Headaches need not be a headache for optometrists
|
|
- Nicholas Sydney Flowers
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Headaches need not be a headache for optometrists C O/D Tina Kipioti, MD, FRCSEd Of all the painful states that afflict humans, headache (cephalalgia) is the most common. According to a large study, 1 95% of all young women and 91% of men experienced headache during a 12-month period and 18% of the women and 15% of the men found their headache significant enough to consult a doctor. More recent figures in the UK corroborate the significance of headache as a problem. 2 Patients see an ophthalmologist or optometrist because they experience pain in, or around, the eyes, or other ophthalmic symptoms and signs such as obscuration or visual phenomena. Widespread knowledge of associations between the eyes and headache means that more patients seek an eye specialist s opinion, so optometrists may examine patients with headaches often before a GP, due to accessibility. This article discusses the most common causes of headaches and offers advice about optometric investigation and diagnosis. Classification In the broad sense, headache is any pain or ache located in the head, but in practice, only the ones located in the cranial vault are referred to as headaches. Headaches have such diverse aetiology that it is has been a significant challenge to classify the different types and their diagnostic criteria. In 1988, after three years of congresses and combined effort, the International Headache Society with a headache classification sub-committee produced the first edition of The International Classification of Headache Disorders with the second, most recent edition, in In the second edition, 45 primary and 120 secondary headache types and subtypes are identified, as well as a further 29 causes of cranial neuralgias and central causes of facial pain. When optometrists are faced with a patient complaining of headaches, an attempt at classifying the disorder as a primary headache (eg migraine, tension headache) or secondary headache (eg tumour, stroke) should be made. In general, primary headaches are far more common and are not related to significant underlying pathology, whereas secondary headaches are rarer, but may be a warning sign of a sinister underlying cause. The key to aiding this differentiation is in the history and symptoms reported by the patient. The primary headaches Migraines These are ranked by the World Health Organization (WHO) as number 19 among all diseases worldwide causing disability. They affect all ages, including children, and there is frequently a positive family history. They can be unilateral or bilateral, pulsating, moderate or severe and can last from a few hours to three days. The pain is often localised to the periocular region, or there may be associated visual aura in the form of zigzag lines (fortification spectrum). Occasionally, patients report diplopia. Migraine without associated aura often has a strict menstrual relationship. The aura is fully reversible and consists of positive features (eg flickering lights, spots or lines) and/or negative features (eg loss of vision, scotoma). It may be accompanied by fully reversible sensory symptoms, including positive features (pins and needles) and/or negative features (numbness) and fully reversible dysphasic speech. Apart from the visual aura, other premonitory symptoms include photophobia and phonophobia (aversion to noise), fatigue, neck stiffness, blurred vision and difficulty in concentrating. Tension-type headache (TTH) With or without peri-cranial tenderness, TTH is the least studied of the primary headache disorders and yet it is, by far, the commonest. Lifetime prevalence in the general population is estimated to be 30-78% 4 and is believed to have the highest socio-economic impact. It was previously considered to be primarily psychogenic. The pain is typically bilateral, pressing or tightening in quality and of mild to moderate intensity. Cluster headache and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TAC) Cluster headache is of particular interest to ophthalmologists and optometrists because of their frequent localisation around the eyes. One of the commonest examples is the short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing 49 13/07/12 CET For the latest CET visit
2 50 (SUNCT). Cluster headaches are attacks of severe, strictly unilateral pain, which can be orbital, supraorbital or temporal, lasting minutes and with a typical regular recurrence, from once every other day to eight times a day. It is often associated with conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, forehead and facial sweating, miosis, ptosis and eyelid oedema. The patients are typically restless or agitated during an attack (in contrast to the migraine patient, who wants to lie down in a quiet room). Headache attributed to head and neck trauma Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder Headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal Headache attributed to infection Headache attributed to disturbance of homoeostasis Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cranial structures Headache attributed to psychiatric disorders The secondary headaches The classification of secondary headaches includes those listed in Table 1. Those secondary headaches that are of ocular relevance and consequence are described in the following sections. Table 1 Types of secondary headaches Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Of the secondary headaches, one of the most important to recognise is GCA, often referred to as temporal arteritis. Pathologically, it is a patchy granulomatous inflammation of medium to large arteries and is not confined to the temporal region. One should always consider GCA if a patient over 50 years of age presents with a headache, especially if it associated with visual symptoms or even visual loss. A blood test (erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR and C-reactive protein CRP) can be diagnostic, although it can also provide a false negative result. Patients often describe their headache as a new type or unusually severe. Other classic symptoms of GCA include scalp tenderness, pain on jaw claudication, proximal myalgia, weight loss, malaise, and more rarely, eye or orbital pain (indicating ocular ischaemic syndrome). The headache may worsen on standing up and be associated with transient blurred vision (amaurosis Figure 1 Papilloedema fugax), transient diplopia or even cranial nerve palsies. AION (anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy) with optic nerve swelling and visual loss is a common first presentation of GCA and, again, the diagnosis of AION in a patient over 50 Find out when CET points will be uploaded to Vantage at
