2010 Survey of Apple Orchard Owners/Managers: Summary Report

Transcription

1 Pest Management Transition Project (PMTP) 2010 Survey of Apple Orchard Owners/Managers: Summary Report Summary This report summarizes descriptive data from an apple pest management survey of Washington State apple orchard owners and managers. This survey measured levels of insecticide use, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practice adoption, and orchard owner/manager opinions on the transition to alternative pest management systems during the 2010 growing season. The survey was mailed in January 2011 to a full sample of apple orchard owners and managers on a comprehensive Washington State Apple Commission list. Additional mailings were sent to orchard owners with 4 or more orchards. The first mailing was followed by a reminder postcard and a second survey mailing to encourage non-responders to complete the survey by mail or on the web. The response rate was 25% (546 surveys returned out of 2,155 eligible participants). Thirty percent (30%) of respondents had participated in our 2008 baseline grower survey, while 70% had not. Seventy-six percent (76%) of respondents were orchard owners and 17% were hired orchard managers. Respondents represented just over 128,000 acres of apple orchards. Like in 2008, they identified agricultural chemical distributor fieldmen, the WSU Crop Protection guide, insecticide label information, and conferences, workshops or seminars as the most important sources of information in helping them make pest management decisions. Orchard owners and managers surveyed made pest management decisions on a mean of 235 acres of apples, 5% of which was organic or in transition to organic (less than in 2008), and 35% of which was managed conventionally but without use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides (more than in 2008). Owners and managers also made pest management decisions on a mean of 44 acres of cherries, 23 acres of pears, and smaller acreages of apricots, peaches, nectarines, prunes, grapes, plums, and pluots. Ninety-seven percent (97%) of respondents were male, and 62% were between 45 and 64 years of age. Seventy-one percent (71%) had parents who farmed during their childhood, and 80% had pursued at least some college coursework. Codling moth was identified as the number one pest causing unacceptable crop damage in orchards (49%), while 40% of orchard owners and managers did not have unacceptable crop damage in Twenty-one percent (21%) reported that codling moth caused unacceptable damage three years or more out of five, and 66% suggested that if no controls were applied for a year, s/he would experience 10% or more crop loss. Most orchard owners and managers (73%) used Guthion in 2010 as part of their codling moth control program (down from 80% in 2008), 19% used Imidan, and 7% used Diazinon. Of these respondents, the most common numbers of applications used in 2010 were 1-2 for Guthion (down from 2-3 in 2008) and Imidan, and 1 for Diazinon (by about 70% of respondents). Fiftynine percent (59%) of respondents said their use of OPs decreased in 2010 (up from 50% in 2008) and 30% said it stayed the same compared to the previous three years. 1

2 In terms of alternatives to OP insecticides, 68% of respondents used pheromone mating disruption, and many used Assail (59%), Horticultural spray oil or Delegate (56%), or Altacor (54%) to manage codling moth. Of these, the majority used 1 application of the product. Other OP alternatives were also used, albeit in smaller numbers, and most respondents reported that their overall use of OP alternatives had increased (47%) or remained the same (36%) compared to the previous three years. Seventeen percent (17%) indicated their use of OP alternatives had decreased or they did not use OP alternatives at all. Eighty-four percent (84%) of respondents reported using pheromone traps to monitor for pests, including 22% who used the recommended 1 trap per 2.5 acres and 28% who used 1 trap per acres. Orchard owners and managers most commonly used IPM tactics for codling moth control (with over 40% using them often ) were field monitoring for damage, pheromone traps, degree-day models, delayed distribution of bins in the orchard, and resistance management strategies. Use of resistance management, field monitoring, degree day models, and pheromone traps had also increased among over 22% of respondents compared to the previous three years. Overall, 61% percent of orchard owners and managers reported that codling moth injury had remained the same compared to the previous three years, 24% reported a decrease in codling moth injury, and 15% reported an increase. Seventy-five percent (75%) indicated that the cost of codling moth control had increased relative to the previous three years. Leafrollers were less of a concern among orchard owners and managers, with 79% stating that never or only less than once in five years did they experience unacceptable crop damage due to leafrollers. Respondents were fairly evenly distributed on the scale of how much damage (from less than 1% to 10% or more) they thought leafrollers would cause if no controls were applied for a year. To manage leafroller populations, 57% of orchard owners and managers used Lorsban, 26% Guthion, 10% Imidan, and 4% Diazinon. Of these, respondents most commonly made one application of Lorsban, Imidan, and Diazinon and 1-2 applications of Guthion. Fifty-five percent (55%) of respondents reported their use of OP insecticides for leafroller remained constant compared to the previous three years, while 27% reported a decrease, 1% an increase, and 18% did not use OPs for leafroller. In terms of alternatives to OP insecticides for leafroller control, growers used a variety of products, the most popular of which were Delegate (45%), Horticultural spray oil (44%), Altacor (37%), Success (34%), and Intrepid (33%). Of these respondents, most used one to two applications. Sixty-two percent (62%) of respondents reported levels of OP alternative insecticide use remained the same compared to the previous three years, 19% reported an increase, 9% reported a decrease, and 10% did not use OP alternatives for leafroller control. Orchard owners and managers most commonly used IPM tactics for leafroller populations (with over 30% using them often ) were field monitoring for damage, resistance management strategies, and degree-day models, each of which had increased among 13-19% of respondents compared to the previous three years. Seventy-two percent (72%) of respondents indicated that leafroller injury had stayed the same relative to the previous three years and 23% reported a decrease. Forty-eight (48%) percent indicated costs of leafroller control had increased and 45% indicated costs remained the same compared with the previous three years. Ninety-nine percent (99%) of orchard owners and managers knew that Guthion was being phased out, and 54% knew that its last year of use would be 2012 (up from 35% in 2008). Forty 2

