IMPORTANT PLANTS AVAILABLE AT HERBAL GARDEN OF RI, ISM, JOGINDER NAGAR, DISTRICT MANDI, H.P., INDIA

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1 IMPORTANT PLANTS AVAILABLE AT HERBAL GARDEN OF RI, ISM, JOGINDER NAGAR, DISTRICT MANDI, H.P., INDIA *Neelam Kumar Centre of Excellence in Dravyaguna and Medicinal Plants Research Institute in Indian System of Medicine, Joginder Nagar, District Mandi (H.P) *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Herbal Gardens are the places where plants of different types are grown for identification, educational and research purposes etc. In India, there are 71 gardens are registered as herbal gardens. Herbal garden provides living plant material for systematic studies and also helps to maintaining rare plant species. The present study has been carried out at Herbal Garden of Research Institute in Indian System of Medicine, Joginder Nagar, District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh during May 2012 to May Total 268 plant species of 215 genera and 103 families belonging to three different taxonomic groups i.e. angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes were recorded. All plant species were identified and enumerated with their Botanical and Family name. Keywords: Indian System of Medicine, Plant Species, Angiosperms and Herbal Garden INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are nature s wonderful gifts to the mankind. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed over plant species that have been reported medicinal uses around the world. About 15% of the total geographical area of our country is inhibited by the tribals and about 90 % of raw materials are collected from forest resources. The present study has been carried out at herbal garden of Research Institute in Indian System of Medicine, Joginder Nagar, District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh. It is situated between 31 50' N and 76 45' E and bears the richest and most varied flora due favourable climatic conditions. Joginder Nagar is famous for having three hydro electric power stations, narrow gauge railway line, Govt. ayurvedic drugs manufacturing unit, Herbal Garden and Drug Testing Laboratory. Various studies have been carried out on floral diversity and medicinal important floral diversity in different areas of Himachal Pradesh including Joginder Nagar (Ahluwalia, 1952; Ambasta, 1986; Kumar, 2014; Sood et al., 2009; Rao and Das, 2011), but many biodiversity rich areas are still unexplored. Many plant species are facing threats of extinction due to over exploitation, increased demand in pharmaceutical industries, urbanization and habitat destruction. Keeping in view the importance of medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industries especially in the traditional systems of Medicine and their conservation, this study was carried out in order to collect information of plants availability at herbal garden of Research Institute in Indian System of Medicine, Joginder Nagar (Rao and Das, 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was made during May 2012 to May 2014 at herbal garden of Research Institute in Indian System of Medicine, Joginder Nagar. The plant specimens collected during field visits were pressed and dried using blotting papers for about two to three weeks at room temperature. The collected plant specimens were dipped in the solution of 2% mercuric chloride for minutes in order to provide protection against insects and fungal attack. After poisoning, the plants were mounted on the herbarium sheets. The collected specimens were identified with the help of the various flora and books (Sood et al., 2009; Polunin and Stainton, 1984; Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1991; Prajapati et al., 2003) and carefully matched with the specimens kept at herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun. All the plant specimens were arranged alphabetically and enumerated along with their Botanical and Family name. Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 150

2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present survey 268 plant species of 215 genera and 103 families belonging to three different taxonomic groups i.e. angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes were recorded (Table 1). Among the dominant families, Asteraceae represented with maximum number of species i.e. 18; followed by Lamiaceae and Rosaceae with 11 species each; Euphorbiaceae, Papilionaceae and Verbenaceae with 10 species each; Malvaceae and Solanaceae with 08 species each; Apocynaceae with 07 species; Caesalpiniaceae with 06 species; Acanthaceae and Mimosaceae with 05 species each; Combretaceae, Lauraceae, Menispermaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae and Zingiberaceae with 04 species each; Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Bignoniaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Rutaceae, Tiliaceae, and Violaceae with 03 species each; Amaranthaceae, Araceae, Araliaceae, Periploaceae, Asparagaceae, Berberidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cupressaceae, Lythraceae, Meliaceae, Orchidaceae, Plantaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Sterculiaceae with 02 species each; and remaining 52 families were with single species only (Figure 1). All plant specimens were collected from the area of Herbal Garden of Research Institute, Joginder Nagar during the course of study. All plant species were provided with Botanical and Family name. Out of 103, 97 belong to angiosperms [228 species (181 genera) were Dicotyledons] and 19 families [34 species (27 genera) were Monocotyledons]; 05 families [06 species (06 genera)] belong to gymnosperms and only o1 family [01 species (01 genus)] belong to pteridophytes. Figure 1: Distribution of families base on number of species Plant diversity is one of the major resources that fulfill the needs of human beings i.e food, fodder, fibers and medicines etc. Maximum rural population of the world including India is dependent on these systems of medicine i.e. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, Naturopathy and Homoeopathy, for their health care. Generally medicinal plants are not cultivated but for their requirement depend on forest based resources. Therefore, plants resources are under various threats for their survival due to over exploitation, urbanization, habitat destruction, increased demand of herbal material in pharmaceutical industries and Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 151

