,528,529 G Garlic, sinusitis treatment, 230 Gastrin-releasing peptide, regulation of nasal secretions, 57,372 Glandular tumor, imaging, 78 Glottis, endoscopic findings, 476 Glucocorticosteroids, allergic sinusitis therapy, 152, 153, 156, 157 efficacy in sinusitis, 226, 241, 242 safety, 226, 227 Goblet cell, function, 370 Guaifenesin, half-life, 227 sinusitis treatment adults, 224, 227, 241 children, 208 H Haller cells, anatomy, 17 imaging, 70 Headache, rhinopathic, acute sinusitis diagnosis, 409 ethmoid sinus, 409, 410 frontal sinus, 410 maxillary sinus, 410 sphenoid sinus, 410, 411 chemical induction, 418 chronic sinusitis, 411, 412 diagnosis, etiology, 403, 416, 417 neurorhinology, patient classification, 415, 416 referred headache historical perspective, literature review, mechanisms, , 416, 417 Wolffs experiments, 408, 409 referred pain, treatment, 420 Head trauma, olfactory loss, 435, 438 Hemangiopericytoma, 306 Histamine receptor antagonists, see Antihistamines

7 583 Horseradish, sinusitis treatment, 230 Hot air inhalation, sinusitis treatment, 229 Human immunodeficiency virus, see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Humidification, sinusitis treatment, 238, 239 Hummer, 558 Huntington's disease, smell loss, 445 Hypersensitivity reaction, see also Delayed nasal response; Immediate nasal response; Late nasal response antibody response, 101, 102 cellular response, 101, 102 nonspecific hyperreactivity, 103 schedule, 100 type I, 101 type II, 101, 102 type III, 102 type IV, 102, 103 Hyperthermia, rhinovirus infection, treatment, 237 Hypopharynx, anatomy, 472, 473 I ICA, see Internal carotid artery Idiopathic midline destructive disease, clinical overview, 399 definition, 398 diagnosis, 399 prognosis, 399 treatment, 399 Immediate nasal response, antibody response, 113, 114 association with other diagnostic parameters, 107 association with other organ responses, 108 cellular response, 112, 113 clinical features, 105 detection, 106 forms, 105, 106 mechanisms, mediators, 110 nasal mucosa biopsy, 110, III nasal secretions, occurrence rate, 105 pharmacologic modulation, Ill, 112 time course, 104 Immotile cilia syndrome, nasal polyposis association, 288,314 Immunodeficiency, see also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Common variable immunodeficiency nasal manifestations, sinusitis association in children, 200, 201 Immunoglobulin A, see also Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency host defense, 55, 56, 378 respiratory secretion, 54-56, 200, 371 Immunoglobulin E-type allergy, nasal polyposis association, 288, 289, 318 Immunoglobulin G, deficiency and sinusitis, 374, 375 host defense, 55, 56 immune status of patient, evaluation, 58, 59 immunotherapy, 243, 376, 377 effect on cytokines, 377 intravenous forms, 243 mechanism of action, 376, 377 respiratory secretion, 54-56, 200, 371 Immunoglobulin M, respiratory secretion, 54 Inferior meatal antrostomy, children, 491, 492, 505, 506, 534 outcome, 492, 506, 534 secretion clearance, 505 Infundibulo-meatal dysfunction, etiology, Infundibulum, anatomy, 15 embryonic development, 4 imaging, 68 Innervation, anatomy in sinus, 6, 26,368,371,372,403,404 ethmoidal nerve afferents, 405 nociceptors, 404, 405 trigeminal nerve, Internal carotid artery, anatomy, 26, 368 injury in FESS, 566 Intracranial complications, see also Cavernous sinus thrombosis; Meningitis, abscess, 256 anatomy, 254 classification, 254 Intranasal inferior meatus antrostomy, sinusitis treatment, 211,516 Iodinated glycerol, sinusitis treatment, 227, 241 Iodine, sinusitis treatment, 227 Ipratropium bromide, sinusitis treatment, 242, 243 J Juvenile angiofibroma, 77, 305, 306 K Kaposi's sarcoma, 306 Kartagener's syndrome, see Immotile cilia syndrome Killian procedure, 517 L Lacrimal bone, anatomy, 9, 11 Lactoferrin, host defense, 56, 371 respiratory secretion, 54, 200 Lamina papyracea, complications in FESS, 79, 524 imaging, 70, 79 Larynx, anatomy, 473