3 percent (40%) knew that the phase-out would affect only the amount of Guthion a grower could use (rather than the number of applications or timing for use). Sixty-five percent (65%) said they were in the process of reducing their Guthion use, 24% had already stopped using Guthion (up from 18% in 2008), 8% were not yet reducing their use (down from 14% in 2008), and 1% had never used Guthion. Orchard owners and managers expressed the most confidence in their knowledge of how to use of the following OP alternatives: Pheromone mating disruption, Assail, Delegate, Altacor, and Horticultural Spray Oil. Like in 2008, the greatest barriers identified to using OP alternatives were cost (65%), effectiveness (53%), secondary pest problems (42%), concerns about residues on exports (29%), and confusion over timing (24%). Nineteen percent (19%) of respondents said they did not face barriers to the use of OP alternatives. In terms of secondary pest problems, many orchard owners and managers identified an increase in problems with wooly apple aphid (44%) and rosy apple aphid (38%), followed by stink bug (28%) and spider mite (22%). With regards to pest monitoring and sprayer calibration, 73% of respondents reported that agricultural chemical distributor fieldmen were responsible for monitoring in their orchards, and 68% also considered themselves responsible. The biggest barriers to monitoring were lack of time (32%) and high cost (25%), while 43% said they did not face any barriers to implementing or improving monitoring. Forty-seven (47%) percent of orchard owners and managers calibrated their sprayer once a year, 19% twice a year, and 25% three times a year or more. While most orchard owners and managers were concerned that both the costs and control of codling moth would become riskier and more difficult after the Guthion phase-out, and while many felt burdened and unconsidered with respect to the phase-out decision, they generally agreed that WSU research has developed good information on alternatives to Guthion. In addition, a majority of orchard owners and managers felt they had adequate systems for training workers on pesticide safety. Most orchard owners and managers did not feel the Guthion phase-out would particularly protect worker health or the environment, nor did they feel it was a particularly beneficial change for their operations. They also adamantly felt that training workers on health and safety should be their responsibility rather than that of an outside organization. These opinions were similar to those found in In terms of educational resources, 42% of respondents reported using the WSU Decision Aid System (up from 37% in 2008), 21% knew about the AZM Stewardship Program run by the company MANA, 38% knew the USDA Environmental Quality Incentives Program provided cost-shares for IPM practices, 47% knew about the WSU Pest Management Transition Project (PMTP) (down from 53% in 2008), and 20% had participated in a PMTP-run Implementation Unit. Forty-seven percent (47%) (down from 62% in 2008) indicated that they would be interested in more training on the use of Guthion alternatives to manage pests indicating either that this group of respondents was somewhat less interested in more training than the previous group or that many of them already knew enough about Guthion alternatives and did not see a need for more training. The following pages present these results in more detail, in the form of aggregated orchard owner and manager responses to each question. Results are found in both table and graph formats in order to be more easily compared with 2008 grower survey data and with 2007 and 2009 consultant survey data. 3