3 climate changes. Herbal Gardens are the places where plants of different types are grown for identification, educational and research purposes etc. In India, there are 71 gardens (including 7 of Himachal Pradesh) are registered as herbal gardens. Herbal garden provides living plant material for systematic studies and also helps to maintaining rare plant species (Rao and Das, 2011; Kumar, 2014). Table 1: List of plants available at Herbal Garden of RI, ISM Joginder Nagar S.N Family Botanical Name 1 Acanthaceae Adhatoda vasica Nees, Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees, Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Justacia brandegeana Wassh. & L. B. Sm., Strobilanthes glutinosus Nees 2 Agavaceae Agave americana Linn. 3 Alliaceae Allium tuberosum Roxb. 4 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Linn., Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. 5 Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes carinata Herb., Zephyranthes candida Herb. 6 Amaryllidaceae; Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 7 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Linn. 8 Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum Linn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke 9 Apiaceae; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban Hydrocotylaceae 10 Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris R. Br., Carissa carandas Linn, Catharanthus roseus G. Don, Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall., Nerium indicum Mill., Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz., Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steud. 11 Araceae Acorus calamus Linn., Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 12 Araliaceae Hedera helix C. B Clarke, non Linn., Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr. 13 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia elegans Mast. 14 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br., Tylophora asthmatica Wight & Arn., Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight 15 Asclepiadaceae; Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult., Hemidesmsus indicus (L.) R. Br. Periploaceae 16 Asparagaceae Asparagus adscendens Roxb., Asparagus racemosus Willd. 17 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Linn., Ageratum conyzoides Linn., Anacyclus pyrethrum DC., Artemisia japonica Thunb., Artemisia vulgaris Linn., Centipeda minima (Linn.) A. Br. & Aschers., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Eupatorium adenophorum Sprang, Gnaphalium affine D. Don, Parthenium hysterophorus Linn., Saussurea heteromalla (D. Don) Raizada & Saxena, Silybum marianum Gaertn., Spilanthes acmella Murr., Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Tagetes erecta Linn., Tagetes patula Linn., Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers, Xanthium strumarium Linn. 18 Bambusaceae Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. 19 Berberidaceae Berberis aristata DC., Berberis lycium Royle 20 Bignoniaceae Jacaranda acutifolia Hamb. & Bonpl., Oroxylum indicum Vent., Tecoma stans (Linn.) H. B. & K. 21 Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Linn. Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 152

4 22 Boraginaceae Ehretia acuminata R. Br. 23 Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia variegata Linn., Cassia angustifolia Vahl, Cassia fistula Linn., Cassia occidentalis Linn., Cassia tora Linn., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde 24 Cannabinaceae Cannabis sativa Linn. 25 Cannaceae Canna indica Linn. 26 Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata Willd., Stellaria media (Linn.) Vill. 27 Celastraceae Celastrus paniculatus Willd. 28 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album Linn., Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. 29 Combretaceae Quisqualis indica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Terminalia chebula Retz. 30 Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz 31 Cucurbitaceae Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn. 32 Cupressaceae Cupressus torulosa D. Don, Thuja orientalis Linn. 33 Cuscutaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. 34 Cycadaceae Cycas rumphii Miq. 35 Cyperaceae Cyperus scariosus R. Br., Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., Cyperus rotundus Linn. 36 Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica Linn. 37 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera Linn., Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines, Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. 38 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnous umbellata Thunb. 39 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum 40 Euphorbiaceae Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Euphorbia geniculata Orteg., Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd., Euphorbia thymifolia Linn., Glochidion velutinum Wight, Jatropha curcas Linn., Mallotus philippensis Muell. Arg., Phyllanthus urinaria Linn., Ricinus communis Linn. Sapium sebiferum Roxb. 41 Euphorbiaceae; Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjivaceae 42 Flacourtiaceae Flacourita indica (Burm.f.) Merr. 43 Geraniaceae Pelargonium graveolens L' Herit 44 Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus pedicellata R.Br. 45 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba Linn. 46 Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica Colebr. 47 Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 48 Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum Linn. 49 Juglandaceae Juglans regia Linn. 50 Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth., Anisomeles indica (Linn.) Kuntze, Mentha spicata Linn. emend. Nathh., Ocimum americanum Linn., Ocimum basilicum Linn., Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, Ocimum sanctum Linn., Pogostemon benghalensis Kuntze, Rosmarinus officinalis Linn., Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth., Thymus serphyllum Linn. 51 Lauraceae ; Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Nees & Eberm., Cinnamomum tamala Nees Vitaceae & Eberm, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Litsea polyantha Juss. 52 Liliaceae Aloe barbadensis Mill, Gloriosa superba Linn., Tulipa stellata Hook 53 Liliaceae; Convallariaceae Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle. Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 153