3 CET years of age with a headache should raise a strong suspicion of temporal arteritis. Acute visual loss in one or both eyes may ensue if not urgently treated with high dose steroids, and it can be fatal. The commonest clinical scenario of GCA is that of an elderly patient with loss of vision in one eye and pain (headache). The temporal arteries may be prominent, inflamed and non-pulsatile, and upon examination the clinician confirms an optic nerve swelling and a visual field defect, usually altitudinal. Such a patient needs urgent admission to A&E and intravenous steroids followed by systemic steroid treatment for a year. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) ICP can cause papilloedema. The optic nerve sheaths are an extension of dura around the brain and the sub-arachnoid space of the sheath contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), which is in direct communication with the CSF flowing around the brain. When there is high pressure of the CSF, the pressure extends around the optic nerve and results in obstruction of the axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve axons. A build-up of blocked axoplasm in the optic nerve head becomes visible as a swelling, causing the appearance of papilloedema (Figure 1). If pressure is unrelieved, the consequences are optic nerve axon dysfunction and eventually death (optic atrophy). Raised ICP may be caused by a number of reasons, the commonest being an intracranial space-occupying lesion (eg a brain tumour or abscess), intracranial haemorrhage (stroke, trauma), hydrocephalus, meningitis, dural venous sinus thrombosis or idiopathic (pseudotumour cerebri). Symptoms that patients may report include blurred vision from optic nerve dysfunction or from induced hypermetropia (the eyeball is shortened by pressure from the dilated optic nerve sheath), transient Figure 2 Ipsilateral Horner s Syndrome visual obscurations (often postural), photopsias and transient or persistent diplopia (there may be third, fourth or sixth cranial nerve palsy due to raised ICP). The headache is typically diffuse and constant, aggravated by coughing, straining, bending over or lying down and worse in the morning than in the afternoon. Disc swelling is usually bilateral (papilloedema) and necessitates urgent neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging MRI or magnetic resonance angiogram MRA) to exclude a space-occupying lesion or venous sinus thrombosis. Monitoring of papilloedema clinically and with Goldmann visual fields and colour vision testing is essential, as it can result in visual loss. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) This is sometimes referred to as pseudotumour cerebri. The previous name of benign intracranial hypertension is now abandoned as it can be very aggressive and refractory to treatment and many patients lose their vision (complete bilateral blindness is possible) or have severe disabling headaches. It is associated with obesity (except in children, who may have normal body weight) and patients are usually overweight women, who present with swollen discs, headaches and often visual obscurations. Diagnosis is based on the clinical image, a normal appearance of the brain on neuroimaging and high opening pressure on lumbar puncture with normal consistency of the CSF. Carotid artery dissection Intracranial vascular disorders causing headaches are less common, but important to recognise as they are life threatening. Previous studies have suggested that more than 5% of stroke in young adults is due to dissection (split) of the carotid artery. 5 The split in the vessel wall leads to stenosis or complete occlusion of the lumen, resulting in reduced or absent blood flow, which may lead to a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke. More commonly, clots form on the ragged vessel wall and embolise to the head where they lodge in distal arteries, again resulting in a CVA. Due to the close proximity of the internal carotid artery to the sympathetic plexus, 50% of patients will get an ipsilateral Horner s syndrome (Figure 2) and reduced blood flow to other parts of the brain may result in focal neurological signs (ie limb weakness on the opposite side, speech disturbance and visual field loss) if not recognised early. Most cases of carotid artery dissection occur spontaneously, although it can result from direct head or neck trauma (eg whiplash) or triggered by a prolonged bout of coughing. The accompanying headache is usually gradual in onset (occasionally sudden) and deteriorates in severity, often accompanied by scalp tenderness and pain in the area of the arm and neck. There may be associated visual loss from ischaemic optic 51 For the latest CET visit
4 neuropathy or retinal artery occlusion Headaches and diplopia from cranial nerve palsies. Subarachnoid haemorrhage 52 Aura Family history of migraines Daily recurrence Patient over 50 years of age Jaw claudication Transient diplopia Visual Obscurations Deteriorating headache Visual loss Thunderclap headache Neck stiffness Electric shocklike quality Symptoms Chronic headache Scalp tenderness Myalgia Malaise Worse in the morning Headache change with posture Diplopia Arm and Neck pain Nausea & Vomiting Confusion & Altered Consciousness Unpleasant sensations Figure 3 Differential diagnosis of headaches Examination Conjunctival signs Thickened, non-pulsatile temporal arteries Optic Neuropathy Swollen Optic nerves Enlarged blind spot Horner s syndrome Cranial nerve palsies Focal Neurological Signs Papilloedema 6th Nerve Palsy Subhyaloid Haemorrhage Reduced corneal sensation Anisocoria Consider Primary headaches (migraine - TTH) Cluster headaches/ TAC Giant Cell Arteritis Raised Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Carotid Artery Dissection Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Trigeminal Neuralgia This is a medical emergency and requires an urgent referral to neurology as it is fatal for over 50% of patients within 24 hours of onset. The great majority of cases are due to leakage of blood from an arterial wall defect of the middle cerebral artery, a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. The blood then spreads between two of the meninges (the membranes that cover the brain), the pia and arachnoid mater, causing headache and raised ICP. Other causes include venous bleeds, clotting disorders and haemorrhages due to anticoagulation (warfarin). Typically, it presents with a thunderclap headache, which has an onset within a split second and is frequently described as the worst ever that the patient has experienced. Often, it is occipital (back of the head) in site and may be associated with neck stiffness, loss of consciousness, agitation, nausea and vomiting (blood is a very good irritant of the meninges, so it resembles an acute onset of meningitis). Confusion and altered consciousness are poor prognostic indicators, as are focal neurological signs (eg limb weakness). Ocular manifestations include the features of raised intracranial pressure such as papilloedema and sixth nerve palsies. Infrequently, sub-hyaloid (pre-retinal) haemorrhage with or without vitreous haemorrhage may occur, which is referred to as Terson s syndrome. Dural venous sinus thrombosis Thrombosis of cerebral veins (or venous sinuses) is an uncommon condition (although a lot more prevalent than previously thought), which often presents a diagnostic challenge, with a non-specific and, occasionally, dramatic presentation which the optometrist may be the first to see. In this condition, one of the cerebral veins (usually the superior sagittal or one of the transverse sinuses) Find out when CET points will be uploaded to Vantage at