4 Initial Questions Sample Group Single-Repeat Single-New Multiple-Repeat Multiple-New Total A1. Do you make pest management decisions in one or more apple orchard(s) in Washington? No 0 0 Yes Total Missing = 9 A2. Do you own, operate, or manage ONLY organic or transitional organic apple orchard(s)? No Yes Total Missing = 4 A3. How would you describe your primary role in the apple orchard(s) with which you are associated? Role I am the orchard owner (or one of multiple owners) I am a hired orchard manager Other * Total Missing = 12 * Other: Fieldman/consultant (20), Leasing (9), Owner and manager (8), Other (2). 4

5 A4. Over the past three years, which insects caused unacceptable crop damage in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Insect Codling moth Rosy apple aphid Campylomma Wooly apple aphid Stink bug Leafroller San Jose scale Thrips Green aphid Spider mite Rust mite Leafminer Mealybug Lacanobia Leafhopper Other * I did not have unacceptable crop damage Missing = 0 * Other: Birds, Psylla, Army caterpillar, Russet, Earwigs A5. Over the past three years, which one of the insects listed below has been the biggest production problem in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Insect Codling moth Multiple insects Stink bug Woolly apple aphid Rosy apple aphid Leafroller Campylomma San Jose scale Rust mite Thrips Spider mite Leafminer Leafhopper Green aphid Other * I have not had any insect problems Total Missing = 27¹ Includes respondents who checked multiple answers including codling moth. * Other: apple leaf midge, deer, pear psylla. 5

6 Questions about codling moth B1. How frequently does codling moth cause unacceptable crop damage in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Never Less than 1 out of every 5 years About 1 out of every 5 years About 2 out of every 5 years About 3 out of every 5 years About 4 out of every 5 years Every year Total Missing = 23 B2. If no controls were applied for codling moth this year, what level of crop injury would you expect by harvest? Less than 1% % % % More than 10% Total Missing = 31 B3a. During the 2010 growing season, did you use the OP insecticides as a control for codling moth? Insecticide Missing Guthion (azinphos methyl) Imidan (phosmet) Diazinon B3b. If you used the following OP insecticides as a control for codling moth, please indicate the number of applications you used in 2010 (frequency with percent in parentheses). Number of applications Guthion Imidan Diazinon 1 application 130 (34.0%) 58 (59.8%) 27 (79.4%) 2 applications 187 (49.0%) 30 (30.9%) 7 (20.6%) 3 applications 55 (14.4%) 7 (7.2%) 0 (0%) 4+ applications 10 (2.6%) 2 (2.1%) 0 (0%) Total Skipped Missing

7 B4. Did your use of OP insecticides (Guthion, Diazinon, and Imidan) for codling moth control over the past three years ( ) change? My use of OP insecticides for codling moth control decreased over the past three years My use of OP insecticides for codling moth control remained about the same over the past three years My use of OP insecticides for codling moth control increased over the past three years I did not use OP insecticides over the past three years Total Missing = 25 Change in OP insecticide use the over last 3 years Use of OP-alternatives for codling moth control in B5a. During the 2010 growing season, did you use the OP alternatives as a control for codling moth? Insecticide Missing Pheromones (mating disruption) Assail (acetamiprid) Delegate (spinetoram) Horticultural spray oil Altacor (rynaxypyr) Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) Calypso (thiacloprid) Rimon (novaluron) Esteem (pyriproxifen) Entrust/Success (spinosad) Warrior (lambda-cyhalothrin) CM granulosis virus Danitol (fenpropathrin) Belt (flubendiamide) Voliam Express (lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole) Voliam Flexi (thimethoxam + chlorantraniliprole)