5 54 Liliaceae; Hemerocallis fulva Linn. Hemerocallidaceae 55 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica Linn., Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz 56 Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora Linn. 57 Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Medic., Hibiscus arnottianus A. Gray, Hibiscus mutabilis Linn., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., Malvaviscus conzatii Greenm., Sida veronicaefolia Lam., Sida yunnanensis S.Y. Hu, Urena lobata Linn. 58 Meliaceae Cedrela toona Roxb., Melia azedarach Linn. 59 Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira Linn., Stephania elegans Hook.f. & Thoms, Stephania glabra Miers., Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers. 60 Mimosaceae Acacia catechu Willd., Acacia concinna DC., Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Willd., Albizia stipulata Boiv., Mimosa pudica Linn. 61 Moraceae Ficus palmata Forsk., Ficus religiosa Linn., Ficus roxburghii Wall., Morus alba Linn. 62 Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. 63 Myricaceae Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. 64 Myrsinaceae Embelia ribes Burm.f. 65 Myrtaceae Callistemon lanceolatus DC., Eugenia jambolana Lam., Psidium guajava Linn., Syzygium jambos (Linn.) Alston 66 Nephrolepdaceae; Nephrolepis cordifolia Presl Polypodiaceae 67 Nyctaginaceae Boerhaavia diffusa Linn., Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Mirabilis jalapa Linn. 68 Oleaceae Jasminum grandiflorum Linn., Jasminum humile Linn., Jasminum mesnyi Hance, Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait. 69 Onagraceae Oenothera lamarckina Ser. 70 Orchidaceae Malaxis acuminata D. Don, Rhynchostylis retusa Blume 71 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Linn. 72 Papaveraceae; Fumaria parviflora Lam. Fumariaceae 73 Papilionaceae; Fabaceae Desmodium heterocarpun (Linn.) DC., Flemingia macrophylla (Wild.) Kuntze ex Prain, Indigofera pulchella Roxb., Lespedeza juncea Wall., Lotus corniculata Linn., Mucuna nigricans Steud., Mucuna prurita Hook., Pongamia pinnata Pierre, Psoralea corylifolia Linn., Zornia gibbosa Span. 74 Pinaceae Pinus roxburghii Sarg. 75 Piperaceae Piper longum Linn. 76 Pittosporaceae Pittosporum nauplense (DC.) Rehder & Wilson 77 Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata Linn., Plantago major Linn. 78 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica Linn., Plumbago auriculata Lam. 79 Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash 80 Polygonaceae Polygonum pterocarpum Wall ex Meissn, Rumex dentatus Linn., Rumex hastatus D. Don, Rumex nepalensis Spreng 81 Primulaceae Anagalis arvensis Linn. 82 Punicaceae Punica granatum Linn. 83 Ranunculaceae Clematis grata Wall., Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 84 Rhamnaceae Zizyphus jujuba Mill. 85 Rosaceae Agrimonia eupatoria Linn., Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., Prinsepia utilis Royle, Prunus cerasoides D. Don, Prunus communis Fritsch, Prunus Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 154