5 becomes obstructed by a clot and ceases with presbyopia). Confirmation of the refractive correction) to drain CSF from the sub-arachnoid diagnosis is based on the rapid response Ocular motility and cover test space, thus resulting in raised ICP, to appropriate glasses. Similarly, a revealing the presence of heterotropia headaches and papilloedema, with or heterophoria or heterotopia may also and muscle under-actions following without visual symptoms. The patient cause recurrent, non-pulsatile, mild to IIIrd, IVth and VIth nerve palsies may be otherwise well initially, but as moderate frontal headaches, usually Visual field defects, eg those related the drainage of cerebral veins remains absent upon awakening, but worsening to papilloedema (enlarged blind spot) obstructed, the slow flow and backpressure may eventually lead to stroke, throughout the day. Headache-inducing heterophoria tends to be either significant or AION (altitudinal) Anisocoria, and/or fixed dilated 53 with focal neurological signs, seizures (close to or at limit of the fusion range) pupils and coma. Imaging is paramount for or intermittent (controlling a large-angle Eyelid ptosis (as seen in Horner s the diagnosis of this condition, but divergent squint). Other symptoms syndrome) the findings may be subtle and the include intermittent blurred vision or Slit lamp examination of ocular clinician must have a high index of diplopia and difficulty adjusting visual redness and the anterior chamber angle clinical suspicion to order the correct focus from distance to near and vice versa. Binocular indirect fundoscopy examination (MRI with venography is the investigation of choice; CT scan alone will miss a significant number of cases) and instigate appropriate treatment. Diagnostic approach When faced with a patient complaining of headaches, one has to remember that the (looking for the presence of papilloedema) Palpate temporal arteries Figure 3 provides a quick reference Cranial neuralgias, facial pain and other headaches The important cranial neuralgias and facial pains to remember include trigeminal neuralgia, optic neuritis, ophthalmolplegic migraine, head or facial pain attributed to herpes zoster and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Trigeminal neuralgias may be idiopathic or secondary due to compression of the nerve by a tumour or aneurysm, or secondary to multiple sclerosis. It may be persistent or recurrent, unilateral or periocular and can occasionally have an electric shock-like quality, or unpleasant sensations of pins and needles or ants crawling under the skin. Associated decreased corneal or facial sensation or the presence of anisocoria, increases the risk of a tumour. Ophthalmic causes of headache include angle-closure glaucoma, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, uncorrected refractive error and heterophoria or heterotropia. Headaches due to refractive error tend to be recurrent, mild, frontal and/or ocular, vast majority of headaches are primary or innocuous, but it is important not to miss the few that are caused by a more sinister underlying cause. To this effect, the eye care practitioner should pay attention to some important symptoms and signs that may point to a secondary cause: Symptoms History where, when, triggers of the headache, any change in the pattern of pain Other neurological symptoms (nausea, vomiting, tinnitus) or migraineous aura Headache upon waking or deteriorating with postural changes Neck or arm pain Fever or seizures or change in personality and mental status Diplopia, blurred vision or visual obscuration Redness or swelling of the eye(s) If the patient is over 50 years of age, it is important to specifically enquire about other GCA symptoms such as scalp tenderness guide practitioners can use to aid differential diagnosis. Conclusion There is no doubt that, in the course of their career, optometrists are highly likely to be presented with headache cases, most of which will be benign but others which may be life-threatening. Their skill lies in identifying these few sinister cases and making a difference to the patient s life or vision. In case of uncertainty, a telephone call to emergency eye services for advice may avoid a referral or indeed expedite an admission and appropriate management. About the author Tina Kipioti is a consultant ophthalmic surgeon with an interest in paediatrics and strabismus. She trained in the UK, Switzerland and Greece. She was clinical director in ophthalmology, and honorary senior lecturer at Aston University. References are normally absent on awakening and See are typically precipitated or aggravated Signs Click on the article title and then by prolonged visual tasks (eg reading Reduced visual acuity (with best on references to download. For the latest CET visit
6 PEER REVIEWED 54 PLEASE NOTE There is only one correct answer. All CET is now FREE. Enter online. Please complete online by midnight on September 7, 2012 you will be unable to submit exams after this date. Answers to the module will be published on CET points for these exams will be uploaded to Vantage on September 17, Find out when CET points will be uploaded to Vantage at Module questions Course code: C O/D (P44-48) 1. Which of the following is NOT likely to cause dry eyes? a) Systemic antihistamines b) Increasing age c) Previous laser refractive surgery d) Frequent preservative free lubrication 2. Which of the following signs is NOT associated with dry eyes? a) Congestion of conjunctival vessels b) Filamentary keratitis c) Superficial punctate corneal erosions d) Cells in the anterior chamber 3. Which of the following tests may be used in the diagnosis of dry eyes? a) Schirmers Type 1 and 2 b) Tear osmolarity c) Fluorescein and lissamine dye staining d) All of the above 4. What is the MOST appropriate first line treatment for dry eyes? a) Artificial tear substitutes b) Autologous serum eye drops c) Vitamin A therapy d) Tarsorrhaphy 5. Which of the following statements regarding treatment of dry eyes is TRUE? a) Tetracyclines may be effective in treating meibomian gland dysfunction b) Preservative-free medication may exacerbate symptoms of dry eyes