8 B5b. If you used the following OP alternatives as a control for codling moth, please indicate the number of applications you used in 2010 (frequency with percent in parentheses). Number of applications Pheromones Assail Delegate Horticultural spray oil Altacor Intrepid Calypso Rimon 1 application 324 (96.7%) 198 (68.0%) 196 (71.0%) 149 (56.2%) 175 (66.3%) 132 (89.8%) 61 (82.4%) 64 (83.1%) 2 applications 5 (1.5%) 83 (28.5%) 70 (25.4%) 87 (32.8%) 82 (31.2%) 8 (5.4%) 12 (16.4%) 11 (14.3%) 3 applications 3 (0.9%) 8 (2.7%) 9 (3.3%) 24 (9.1%) 5 (1.9%) 7 (4.8%) 1 (1.4%) 1 (1.3%) 4+ applications 3 (0.9%) 2 (0.7%) 1 (0.4%) 5 (1.9%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.3%) Total Skipped Missing Number of applications Esteem Entrust/ Success Warrior CM granulosis virus Danitol Belt Voliam Express Voliam Flexi Other * 1 application 64 (83.1%) 52 (72.2%) 53 (69.7%) 27 (60.0%) 5 (55.6%) 8 (100%) 1 (100.0%) 1 (100.0%) 5 (83.3%) 2 applications 11 (14.3%) 17 (23.6%) 17 (22.4%) 11 (23.9%) 4 (44.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 applications 2 (2.6%) 2 (2.8%) 4 (5.3%) 3 (6.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4+ applications 0 (0%) 1 (1.4%) 2 (2.6%) 5 (11.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (16.7%) Total Skipped Missing * Other (5): AgrMeck, Proclaim, Tourism, Fish oil, Puffers. 8

9 B6. Did your use of OP alternatives (listed in Question B5) for codling moth control over the past three years ( ) change? My use of OP alternatives for codling moth control decreased over the past three years My use of OP alternatives for codling moth control remained about the same over the past three years My use of OP alternatives for codling moth control increased over the past three years I did not use OP alternatives for codling moth control over the past three years Total Change in OP-alternative use for CM control Decrease Same Increased Not used Missing = 33 Change in CM Injury over the past 3 years B7. Over the past three years did codling moth injury in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage decrease, remain about the same, or increase? Codling moth injury decreased by more than 5% Codling moth injury decreased by 2-5% Codling moth injury remained about the same (± 0-2%) Codling moth injury increased by 2-5% Codling moth injury increased by more than 5% Total Missing = 7 B8. Over the past three years did the cost of codling moth control in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage decrease, remain about the same, or increase? The cost of codling moth control decreased by more than 10% The cost of codling moth control decreased by 3-10% The cost of codling moth control remained about the same (± 0-3%) The cost of codling moth control increased by 3-10% The cost of codling moth control increased by more than 10% Total Missing = >5% 2-5% Decrease Decrease Same 2-5% Increase >5% Increase 9

10 B9. How many pheromone traps did you use per acre during the 2010 growing season? 1 trap per 2.5 acres or less trap per acres trap per acres trap per 10.1 acres or more I did not use pheromone traps during the 2008 growing season Total Missing = 14 B10. How often did you use the IPM practices as part of your management program for codling moth? (frequency with percent in parentheses). IPM tactic Never Rarely Occasiona lly Often Missing Field monitoring for damage 12 (2.3%) 10 (1.9%) 75 (14.2%) 431 (81.6%) 18 Pheromone traps 66 (12.9%) 11 (2.2%) 38 (7.4%) 396 (77.5%) 35 Degree day models 56 (11.2%) 34 (6.8%) 106 (21.3%) 302 (60.6%) 48 Resistance management strategies 127 (26.7%) 29 (6.1%) 91 (19.2%) 228 (48.0%) 71 Delayed distribution of bins in 122 (24.5%) 58 (11.7%) 79 (15.9%) 238 (47.9%) 49 orchard Border sprays 140 (27.8%) 70 (13.9%) 153 (30.4%) 140 (27.8%) 43 Economic or treatment thresholds 167 (35.8%) 58 (12.4%) 113 (24.2%) 128 (27.5%) 80 Reduced pesticide rates 220 (45.7%) 92 (19.1%) 106 (22.0%) 63 (13.1%) 65 Biological controls (parasites or 327 (68.8%) 55 (11.6%) 52 (10.9%) 41 (8.6%) 71 predators) Alternate row spraying 281 (57.0%) 72 (14.6%) 99 (20.1%) 41 (8.3%) 53 Other * 48 (70.6%) 4 (5.9%) 1 (1.5%) 15 (22.1%) 478 * Other: Mating disruption/pheromone strips/puffers (13), Hand removal/thin off damaged fruit/stings (3), Spray all rows (2), DA traps, Hot spot sprays (prop piles, cabins, wood piles, neighbors), Mineral oil every 10 d, More applications, Only roundup for weeds, Spray consultant, Use of sticker/extended with repeated treatments after significant rainfall Never Rarely Occasionally Often