8 584 Late nasal response, antibody response, 119, 120 association with other diagnostic parameters, 115, 116 association with other organ responses, 116 clinical features, 114 detection, 114, 115 mechanisms, 119, 120 nasal mucosa biopsy, 117 nasal secretions, 116, 117 occurrence rate, 114 pharmacologic modulation, time course, 104 Lateral rhinotomy, 539 Leukoprotease inhibitor, respiratory secretion, 54 Leukotrienes, inhibitors and aspirin intolerance therapy, 333 Lymphocytes, immune status of patient, evaluation, 58, 59 mucosal immunity, 58, 371 Lymphoma, imaging, 78 Lysozyme, host defense, 56, 371 respiratory secretion, 54, 200 M Macro1ides, efficacy studies, 184, 185,225 general precautions, 185 mode of action, 184 sinus penetration, 184 spectrum of activity, 184, 210 Magnetic resonance imaging, 66, 67 acute sinusitis, 71 allergic sinusitis, diagnostic imaging, 148, 150 chronic sinusitis, 72, 73 fungal sinusitis, 74, 527 indications, 552 neoplasms, 76-78, 552 orbital complications, 251 sinusitis diagnosis in adults, 221 sinusitis diagnosis in children, 202, 204 Major basic protein, allergy role, 325 Maxillary sinus, anatomy, 18-20,472 anterior wall, 19 atelectasis, 281, 282 dental implications, 276 development, 4, 198, 259 drainage, 20, 99 floor of the sinus, 20 hypoplasia in children, 496, 497 infratemporal posterior wall, 20 intracranial complications of infection, 259 mucocele, 281 sinusitis, allergy role, 99 Maxillary sinus, sinusitis (continued), dental origin, 277, 278 superior wall, 19,20 tumor spread, 296, 297 Maxillectomy, medial,540 total, 540, 541 McCabe's syndrome, clinical overview, 395 definition, 395 treatment, 395 Meatal cells, 17 Melanoma, 78, 304, 305 Meningitis, clinical presentation, 255 diagnosis, 255 mortality, 256 sinusitis association, 254, 255 treatment, 255, 256 Menthol, nasal air-flow sensation, 37 Messerklinger's concepts, 514, 515, 535, 548 Middle concha, anatomy, 6 Middle meatal antrostomy, children, 506 endoscopic surgery, 534 Middle meatal maxillary sinus ostiaplasty, children, 492, 493 procedure, 492, 493 Middle meatus, anatomy, 22-25, 471, 472 Middle turbinate, anatomy, 22,471,472,553 imaging, 68, 69 Midfacial degloving approach, 539, 540 Midline destructive granuloma, 308 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Mucocele, characteristics, 279 clinical aspects, 279 ethmoid sinus, 280 frontal sinus, diagnosis, 269, 280 surgery, 269, 270 imaging, 74, 75 maxillary sinus, 281 pathology, 279 sequelae in FESS, 573 sphenoid sinus, diagnosis, 261 prognosis of vision, 262 surgical drainage, 261, 262 symptoms, 261 treatment, 281, 531 Mucociliary transport, 35, 36 Mucosal lining, components, 6, 53, 54

9 585 Mucosal lining (continued), examination, 473 Mucous glycoproteins, function, 55, 369, 370 respiratory secretion, 54 size, 55 Mucous retention cyst, imaging, 74 N N-acetylcysteine, mucolytic activity, 240, 241 Nasal air flow, distribution, 46, 47 expiration, 451, 452 inspiration, 451 laminar flow, 47, 452 mathematical descriptions, 452 measurement, posture and pressure effects on nasal resistance, 45, 46 recovery of heat and water, 48, 49 sensation, 37 temperature, 48, 369 velocity, 46, 47 Nasal alar, collapse, 41, 42 muscles and breathing, prosthetic devices, 42, 43 retraction, 42 Nasal cycle, characteristics, 44, 45, 459 posture and pressure effects, 45, 46 Nasal cytology, sinusitis diagnosis in children, 205 Nasal polyposis, anatomy, 312, 313 aspirin intolerance relationship, 318, 319, 331, 530 atopy relationship, 317, 318 chemical mediators, 315, 316 choanal polyp clinical implications, 286 diagnosis, 286 origin, 286, 313 pathology, 286 treatment, 286, 287 clinical features, 287, 288, 441 cystic