c) Dietary modification is not effective for treating dry eyes d) Autologous serum carries no risk as it is derived from the patient s own blood 6. Which of the following statements about punctal plugs is TRUE? a) They are used as a last resort in the treatment of dry eyes b) They are only placed in the lower eyelid punctae c)they can cause irritation of the ocular surface if not fitted correctly d) They are a first choice treatment for dry eyes caused by blepharitis Module questions Course code: C O/D 1. Which of the following is a common feature of cluster headaches? a) Bilateral eye pain b) Generalised headache c) Diplopia d) Red and watery eye 2. What should you do if a 75-year-old man develops an inferior visual field defect and complains of headaches? a) Enquire about scalp tenderness, jaw pain and loss of weight or malaise b) Perform fixation disparity testing and prescribe the full amount of prism c) Refer him routinely to ophthalmology for further testing (including blood tests) d) Reassure the patient that the headaches are likely to be migraines 3. Which of the following is NOT a common feature of carotid artery dissection? a) Unilateral limb weakness b) Visual field loss c) Colour vision defects d) Horner s syndrome 4. Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE for a 42-year-old overweight woman who complains of recent onset diplopia and severe head pain? a) She is likely to have a sixth nerve palsy which warrants correction with prisms b) She is likely to have papilloedema and should be referred as an emergency c)there will be no other signs or symptom associated with this condition d) The underlying condition is likely to be benign and no further action is required 5. Which of the following is TRUE for a 35-year-old man who develops amaurosis fugax and neck pain on the left side, one week after a whiplash injury? a) He is likely to develop sudden onset occipital headaches b) He should be referred routinely to ophthalmology c) There could be a left Horner s syndrome d) A visual field defect is unlikely to be present 6. Which of the following is MOST consistent with a headache due to refractive error or heterotropia? a) Thunderclap headache, which changes with different posture b) Headache worse in the morning, often waking up the patient c) Unilateral headache or pain around the eye with conjunctival redness and lacrimation d) Mild to moderate chronic / recurrent headache, worse in the evening, relieved by painkillers Find out when CET points will be uploaded to Vantage at
HEADACHES THE RED FLAGS
HEADACHES THE RED FLAGS FAYYAZ AHMED CONSULTANT NEUROLOGIST HON. SENIOR LECTURER HULL YORK MEDICAL SCHOOL SECONDARY VS PRIMARY HEADACHES COMMON SECONDARY HEADACHES UNCOMMON BUT SERIOUS SECONDARY HEADACHES
More informationHeadache Assessment In Primary Eye Care
Headache Assessment In Primary Eye Care Spencer Johnson, O.D., F.A.A.O. Northeastern State University Oklahoma College of Optometry johns137@nsuok.edu Course Objectives Review headache classification Understand
More informationA synopsis of: Diagnosis and Management of Headaches in Adults: A national clinical guideline. Scottish intercollegiate Guidelines Network SIGN
A synopsis of: Diagnosis and Management of Headaches in Adults: A national clinical guideline Scottish intercollegiate Guidelines Network SIGN November 2008. PETER FRAMPTON MSc MCOptom BAppSc (Optom)(AUS)
More informationA Case of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
A Case of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula By : Mohamed Elkhawaga 2 nd Year Resident of Ophthalmology Alexandria University A 19 year old male patient came to our outpatient clinic, complaining of : -Severe conjunctival
More informationNANOS Patient Brochure
NANOS Patient Brochure Transient Visual Loss Copyright 2016. North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. All rights reserved. These brochures are produced and made available as is without warranty and
More informationThey are updated regularly as new NICE guidance is published. To view the latest version of this NICE Pathway see:
bring together everything NICE says on a topic in an interactive flowchart. are interactive and designed to be used online. They are updated regularly as new NICE guidance is published. To view the latest
More informationOverview INTRODUCTION 3/15/2018. Headache Emergencies. Other way to differentiate between them? Is there an easy way to differentiate between them?
Overview Headache Emergencies Primary versus Secondary headache disorder Red flags 4 cases of unusual headache emergencies Disclaimer: we will not talk about brain bleed as patients usually go the ED.
More informationRafik Girgis. Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon ( Cataract & Primary Care)
Rafik Girgis Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon ( Cataract & Primary Care) Blepharitis Is a very common condition which usually bilateral & symmetrical. The main types are: Anterior, posterior or mixed Complications:
More informationNeuro-Ocular Grand Rounds
Neuro-Ocular Grand Rounds Anthony B. Litwak,OD, FAAO VA Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Dr. Litwak is on the speaker and advisory boards for Alcon and Zeiss Meditek COMMON OPTIC NEUROPATHIES THAT CAN
More informationHEADACHE: Benign or Severe Dr Gobinda Chandra Roy
HEADACHE: Benign or Severe Dr Gobinda Chandra Roy Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital Outlines 1. Introduction 2. Classification of headache 3.
More informationTears of Pain SUNCT and SUNA A/PROFESSOR ARUN AGGARWAL RPAH PAIN MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Tears of Pain SUNCT and SUNA A/PROFESSOR ARUN AGGARWAL RPAH PAIN MANAGEMENT CENTRE IHS Classification 1989 (updated 2004) Primary Headaches 4 categories Migraine Tension-type Cluster and other trigeminal
More informationIMAGE OF THE MOMENT PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY
178 PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY IMAGE OF THE MOMENT Gawn G. McIlwaine*, James H. Vallance* and Christian J. Lueck *Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Chalmers Street, Edinburgh UK; The Canberra Hospital, P.O. Box
More informationProfessor Helen Danesh-Meyer. Eye Institute Auckland
Professor Helen Danesh-Meyer Eye Institute Auckland Bitten by Ophthalmology Emergencies Helen Danesh-Meyer, MBChB, MD, FRANZCO Sir William and Lady Stevenson Professor of Ophthalmology Head of Glaucoma
More information9/11/11. Temporal Arteritis. Background. Background. Richard E. Castillo, OD, DO NORTHEASTERN STATE UNIVERSITY Director, Ophthalmic Surgery Service
Temporal Arteritis Richard E. Castillo, OD, DO NORTHEASTERN STATE UNIVERSITY Director, Ophthalmic Surgery Service 1 Background Giant Cell Arteritis Temporal Arteritis Cranial Arteritis Granulomatous Arteritis
More informationPapilledema. Golnaz Javey, M.D. and Jeffrey J. Zuravleff, M.D.