11 B11. Did your use of the IPM practices as a control for codling moth change? IPM tactic Did not use Decreased Same Increased Missing Resistance management strategies 87 (18.0%) 14 (2.9%) 232 (48.0%) 150 (31.1%) 63 Pheromone traps 40 (7.7%) 19 (3.7%) 335 (64.8%) 123 (23.8%) 29 Degree day models 47 (9.4%) 14 (2.8%) 324 (65.1%) 113 (22.7%) 48 Field monitoring for damage 1.3 (2.5%) 20 (3.8%) 373 (68.3%) 118 (22.5%) 22 Border sprays 107 (21.3%) 22 (4.4%) 277 (55.1%) 97 (19.3%) 43 Delayed distribution of bins in 96 (19.2%) 9 (1.8%) 327 (65.5%) 67 (13.4%) 47 orchard Economic or treatment thresholds 121 (25.4%) 22 (4.6%) 284 (59.7%) 49 (10.3%) 70 Reduced pesticide rates 150 (30.7%) 26 (5.3%) 271 (55.5%) 41 (8.4%) 58 Biological controls (parasites or 224 (46.6%) 18 (3.7%) 209 (43.5%) 30 (6.2%) 65 predators) Alternate row spraying 205 (41.1%) 47 (9.4%) 207 (41.5%) 40 (8.0%) 47 Other 34 (41.0%) 3 (3.6%) 41 (49.4%) 5 (6.0%) 463 * Other: Mating disruption/pheromone strips/puffers (8), DA traps, Every row spraying, Hot spot sprays, Mineral oil every 10 d, More applications. B12. What percentage of the apple acres you own or manage do your answers to QuestionsB1 through B11 (questions about codling moth) apply to? 1-10% % % % % % Total Missing = 21 11

12 Questions about leafrollers C1. How frequently do leafrollers cause unacceptable crop damage in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Never Less than 1 out of every 5 years About 1 out of every 5 years About 2 out of every 5 years About 3 out of every 5 years About 4 out of every 5 years Every year Total Missing = 13 C2. If no controls were applied for leafrollers this year, what level of crop injury would you expect by harvest? Less than 1% % % % More than 10% Total Missing = 21 C3a. During the 2010 growing season, did you use the OP insecticides as a control for leafrollers? Insecticide Missing Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) Guthion (azinphos methyl) Imidan (phosmet) Diazinon C3b. If you used the following OP insecticides as a control for leafrollers, please indicate the number of applications you used in 2010 (frequency with percent in parentheses). Number of applications Lorsban Guthion Imidan Diazinon (96.7%) 55 (41.4%) 40 (75.5%) 19 (90.5%) 2 9 (3.0%) 63 (47.4%) 8 (15.1%) 2 (9.5%) 3 1 (0.3%) 14 (10.5%) 5 (9.4%) 0 (0%) 4+ 0 (0%) 1 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Total Skipped Missing

13 C4. Did your use of OP insecticides (Guthion, Lorsban, Diazinon, and Imidan) for leafroller control over the past three years ( ) change? My use of OP insecticides for leafroller control decreased over the past three years My use of OP insecticides for leafroller control remained about the same over the past three years My use of OP insecticides for leafroller control increased over the past three years I did not use OP insecticides over the past three years Total Missing = 50 C5a. During the 2010 growing season, did you use the OP alternatives as a control for leafroller? Insecticide Missing Delegate (spinetoram) Horticultural spray oil Altacor (rynaxypyr) Success (spinosad) ¹ Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) Esteem (pyriproxifen) Proclaim (emamectin benzoate) Rimon (novaluron) Warrior (lambda-cyhalothrin) Entrust/Success (spinosad) ¹ Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Pheromones (mating disruption) Belt (flubendiamide) Danitol (fenpropathrin) Voliam Flexi (thimethoxam + chlorantraniliprole) Voliam Express (lambdacyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole) Other ¹ Success was (unintentionally) listed twice as a choice for leafroller, once as Success and once as Success/Entrust Other Assail (1) None (1) 13