fibrosis association, 288, 314, , 530, 531 definition, 283, 284 differential diagnosis, 219, 314 endoscopic findings, 474 epidemiology, 285, 312,441 etiological factors, 288, 289, 311, 312, 314, 315 formation mechanism, 285, 311, 316, 317 histopathology, 284, 313, 314 history in medicine, 312 imaging, 75 osseous deformities, 283 recurrence rate, 311 smell loss, 442 Nasal polyposis (continued), treatment, 289, ,441,442,497,498,530,549 Nasal provocation test, allergic sinusitis diagnosis, 147 evaluation, 104 schedule, 104 Nasal valve, anatomy, 37-39, 470 obstruction, 455 Nasolacrimal duct, obstruction in FESS, 564 Nasopharynx, anatomy, 472 Nedocromil sodium, allergic sinusitis therapy, 151, 157 Neoplasms, see Tumors Nerve, see Innervation Neurokinin A, regulation of nasal secretions, 57, 372, 373 Neuropeptide Y, regulation of nasal secretions, 372 Neutral endopeptidase, 405, 417 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 308 o Odontogenic cyst, clinical aspects, 282 diagnosis, 283 types, 282 Olfaction, see Smell Olfactory mucosa, cell types, 368, 369 Olfactory neuroblastoma, 304 Onodi cell, anatomy, 17, 18 imaging, 70 Optic canal, 28 Orbital apex syndrome, 263 Orbital complications, anatomy, 247, 248 Chandler's classification, 248 diagnosis, 248, 25(}-252 FESS, imaging, 75, 76, 25(}-252 incidence, 247 outcome, 254 treatment antibiotics, 252, 253 surgery, 254 Orthopharynx, anatomy, 472, 473 Oscillometry, 456 Osteoma, 307 Osteomyelitis, frontal sinusitis association, 268 imaging, 268 treatment, 268 Osteoplastic flap, 517 Ostiomeatal complex, anatomy, 514, 515, 553 development, 198 drainage, 514, 515 imaging, 67, 72, 79, 513, 547

10 586 P Pain, see also Referred pain complication in FESS, 565 treatment in sinusitis, 228, 243 Papilloma, characteristics, 302 classification, 302 imaging, 76, 77 treatment, 302, 527 Parkinson's disease, smell loss, 444 Particles, nasal processing, 47, 323, 324, 367, 370 Peak flowmeter, 455, 456 Penicillin, see Amino-penicillins; Augmented penicillins Periciliary fluid, components, 54, 55 Pharyngeal wall, endoscopic findings, 475 Pneumocele, 282 Polyps, see Nasal polyposis Posterior ethmoid, anatomy, 25 embryonic development, 5 Posture, effect on nasal resistance, 45, 46, 243 Pott's Puffy Tumor, frontal sinusitis association, 268, 269 treatment, 269 Preseptal orbital edema, imaging, 75 Primary cilia dyskinesia, incidence, 374 nasal manifestations, 374, 375 Propylene glycol, sinusitis treatment, 229 Prostaglandin D2, inflammation mediation, 326 R Radiography, acute sinusitis, 71,175,177 allergic sinusitis, diagnostic imaging, 148, 149 chronic sinusitis, 71, 72 sinus views, 64 sinusitis diagnosis, adults, 219, 220 children, 202, 203 Referred pain, mechanisms, Wolffs experiments, 408, 409 Reidel operation, 517, 532 Relapsing polychondritis, clinical overview, 392 definition, 391 diagnosis, 392, 393 prognosis, 393 treatment, 393 Respiratory syncytial virus, infection prevention, hygiene, 236, 237 vaccination, 237 shedding time, 236 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 306, 307 Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, clinical presentation, 351 diagnosis, biopsy, 351, 352 differential diagnosis, 352, 353 imaging, 352 outcome, 349, 354 pathogens, 349 pathophysiology, 350 spread of infection, 350, 351 treatment, Amphotercin B, 353, 354 hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 354 metabolic management, 354 surgery, 353 Rhinomanometry, active, 452 alternative methods, 455, 456 anterior rhinomanometry, 464, 467 applications, 454, 455, 467 children, 466, 467 clinical assessment, 455 equipment overview, 460 facemask, 461, 462 head-out plethysmographs, 462, 463 inductive plethysmography, 463 nasal air flow measurement, , 466 nozzles, 461 passive, 452 patient management, 459, 460 pernasal rhinomanometry, 464 