Papilledema Golnaz Javey, M.D. and Jeffrey J. Zuravleff, M.D. Papilledema specifically refers to optic nerve head swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure (IICP). Optic nerve swelling from
More informationDr Jo-Anne Pon. Consultant Ophthalmologist and Oculoplastic Surgeon Southern Eye Specialists Christchurch
Dr Jo-Anne Pon Consultant Ophthalmologist and Oculoplastic Surgeon Southern Eye Specialists Christchurch 12:15-12:30 Visual Migraines to be Worried About Visual Migraines To Be Worried About Jo-Anne Pon
More informationNeurological Dilemmas in Primary Care
Neurological Dilemmas in Primary Care David Clark, DO dclark@oregonneurology.com When to test? How to test? Pitfalls in testing? When to treat? How to treat? How long to treat? Neurological Dilemmas Seizure
More informationCan I send this headache patient home? Dr Nicola Giffin Consultant Neurologist Bath, Nov 2017
Can I send this headache patient home? Dr Nicola Giffin Consultant Neurologist Bath, Nov 2017 SAH v benign thunderclap headaches Other pathologies not apparent on CT Severe primary headaches: management
More informationDr Jo-Anne Pon. Dr Sean Every. 8:30-9:25 WS #70: Eye Essentials for GPs 9:35-10:30 WS #80: Eye Essentials for GPs (Repeated)
Dr Sean Every Ophthalmologist Southern Eye Specialists Christchurch Dr Jo-Anne Pon Ophthalmologist Southern Eye Specialists, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8:30-9:25 WS #70: Eye Essentials for GPs
More informationSecondary Headaches: A Strategic Approach. Emerg Med 40(4):18, 2008
Secondary Headaches: A Strategic Approach Emerg Med 40(4):18, 2008 Headaches are common complaints in the emergency department, but the causes of secondary headaches are often misdiagnosed. The authors
More informationNeuro-Ocular Grand Rounds Anthony B. Litwak,OD, FAAO VA Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
Neuro-Ocular Grand Rounds Anthony B. Litwak,OD, FAAO VA Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Dr. Litwak is on the speaker and advisory boards for Alcon and Zeiss Meditek COMMON OPTIC NEUROPATHIES THAT CAN
More informationDisclosures. Objectives 6/2/2017
Classification: Migraine and Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Lauren Doyle Strauss, DO, FAHS Assistant Professor, Child Neurology Assistant Director, Child Neurology Residency @StraussHeadache No disclosures
More informationClassification and WHO ICD-10NA Codes
Classification and WHO ICD-10NA Codes IHS WHO Diagnosis ICHD-II ICD-10NA [and aetiological ICD-10 code for secondary headache disorders] code code 1. [G43] Migraine 1.1 [G43.0] Migraine without aura 1.2
More informationIDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FUNCTION AND PROGNOSIS FOR VISUAL OUTCOME Doctor of Philosophy thesis Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Fiona J. Rowe Department of Orthoptics,
More informationNANOS Patient Brochure
NANOS Patient Brochure Pseudotumor Cerebri Copyright 2016. North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. All rights reserved. These brochures are produced and made available as is without warranty and for
More informationHeadache Mary D. Hughes, MD Neuroscience Associates
Headache Mary D. Hughes, MD Neuroscience Associates Case 1 22 year old female presents with recurrent headaches. She has had headaches for the past 3 years. They start on the right side of her head and
More informationWhat is IIH? Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)
What is IIH? Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) What is Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension? Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as benign intracranial hypertension or pseudotumour
More informationThe headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension Michael Wall CEPHALALGIA Wall M. The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cephalalgia 1990;10:331-5. Oslo. ISSN 0333-1024
More informationHeadache and Facial Pain. Mohammed ALEssa MBBS, FRCSC Assistant Professor Consultant Otolaryngology,Head & Neck Surgical Oncology
Headache and Facial Pain Mohammed ALEssa MBBS, FRCSC Assistant Professor Consultant Otolaryngology,Head & Neck Surgical Oncology Introduction It is the most common neurologic complain The diagnosis usually
More informationTutorials. By Dr Sharon Truter
Tutorials By Dr Sharon Truter To the Tutorials By Dr Sharon Truter What to expect from the Tutorials What to expect from these tutorials Outlines, structure, guided reading, explanations, mnemonics Begin
More informationHEADACHE. Dr Nick Pendleton. September Headache
HEADACHE Dr Nick Pendleton September 2017 Headache Tension Type Headache Cranial Nerve Examination Migraine Migraine Treatment Medication Overuse Headache Headache Red Flags Sinusitis Headache Raised ICP
More informationHeadache Syndrome. Karen Alvarez, D.O Nemours Children s Specialty Care Jacksonville, FL
Headache Syndrome Karen Alvarez, D.O Nemours Children s Specialty Care Jacksonville, FL What is a headache? A headache or cephalgia is defined as pain anywhere in the region of head or neck Where does
More informationPaediatric headaches. Dr Jaycen Cruickshank Director of Clinical Training Ballarat Health Services. Brevity, levity, repetition
Paediatric headaches Dr Jaycen Cruickshank Director of Clinical Training Ballarat Health Services Brevity, levity, repetition Paediatric)headache?)! Headache!in!children!is!not!that!common.!The!question!is!which!headaches!do!I!
More informationThe dura is sensitive to stretching, which produces the sensation of headache.