6 domestica Linn., Prunus persica Betsch, Pyrus communis Linn., Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai var. culta (Makin) Nakai, Rosa damascena Mill. 86 Rubiaceae Gardenia augusta Merrill, Randia dumetorum Poir., Mussaenda frondosa Linn., Rubia cordifolia Linn. 87 Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb., Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng., Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 88 Santalaceae Osyris arborea Wall. 89 Sapindaceae Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch., Sapindus mukorosii Gaertn. 90 Saxifragaceae Bergenia ciliata Sternb. 91 Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn, Verbascum thapsus Linn. 92 Solanaceae Cestrum elegans Schlecht., Cestrum nocturnum Linn., Datura metel Linn., Datura stramonium Linn., Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl, Solanum khasianum C. B. Clarke, Solanum nigrum Linn., Withania somnifera Dunal 93 Sterculiaceae Ambroma augusta Linn., Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. 94 Taxaceae Taxus baccata Linn. 95 Theaceae Camellia sinensis (Linn.) O. Kuntze 96 Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuans Linn., Grewia oppositifolia Roxb.ex Mast., Triumfetta pilosa Roth. 97 Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majus Linn. 98 Ulmaceae Celtis australis Linn. 99 Urticaceae Urtica dioica Linn. 100 Valerianaceae Valeriana wallichii DC. 101 Verbenaceae Caryopteris wallichiana Schauer, Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.) Gaertn., Clerodendrum philippinum Schrader, Duranta repens Linn., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Premna latifolia Roxb. Var. latifolia, Premna latifolia Roxb. Var. mucronata (Roxb.) C. B. Clarke, Tectona grandis Linn. f., Verbena bonariensis Linn., Vitex negundo Linn. 102 Violaceae Viola odorata Linn., Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging., non Ridley, Viola patrinii Ging 103 Zingeberiaceae Alpinia calcarata Rosc., Alpinia zerumbet Burtt & R. M Smith, Amomum subulatum Roxb., Costus speciosus (Koeniz) Sm. Various studies have been carried out on floral diversity and on diversity of medicinal plants in different regions of Himachal Pradesh including Joginder Nagar (Ahluwalia, 1952; Kumar, 2014; Sood et al., 2009; Hooker, ; Collett, 1902), but many biodiversity rich areas are still unexplored and work is under progress. The selected study area shows great medicinal important floral diversity due to suitable climatic conditions. Conclusion During the course of study, 268 plant species of 215 genera and 103 families belonging to three different taxonomic groups i.e. angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes were recorded. Out of 103, 97 belong to angiosperms [228 species (181 genera) were Dicotyledons] and 19 families [34 species (27 genera) were Monocotyledons]; 05 families [06 species (06 genera)] belong to gymnosperms and only o1 family [01 species (01 genus)] belong to pteridophytes. People of rural areas totally depend on biodiversity for their food, fuel, fodder, timber, medicines and other purposes. The floral diversity is under various threats due to various external factors i.e. over exploitation, increased demand of herbal raw material in pharmaceutical industrialization, habitat destruction and climate changes. The selected study area shows great medicinal important floral diversity due to favourable climatic conditions. So, there is Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 155

7 need to explore, collect and document the information of medicinal important floristic diversity of unexplored areas. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is thankful to Dr. Sunil Kumar Srivastava (Director), Dr. Prashant Kumar Pusalkar (Scientific C) and other scientific staff of Botanical Survey of India, Dehra Dun for their help in identification of plant species. I would like to thanks to Mr. Munish Sharma, Dr. S. N Bundela, Mr. Dinesh Thakur, Mr. Vikas Rathore, Sh. Ramesh Chand Saklani and Mrs. Bandu Sharma for their moral support to complete this work. REFERENCES Ahluwalia KS (1952). Medicinal Plants of Kangra Valley. Indian Forester 78(4) Ambasta SP Ed. (1986). The Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate C.S.I.R., New Delhi. Chatterjee A and Pakrashi SC (1991). The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Revised 2005, Publication and Information Directorate C.S.I.R., New Delhi 1. Collett H (1902). Flora Simlensis. Thacker Spink and Co. Calcutta and Shimla, Reprint Bishan Singh. Mahendra Pal Singh Cannaught Place Dehra Dun, India. Hooker JD ( ). The Flora of British India. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad I-VIII. Kumar N (2014). Important Medicinal Plants of Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi, H.P., India. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 4(2) Kumar N (2014). Important Plants Housed At The Herbarium Of Research Institute in Indian System Of Medicine, Joginder Nagar (H.P). Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 3(2) Kumar N (2014). k. Medicinal Plants Used in Unani System of Medicine for Various Disorders Tehsil Joginder Nagar (H.P). International Journal of Research in biological Sciences 4(2) Kumar N (2014). Medicinal Plants Used In Ayurveda Available At Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), India. International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry, Section B 3(3) Kumar N (2014). Seeds of Some Plants Used in Unani System of Medicine from Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi, H.P., India. International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences 4(1) Kumar N (2014). Some Medicinal Plants of Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi, H.P., India. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences 4(1) Kumar N (2014). Some Plants Used as Cardiac Stimulants, Blood Purifiers, Purgative and Antispasmodics in Unani System of Medicine from Joginder Nagar (H.P). Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 4(2) Kumar N (2014). Some Plants Used in Ayurvedic and Unani Systems of Medicine, Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi, H.P., India. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 4(1) Kumar N (2014). Studies on Floral Diversity of Joginder Nagar and Adjoining Areas, District Mandi, H. P., India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 4(1) Kumar N (2014). Studies on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda from Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), India. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering and Technology 3(3) Kumar N (2014). Studies on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha Systems of Medicine, available at Tehsil Joginder Nagar. Research in Pharmacy 4(3) Kumar N (2014). Studies on Phytodiversity of Tehsil Joginder Nagar, District Mandi (Himachal Pradesh). Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 3(1) Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 156

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