posterior rhinomanometry, 463, 466 reproducibility, 453, 454, 459 session characteristics, signal processing, 464 smell disorders, 430 standardization, 451, 453, 454 transnasa1 pressurelflow curves, Rhinoscopy, sinusitis diagnosis in children, 174, 205 Rhinovirus, hyperthermia treatment, 237, 238 Rohrer's equation, 452 Rosenmuller's fossa, endoscopic findings, 475 RSV, see Respiratory syncytial virus S Saline irrigation, sinusitis treatment, adults,229,239 children, 208 Sarcoidosis, clinical overview, 395, 396 definition, 395 diagnosis, 396, 397 prognosis, 397 treatment, 397 S-carboxymethyl cysteine, sinusitis treatment, 241 Schwannoma, imaging, 77

11 587 Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, prevalence, 374 sinusitis association, 374 Septal deviation, see Septum Septal meatus, 28, 29 Septum, anatomy, 470, 471 deviation endoscopic findings, 473, 474 imaging, 69 Single photon emission computed tomography, allergic sinusitis diagnosis, 148, 150 Sinus, air flow, 49 development, 198 functional units, anterior sinusal system, posterior sinus system, Sinus aspiration, sinusitis diagnosis in children, 205 technique, 87, 88 Sinus disease, see also Sinusitis abnormalities associated with, classification, 97, 216, 217 clinical presentation, 216 clinical staging, 218 economic impact, 33-35, 169 health care provider, training, 167, 168 imaging, acute sinusitis, 71 allergic sinusitis, 74 chronic sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, 73, 74 granulomatous sinusitis, 74 immune status of patient, evaluation, 58, 59 immunocompromised patients, 94 predisposing factors in children, prevalence, 33, 53, 63,169,197 treatment of sinusitis, 58 Sinusitis, see Acute sinusitis; Allergic sinusitis; Chronic sinusitis; Fungal sinusitis; Sinus disease; Subacute sinusitis Sjogren's syndrome, clinical overview, 398 definition, 398 Skull, functional structure, 5 Sluder's syndrome, see Sphenopalatine neuralgia Smell, anatomy, 427 anosmic American prevalence, 425 biopsy experiments, 446, 447 disorders, case studies, 425, 426, 431, 432 diagnosis, evaluation, computed tomography, 431 Smell, disorders, evaluation (continued), endoscopy, 430 examination, 428, 430 form for assessment, 429 medical history, 428 nasal cytology, 430, 431 rhinomanometry, 430 treatment, 433, 435 dysfunction centers, 448 effect, aging, 445, 446 allergic rhinitis, 438, 439 Alzheimer's disease, 443, 444 chronic sinusitis, cystic fibrosis, 442, 443 head trauma, 435, 438 HIV infection, 445 Huntington's disease, 445 nasal polyposis, 441, 442 Parkinson's disease, 444 odor identification tests, 432 physiology, 427, 428 Smoking, passive smoking and sinusitis, 238 SPECT, see Single photon emission computerized tomography Sphenoethmoidal recess, 472 Sphenoidectomy, endoscopic surgery, Sphenoid sinus, anatomy, 11,25-28,260,472,554 development, 5, 198, 259, 260 imaging, 68, 70, 259, 260 mucocele, 261, 262 pneumatization, 28 sinusitis, diagnosis, 260 treatment, 261 surgical approaches, 518 tumors, 260 Sphenopalatine neuralgia, 413, 414 Squamous cell carcinoma, imaging, 77, 78 incidence, 77 prognosis, 300, 543 treatment, 300, 301 Steam inhalation, sinusitis treatment, 229 Steroids, see Glucocorticosteroids Subacute sinusitis, see also Acute sinusitis diagnosis in children, clinical presentation, 171, 172 computed tomography, endoscopy, 177 nasal cytology, 174 physical findings, 172 radiography, 175, 177