Dural Nerve Supply Branches of the trigeminal, vagus, and first three cervical nerves and branches from the sympathetic system pass to the dura. Numerous sensory endings are in the dura. The dura is sensitive
More informationPAEDIATRIC ACUTE CARE GUIDELINE. Headache. This document should be read in conjunction with this DISCLAIMER
Princess Margaret Hospital for Children PAEDIATRIC ACUTE CARE GUIDELINE Scope (Staff): Scope (Area): All Emergency Department Clinicians Emergency Department This document should be read in conjunction
More informationPTA 106 Unit 1 Lecture 3
PTA 106 Unit 1 Lecture 3 The Basics Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart toward tissues. They typically have thicker vessels walls to handle increased pressure. Contain internal and external elastic
More information25/09/2018 HEADACHE. Dr Nick Pendleton
HEADACHE Dr Nick Pendleton September 2018 1 Small Group Work Tension Type Headache Cranial Nerve Examination Migraine Migraine Treatment Medication Overuse Headache Headache Red Flags Sinusitis Headache
More informationAnterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) Your doctor thinks you have suffered an episode of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). This is the most common cause of sudden decreased vision in patients
More informationCarotid Cavernous Fistula
Chief Complaint: Double vision. Carotid Cavernous Fistula Alex W. Cohen, MD, PhD; Richard Allen, MD, PhD May 14, 2010 History of Present Illness: A 46 year old female patient presented to the Oculoplastics
More informationPrimary Care Adult Headache Management Pathway (formerly North West Headache Management Guideline for Adults) Version 1.0
Primary Care Adult Headache Management Pathway (formerly rth West Headache Management Guideline for Adults) Version 1.0 1 VERSION CONTROL Version Date Amendments made Version 1.0 October 2018 Reformatted
More informationDo you suffer from Headaches? - November/Dec 2011
Do you suffer from Headaches? - November/Dec 2011 Inside this month's issue Headaches Acute single headaches Recurring Headaches: Migraine What causes Migraine? Treatments for migraine & prevention Headaches
More informationDISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Bell Work What s your reaction time? Go to this website and check it out: https://www.justpark.com/creative/reaction-timetest/ Read the following brief article and summarize
More informationGENERAL APPROACH AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEADACHES
GENERAL APPROACH AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEADACHES CLASSIFICATION Headache is one of the most common medical complaints. Most of the population will have experienced headache, and over 5% will seek medical
More informationCarotid Artery Dissection Causing an Isolated Hypoglossal. Nerve Palsy
Archives of Clinical and Medical Case Reports doi: 10.26502/acmcr.96550035 Volume 2, Issue 5 Case Report Carotid Artery Dissection Causing an Isolated Hypoglossal Muzzammil Ali*, Yatin Sardana Nerve Palsy
More informationChronic Daily Headaches
Chronic Daily Headaches ANWARUL HAQ, MD, MRCP(UK), FAHS DIRECTOR BAYLOR HEADACHE CENTER, DALLAS, TEXAS DISCLOSURES: None OBJECTIVES AT THE CONCLUSION OF THIS ACTIVITY, PARTICIPANTS WILL BE ABLE TO: define
More informationPatient with Daily Headache NTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION HEADACHE DISORDERS. R. Allan Purdy, MD, FRCPC,FACP. Professor of Medicine (Neurology)
Patient with Daily Headache NTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION of R. Allan Purdy, MD, FRCPC,FACP HEADACHE DISORDERS Professor of Medicine (Neurology) 2nd edition (ICHD-II) Learning Issues Headaches in the elderly
More informationSymptoms of a brain tumour in adults
Symptoms of a brain tumour in adults A tumour is an abnormal growth caused by cells dividing in an uncontrolled manner. Approximately 9,300 people are diagnosed with a primary brain tumour each year. (Primary
More informationMIGRAINE A MYSTERY HEADACHE
MIGRAINE A MYSTERY HEADACHE The migraine is a chronic neurological disease that is characterized by moderate to severe episodes of headache that is mostly associated with other central nervous system (CNS)
More informationSection la. Migraine and other headache syndromes. Migraine. Other headache syndromes G44
Section la Migraine and other headache syndromes Overview of categories dealing with migraine, other headache syndromes, and neuralgia of cranial nerves, in accordance with the ICD-NA, second edition G43
More informationAlan G. Kabat, OD, FAAO (901)
THE SWOLLEN OPTIC DISC: EMERGENCY OR ANOMALY? Alan G. Kabat, OD, FAAO (901) 252-3691 Memphis, Tennessee alan.kabat@alankabat.com Course description: The swollen disc presents a diagnostic dilemma. While
More informationDiagnosis of Primary Headache Syndromes. Gerald W. Smetana, M.D. Division of General Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Diagnosis of Primary Headache Syndromes Gerald W. Smetana, M.D. Division of General Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Goals Distinguish primary from secondary headaches Recognize typical histories
More informationTHYROID EYE DISEASE ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION SURGERY
THYROID EYE DISEASE ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION SURGERY What is thyroid eye disease (TED)? TED is an autoimmune condition where the body s own immune system attacks the tissues of the thyroid gland and the eye
More informationCENTRAL MERSEY LOCAL OPTICAL COMMITTEE
CENTRAL MERSEY LOCAL OPTICAL COMMITTEE OPTOMETRIC REFERRAL GUIDELINES The ocular conditions listed in this document are intended to reflect those that might be encountered in optometric practice and this
More informationJacqueline Theis, O.D., F.A.A.O.
Neuro-Ophthalmological Emergencies Presenting in Primary Care Optometry Describes the symptoms, signs, and management of neuro-ophthalmological emergencies. Signs/Symptoms to be Concerned about (especially
More informationReferral Criteria for Medical CT Radiation Exposures. Neuro Referrals
Referral Criteria for Medical CT Radiation Exposures Neuro Referrals CHH & HRI The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2017 Document Control Reference No: 3.2 First published: 2016 Version:
More informationEthical declaration. Role of the optometrist. Role of the PLAN optometrist MIGRAINE & OTHER HEADACHES: the role of the optometrist
MIGRAINE & OTHER HEADACHES: the role of the optometrist Prof Bruce Evans BSc (Hons) PhD FCOptom DipCLP DipOrth FAAO FBCLA Director of Research Visiting Professor Visiting Professor Private practice Institute
More informationOCCLUSIVE VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE RETINA
OCCLUSIVE VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE RETINA Learning outcomes By the end of this lecture the students would be able to Classify occlusive vascular disorders (OVD) of the retina. Correlate the clinical features
More informationIs it Papilloedema? John Ross Ainsworth Orthoptic staff Birmingham Children s Hospital Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre University of Birmingham
