Targeting nanoparticles to degenerated elastin: A new pathway to deliver drugs for pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases

Transcription

1 Targeting nanoparticles to degenerated elastin: A new pathway to deliver drugs for pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases Naren Vyavahare, Saketh Karamched, Aniqa Chowdhury, Vaideesh Parasaram. Nasim Nosoudi, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC The 2016 Symposium on Biomaterials Science, New Jersey Center of Biomaterials, October 24-25, 2016

2 Elastin: The Rubber Band of Life TM

3 Human Lung Healthy: Balloon-like Emphysema: Paper bag-like

4 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Still the 13 th leading cause of death!!

5 Vascular Calcification in chronic kidney failure Increases pulse-wave velocity, systolic blood pressure and decreases diastolic flow arterial stiffness [1]

6 Elastin loss is kind of irreversible!! What could be done?

7 Is it possible to send nano-robots in your body to the targeted site that can deliver drugs to stop degradation of elastin and regenerate what is lost?

8 Elastin ultrastructure A central amorphous core and a periphery of microfibrils Microfibrils contain glycoproteins such as MAGP, fibulins, fibrillins, LTBPs. Microfibrils play crucial role as scaffolds for elastin assembly during elastogenesis Microfibrils maintain homeostatic state of elastin fibers Coll = collagen e = elastin mf =microfibrils coll e mf

9 Elastin degradation and loss of microfibrillar coat five-day-old baby. a ten-year-old boy. forty-eight-year-old woman

10 Novel idea to target degraded elastin fiber 200 nm size albumin nano-particle US Patent pending (Clemson University) Sinha.A et.al, Nanoparticle targeting to injured vasculature for imaging and therapy, Nanomedicine, 2014.

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12 Example 1: Targeting elastin degradation in lung emphysema Chemical insult Smoking AAT deficiency Macrophage and neutrophil (influx, activation) Emphysema Alveolar wall elastin destruction ROS MMP 2, 9, 12 Neutrophil Elastase Oxidative damage of protease inhibitors Elastin Derived Peptides

13 Example 1: Is targeted NP delivery to emphysematous lung possible? Intra-tracheal instillation of Porcine Pancreatic Elastase (PPE) DAYS

14 H&E VVG (black elastin) MMP activity

15 NPs do target degraded elastin in lungs Saline treated group (control) Control A B C D Elastase treated group Elastase Fluorescent signal observed in elastin damaged lungs but not in healthy aortae

16 Single injection of doxycycline loaded nanoparticles inhibited MMPs for 4 weeks

17 Example 1- Summary Nanoparticles do target elastin degradation sites in elastase instillation COPD model when administered systemically NPs released doxycycline, an MMP inhibitor in lungs for over a month and inhibited MMP activity, while intermittent systemic drug therapy did not Long-term lung function studies are underway based on these studies

18 Example 3- Reversing abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and repairing lost elastin Abnormal ballooning of an artery Afflict ~5% of older men Can lead to fatal rupture Progressive loss of mechanical properties Degeneration of arterial architecture Associated with elastin degradation Dobrin, Mrkvicka. (1994) Cardiovasc Surg, 2: Campa, et al. (1987) Atherosclerosis, 65:

19 Currently surgery is the only option for AAAs Normal aorta Early-stage aneurysm Moderate aneurysm Late-stage aneurysm 1.7 cm 3.0 cm 4.0 to 5.0 cm >5.5 cm treatment outweighs risk SURGERY 10% of all AAA deaths occur here Dawson et al. (2006) Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 4:

20 Nanoparticle therapy for AAA To develop a minimally invasive nanoparticle mediated dual drug delivery system that targets damaged arterial site in AAA Delivers EDTA to remove mineral. Deliver polyphenols, stabilizes and restores elastin and reverses AAA

21 Dual EDTA and polyphenol (PGG) delivery removal of calcification and repairing of elastin damage EDTA Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) 1. Elastin stabilization for treatment of AAA, Circulation, 2007; 115: Elasto-regenerative properties of polyphenols, Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 2014; 444(2):

22 Aortic aneurysm development elastic fiber (provides elasticity) Smooth muscle cells 1. Inflammation 2. ECM degradation 3. SMC apoptosis 4. Calcification Macrophage ECM degrading enzymes, MMPs, Cat-S Calcification

23 Strategy 1 prevention of Aneurysm progress 1. Removal of calcium with EDTA chelation 2. Polyphenols binding to damaged elastin Reduction of inflammation 3. MMPs cannot degrade elastin

24 Strategy 2 Help regenerate new cross-linked elastin, reverse AAA Damaged elastic fiber Smooth muscle cells Tropoelastin molecules In AAA, SMCs and other cells make tropo-elastin but it is not anchored and does not produce elastic fibers

25 Strategy 2 Help regenerate new cross-linked elastin, reverse AAA Damaged elastic fiber Smooth muscle cells Tropoelastin molecules

26 Strategy 2 Help regenerate new cross-linked elastin Polyphenols binding to tropoelastin

27 Restore native structure and function of aortic elastin ideal AAA repair Healthy elastic fiber Smooth muscle cells

28 Release profile of EDTA and PGG from albumin nanoparticles mg EDTA/mg NPs hour % PGG Release Days EDTA release PGG release

29 Experimental design: Rat CaCl 2 abdominal aorta injury model of AAA EDTA and PGG NPs AAA development PGG NPs Blank NPs BB-94, NPs (n=6) per group Calcium Chloride injury Day zero Weeks

30 AAA animal model characterization AAA development (%) External diameter Desmosine content (pmple/mg dry tissue) Calcium (µg Calcium /mg dry weight content) At start of ±140 0 CaCl 2 injury After 30 days 158±43 446± ±5 30 days after CaCl 2 injury Alizarin red for Calcium VVG for elastin Immuno-stain for MMP 2 and 9

31 Nanoparticles targeted to the AAA site IVIS images of whole aorta % Targeting per weight basis spleen kidney liver aorta Cross-section of aorta showing NP targeting Pink: NPs, Green: auto fluorescence

32 MMP activity was reduced in all experimental groups EL-NP-Blank EL-NP-BB94 EL-NP-PGG EL-NP-EDTA/PGG MMPs activity of aortic tissue normalized to control

33 Duel therapy removes calcification and regresses aneurysms Control Control BB-94 BB-94 % Aneurysmal development EL-NP-Blank EL-NP-BB94 EL-NP-PGG EL-NP-EDTA/ - PGG * PGG PGG-EDTA µg calcium per mg dry weight of aorta Control * * *

34 Duel therapy removes calcification and restores elastic lamina Alizarin red- Calcium H&E Phenol stain for PGG VVG stain- Elastin-black EL-NP-Blank EL-NP-BB94 EL-NP-PGG EL-NP- EDTA/-PGG

35 Duel therapy reduces macrophage recruitment and inflammation EL-NP-Blank EL-NP-BB94 EL-NP-PGG EL-NP-EDTA/PGG a b c d CD-68 VWF e f g h i j k l 0 IFN- γ (pg/ml) * * * * * * OPN

36 Elastic lamina restoration leads to improved circumferential strain of aorta 2000 pmole desmosine per mg dry tissue *

37 Overall conclusions Novel nanoparticle can be loaded with variety of agents These nanoparticles target only degraded elastin in the body while sparing healthy elastin Systemic delivery of NPs targets the diseased sites and released active agents and reversed already progressed diseases Future studies will focus on functional recovery and extended to large animal studies

38 NIGMS (NIH P20GM103444) R01HL108330