12 588 Subacute sinusitis, diagnosis in children (continued), transillumination, 175 ultrasonography, 175 pathogens, 170, 171, 178, 179 time course, 168, 202, 217, 218 treatment, 191, 192 Subdural empyema, diagnosis, 264, 265 frontal sinusitis association, 264 treatment, 265 Substance P, blocking with capsaicin, 405 headache role, 417 regulation of nasal secretions, 57, 326, 372 Sulfonamide combinations, efficacy studies, 186 general precautions, 187 mode of action, 186 sinus penetration, 186 spectrum of activity, 186 Superior opthalmic vein thrombosis, imaging, 75 Superior orbital fissure syndrome, 262, 263 Surgery, see also Endoscopic surgery Caldwell-Luc operation, 211, 212, 341, 363, 514 children, antral lavage, inferior meatal antrostomy, 491, 492,505,506 middle meatal antrostomy, 506 removal offoreign body, 501, 502 tonsilloadenoidectomy, 502, 503 chronic sinusitis, 211,212,230 computer-assisted, 81 cranofacial resection, cystic fibrosis sinusitis, 363, 364, 495, 496 frontal sinus mucocele, 269, 270 lateral rhinotomy, 539 maxillectomy, medial,540 total, 540, 541 midfacial degloving approach, 539, 540 orbital complications, 254 osteoplastic flap, 517 planning, 515, 516 rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 353 Synechia, complication in FESS, 524, 564 Systemic lupus erythematosus, clinical overview, 397, 398 definition, 397 T Taste, evaluation, 432 Tetracyclines, efficacy studies, 187 general precautions, 187 mode of action, 187 Tetracyclines (continued), sinus penetration, 187 spectrum of activity, 187 Tolusa Hunt Syndrome, clinical criteria, 252 imaging, 252 Tonsilloadenoidectomy, children, 494, 502, 503 indications, 503 sinusitis incidence in patients, 502, 503 Tonsils, endoscopic findings, 476 Torus tubarius, endoscopic findings, 474, 475 Transillumination, acute sinusitis diagnosis, 175 allergic sinusitis, diagnostic imaging, 148, 149 sinusitis diagnosis in children, 204 Tumors, see also Papilloma; Squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, 303 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 302, 303 ameloblastoma, 305 chondrosarcoma, 307 classification, 295, 296 diagnosis, biopsy, 299, 300 clinical features, 298, 299 differential diagnosis, 298 imaging, 76-78,299 laboratory tests, 299 time window, 543 endoscopic findings, 474, 475 epidemiology, 292, 294 etiology, 292 fibrosarcoma, 308 hemangiopericytoma, 306 histology, 294, 295 history of treatment, 291, 292 incidence, 292 juvenile angiofibroma, 305, 306 Kaposi's sarcoma, 306 local spread, melanoma, 304, 305 metastasis, 298, 303, 304 midline destructive granuloma, 308 non-hodgkin's lymphoma, 308 olfactory neuroblastoma, 304 osteogenic sarcoma, 307 osteoma, 307 radiotherapy, 543 rehabilitation, 308, 309 rhabdomyosarcoma, 306, 307 site of origin, 294, 543 surgery, 527, 543 survival rates, 543, 544 Turbinate, see also Middle turbinate anatomy, 367, 368, 471, 472 endoscopic findings, 474

13 589 Turbinate (continued), endoscopic surgery, 535 recovery of heat and water, 48, 49,369 Turbinate plate, anatomy, 6, 8 U Ultrasonography, acute sinusitis diagnosis, 175 allergic sinusitis, diagnostic imaging, sinusitis diagnosis aduits, 67,220 children, 204, 205 Uncinate cell group, Uncinate process, anatomy, 6, 7, 23 basal lamella, 13, 15, 16 development, 490 imaging, Upper respiratory infection, children, 88, 200 pathogens, 328, 329 sinusitis association, 200, 360 viral infection, antibiotic therapy, 236 prevention, 236, 237 treatment, 237 UPSIT, 432, 444 URI, see Upper respiratory infection Uric acid, nasal secretions, 370 V Vascularization, sinus, arteries, 5, 6, 9,48, 368 veins, 6 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, regulation of nasal secretions, 57, 372 Vocal cords, endoscopic findings, 476, 477 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 398 W Walsh-Ogura decompression, 550 Wegener's granulomatosis, clinical overview, 383 cytokine response, 382, 383 definition, 383 diagnosis, histopathology, 385, 386 imaging, 385 laboratory studies, 385 imaging, 74 involvement, ear, 384 eye, 384 mouth,384 nose,383,384 throat, 384 pathogenesis, 382, 383 prognosis, 387 treatment, 386, 387, 531 X X-ray, see Radiography y Young's syndrome, nasal polyposis association, 288, 314,315