Is it Papilloedema? John Ross Ainsworth Orthoptic staff Birmingham Children s Hospital Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre University of Birmingham Aims Children/young people A bit about hypoplasia / NFL
More informationBony orbit Roof The orbital plate of the frontal bone Lateral wall: the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Bony orbit Roof: Formed by: The orbital plate of the frontal bone, which separates the orbital cavity from the anterior cranial fossa and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere Lateral wall: Formed
More informationPreventing blindness: Ultrasound in Giant cell arteritis
Preventing blindness: Ultrasound in Giant cell arteritis Elizabeth Jernberg, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of Washington Virginia Mason Medical Center
More informationCluster headache (CH): epidemiology, classification and clinical picture
Cluster headache (CH): epidemiology, classification and clinical picture Toomas Toomsoo, M.D. Head of the Center of Neurology East Tallinn Central Hospital 1 INTRODUCTION Cluster headache - known as trigeminal
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetazolamide, in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 49 52, 60 Angiography, computed tomography, in cranial nerve palsy, 103 107 digital
More informationMIGRAINE ASSOCIATION OF IRELAND
MIGRAINE ASSOCIATION OF IRELAND HEADACHE IN MEN: THE FACTS This leaflet was composed by Paolo Rossi M.D., Ph.D. of the European Headache Alliance to mark European Migraine Day of Action 2014. Why a leaflet
More informationThe central nervous system
Sectc.qxd 29/06/99 09:42 Page 81 Section C The central nervous system CNS haemorrhage Subarachnoid haemorrhage Cerebral infarction Brain atrophy Ring enhancing lesions MRI of the pituitary Multiple sclerosis
More informationPREAMBLE TO MSC PAYMENT SCHEDULE: OPTOMETRY SERVICES
PREAMBLE TO MSC PAYMENT SCHEDULE: OPTOMETRY SERVICES A. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Eye Examination Benefits Optometric benefits are services defined in Section 23 of the Medical and Health Care Services Regulations,
More informationTHE SWOLLEN DISC. Valerie Biousse, MD Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
THE SWOLLEN DISC Valerie Biousse, MD Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA Updated from: Neuro-Ophthalmology Illustrated. Biousse V, Newman NJ. Thieme, New-York,NY. 2 nd Ed, 2016. Edema of the
More informationPREVALENCE BY HEADACHE TYPE
CLINICAL CLUES AND CLINICAL RULES: PRIMARY VS SECONDARY HEADACHE * Based on a presentation by David W. Dodick, MD ABSTRACT Headache is a common condition, accounting for many specialist office visits annually.
More informationLOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS & ASSESSMENT. Sheba Medical Center Acute Medicine Department MATTHEW WRIGHT
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS & ASSESSMENT Sheba Medical Center Acute Medicine Department MATTHEW WRIGHT OUTLINE Causes Head Injury Clinical Features Complications Rapid Assessment Glasgow Coma Scale Classification
More informationMIGRAINE CLASSIFICATION
MIGRAINE CLASSIFICATION Nada Šternić At most, only 30% of migraineurs have classic aura The same patient may have migraine headache without aura, migraine headache with aura as well as migraine aura without
More informationTHE 35 GOLDEN EYE RULES
THE 35 GOLDEN EYE RULES The Sense of Sight, from La Dame a la Licorne, The Lady and the Unicorn Tapestries, Late 15th Century Flemish Tapestry in wool and silk, Musée Nationale du Moyen Age, Paris. 1.
More informationOOGZIEKTEN VOOR DE HUISARTS F. GOES, JR.
OOGZIEKTEN VOOR DE HUISARTS F. GOES, JR. HET RODE OOG F. GOES, JR. Condition Signs Symptoms Causes Conjunctivitis Viral Normal vision, normal pupil size Mild to no pain, diffuse Adenovirus (most common),
More informationLearn Connect Succeed. JCAHPO Regional Meetings 2017
Learn Connect Succeed JCAHPO Regional Meetings 2017 NO FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES Technician s Role in Neuro-Ophthalmology Workup Beth Koch COT, ROUB Cleveland 9/16/2017 What Tests Are You Expected To Perform?
More informationOPHTHALMOLOGY REFERRAL GUIDE FOR GPS
OPHTHALMOLOGY REFERRAL GUIDE FOR GPS A guidebook to support general practitioners in the management and referral of a range of common eye problems. Contents 3 Introduction 4 Ophthalmic Workup 6 Acute Visual
More informationVascular Disorders. Nervous System Disorders (Part B-1) Module 8 -Chapter 14. Cerebrovascular disease S/S 1/9/2013
Nervous System Disorders (Part B-1) Module 8 -Chapter 14 Overview ACUTE NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS Vascular Disorders Infections/Inflammation/Toxins Metabolic, Endocrinologic, Nutritional, Toxic Neoplastic Traumatic
More informationOphthalmology Unit Referral Guidelines
Ophthalmology Unit Referral Guidelines Austin Health Ophthalmology Unit holds sub-specialty sessions to discuss and plan the treatment of patients with specific ocular conditions. General including cataract
More informationTypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension Optic nerve appearance and brain MRI findings. Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD
Typical idiopathic intracranial hypertension Optic nerve appearance and brain MRI findings Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD A 24 year old African American woman is referred for bilateral optic
More information2) Headache - Dr. Hawar
2) Headache - Dr. Hawar Headache is caused by traction, displacement, inflammation, vascular spasm, or distention of the painsensitive structures in the head or neck. Isolated involvement of the bony skull,
More informationOPHTHALMOLOGY DEPARTMENT Primary care referral guidelines
OPHTHALMOLOGY DEPARTMENT Primary care referral guidelines Contents REFERRAL CATEGIES... 2 Emergency... 2 Urgent... 2 Semi urgent/routine... 2 Not accepted... 2 OPHTHALMOLOGY CONDITIONS NOT ACCEPTED...
More informationFaculty of Clinical Forensic Medicine Committee 1/2018
Guideline Subject: Clinical Forensic Assessment and Management of Non-Fatal Strangulation Approval Date: January 2018 Review Date: January 2021 Review By: Number: Faculty of Clinical Forensic Medicine
More informationSymptoms of a brain tumour in adults
Symptoms of a brain tumour in adults A tumour is an abnormal growth caused by cells dividing in an uncontrolled manner. Almost 11,000 people are diagnosed with a primary brain tumour each year. (Primary
More informationBrain and Central Nervous System Cancers
Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers NICE guidance link: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta121 Clinical presentation of brain tumours History and Examination Consider immediate referral Management
More informationEYE TRAUMA: INCIDENCE
Introduction EYE TRAUMA: INCIDENCE 2.5 million eye injuries per year in U.S. 40,000 60,000 of eye injuries lead to visual loss Introduction Final visual outcome of many ocular emergencies depends on prompt,
More informationPrimary Angle Closure Glaucoma
www.eyesurgeonlondon.co.uk Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma What is Glaucoma? Glaucoma is a condition in which there is damage to the optic nerve. This nerve carries visual signals from the eye to the brain.
More informationRapid Visual Loss. Dr Michael Johnson PhD FCOptom DipOrth DipGlauc DipTp(IP) Independent Prescribing Optometrist
Rapid Visual Loss Dr Michael Johnson PhD FCOptom DipOrth DipGlauc DipTp(IP) Independent Prescribing Optometrist Outline Pathophysiology Differential diagnosis. Patient scenarios in community practice:
More informationMichelle L. Ischayek D.O. Emergency Medicine Resident Aria Health
Michelle L. Ischayek D.O. Emergency Medicine Resident Aria Health History 15 year old African female with CC of Headache. Onset: 2 weeks ago Location: Frontal Character: Sharp & Throbbing Radiation: None
More informationHeadache. Karen Thaxter
Headache Karen Thaxter An eight year old girl is taken to her paediatrician because she has been complaining of almost daily pain at the back of her head for the past 4 months. She states that each headache
More informationDiagnosing headache. The clinician should approach the diagnosis of. Secondary headache. Primary headache. Blue and red flag headaches
Headache THEME Diagnosing headache BACKGROUND A systematic approach to the diagnosis of primary and secondary headache disorders requires the measurement of the frequency and the duration of headache.
More informationExamining Children s Eyes
Paediatric Ophthalmology What to refer & when? Aims Tips for assessing a child s eyes in general practice Common paediatric ophthalmology symptoms and signs What needs to be referred and when? MISS FARIHA
More informationPhone Triage for Optometric Staff ???????? CHEMICAL BURN CHEMICAL BURN
Phone Triage for Optometric Staff There are very few ocular emergencies that you will have to deal with in practice, but it is imperative that you be able to Michelle Welch, O.D. NSU Oklahoma College of
More informationFocusing on A&E. By Sandy Cooper, (Ophthalmic Nurse Practitioner), Tel
Focusing on A&E By Sandy Cooper, (Ophthalmic Nurse Practitioner), Tel 01752 439331 Email sandra.cooper5@nhs.net sandracooper041@btinternet.com THINGS TO WORRY ABOUT WITH ANY EYE PROBLEM CHANGES IN VISION
More informationPause for thought. Dr Jane Anderson Consultant Neurologist
Pause for thought Dr Jane Anderson Consultant Neurologist Which is the top cause of years lived with disability worldwide? 1. COPD 2. Low Back pain 3. Diabetes 4. Migraine with medication overuse headache
More information3/16/2018. Optic Nerve Examination. Hassan Eisa Swify FRCS Ed (Ophthalmology) Air Force Hospital
Optic Nerve Examination Hassan Eisa Swify FRCS Ed (Ophthalmology) Air Force Hospital 1 Examination Structure ( optic disc) Function Examination of the optic disc The only cranial nerve (brain tract) which
More informationPaediatric acute ophthalmology. Harry Bradshaw
Paediatric acute ophthalmology Harry Bradshaw Approach Red eye Leukocoria Neurological Trauma Visual loss Red eye Orbital Eyelid Conjunctiva Cornea Uvea Orbital Orbit fixed volume Contiguous with sinuses,
More informationLECTURE # 7 EYECARE REVIEW: PART III
LECTURE # 7 EYECARE REVIEW: PART III HOW TO TRIAGE EYE EMERGENCIES STEVE BUTZON, O.D. EYECARE REVIEW: HOW TO TRIAGE EYE EMERGENCIES FOR PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS Steve Butzon, O.D. Member Director IDOC President
More informationREFERRAL GUIDELINES: OPHTHALMOLOGY
Outpatient Referral Guidelines Page 1 1 REFERRAL GUIDELINES: OPHTHALMOLOGY Date of birth Demographic Contact details (including mobile phone) Clinical Reason for referral Duration of symptoms Essential
More informationHEADACHE & SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE -John W. Day, M.D., Ph.D.
I. TAKE HOME POINTS FOR THIS LECTURE A. Subarachnoid hemorrhage(sah) is fatal in 50% of cases, with >50% of survivors disabled by re-bleeding and vasospasm. B. Headaches affect >50% of population, with
More informationBrain Injuries. Presented By Dr. Said Said Elshama
Brain Injuries Presented By Dr. Said Said Elshama Types of head injuries 1- Scalp injuries 2- Skull injuries 3- Intra Cranial injuries ( Brain ) Anatomical structure of meninges Intra- Cranial Injuries
More information10 EYE EMERGENCIES. Who goes, who you better not send! Brant Slomovic, MD, FRCPC University Health Network
10 EYE EMERGENCIES Who goes, who you better not send! Brant Slomovic, MD, FRCPC University Health Network DISCLOSURES I have none PVD CASE 1 WHAT IS A PVD? a process of aging (45-55) liquefaction of vitreous
More informationPainless, progressive weakness Could this be Motor Neurone Disease?
APPENDIX 1 Painless, progressive weakness Could this be Motor Neurone Disease? 1. Does the patient have one or more of these? Bulbar features Limb features Respiratory features Cognitive features (rare)
More informationOPHTHALMOLOGIC PEARLS FOR THE NON- OPHTHALMOLOGIST. David G. Gross D.O. Deen-Gross Eye Centers Merrillville-Hobart Deengrosseye.
OPHTHALMOLOGIC PEARLS FOR THE NON- OPHTHALMOLOGIST David G. Gross D.O. Deen-Gross Eye Centers Merrillville-Hobart Deengrosseye.com A FEW OF THE AREAS WE WILL DISCUSS Red Eye Glaucoma Neuro ophthalmic tid
More information