14 C5b. If you used the following OP alternatives as a control for leafroller, please indicate the number of applications you used in 2010 (frequency with percent in parentheses). Number of applications Delegate Horticultur al spray oil Altacor Success Intrepid Esteem Proclaim Rimon 1 application 156 (72.2%) 98 (46.9%) 123 (70.7%) 126 (78.8%) 134 (88.2%) 74 (85.1%) 57 (95.0%) 41 (78.8%) 2 applications 56 (25.9%) 56 (26.8%) 49 (28.2%) 31 (19.4%) 13 (8.6%) 11 (12.6%) 3 (5.0%) 9 (17.3%) 3 applications 3 (1.4%) 26 (12.4%) 2 (1.1%) 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.0%) 2 (2.3%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.8%) 4+ applications 1 (0.5%) 29 (13.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Total Skipped Missing Number of applications Warrior Entrust/ Success Bt Pheromon es Belt Danitol Voliam Flexi Voliam Express 1 application 35 (85.4%) 24 (61.5%) 14 (43.8%) 31 (96.9%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 2 applications 6 (14.6%) 14 (35.9%) 12 (37.5%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 applications 0 (0%) 1 (2.6%) 5 (15.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4+ applications 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Total Skipped Missing Other 14

15 C6. Did your use of OP alternatives (listed in Question C5) for leafroller control decrease, remain about the same, or increase over the past three years ( )? My use of OP alternatives for leafroller control decreased over the past three years My use of OP alternatives for leafroller control remained about the same over the past three years My use of OP alternatives for leafroller control increased over the past three years I did not use OP alternatives for leafroller control over the past three years Total Missing = 35 C7. Over the past three years did leafroller injury in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage decrease, remain about the same, or increase? Leafroller injury decreased by more than 5% Leafroller injury decreased by 2-5% Leafroller injury remained about the same (± 0-2%) Leafroller injury increased by 2-5% Leafroller injury increased by more than 5% Total Missing = 38 C8. Over the past three years did the cost of leafroller control in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage decrease, remain about the same, or increase? The cost of leafroller control decreased by more than 10% The cost of leafroller control decreased by 3-10% The cost of leafroller control remained about the same (± 0-3%) The cost of leafroller control increased by 3-10% The cost of leafroller control increased by more than 10% Total Missing = 37 15

16 C9. How often did you use the following IPM practices as part of your management program for leafrollers? Never Rarely Occasiona Often IPM tactic lly Missing Field monitoring for damage 44 (8.7%) 40 (7.9%) 121 (23.8%) 303 (59.6%) 37 Resistance management strategies 175 (36.4%) 45 (9.4%) 86 (17.9%) 175 (36.4%) 65 Degree day models 166 (34.3%) 45 (9.3%) 104 (21.5%) 169 (34.9%) 62 Pheromone traps 298 (61.3%) 21 (4.3%) 51 (10.5%) 116 (23.9%) 60 Economic or treatment thresholds 203 (43.4%) 75 (16.0%) 83 (17.7%) 107 (22.9%) 78 Border sprays 315 (65.6%) 49 (10.2%) 63 (13.1%) 53 (11.0%) 66 Biological controls (parasites or 323 (68.0%) 59 (12.4%) 44 (9.3%) 49 (10.3%) 71 predators) Alternate row spraying 345 (71.3%) 57 (11.8%) 60 (12.4%) 22 (4.5%) 62 Reduced pesticide rates 321 (67.2%) 72 (15.1%) 68 (14.2%) 17 (3.6%) 68 Other 71 (93.4%) 0 (0%) 2 (2.6%) 3 (3.9%) 470 Other Bins, prop piles, wood piles; Didn t pay much attention; Don t have leafroller problem; Mating disruption; More pesticides applied; Spray all rows; Spray on block history. 16

17 C10. Did your use of the IPM practices as a control for leafroller change? Did not IPM tactic use Decreased Same Increased Missing Resistance management strategies 109 (22.9%) 19 (4.0%) 260 (54.6%) 88 (18.5%) 70 Degree day models 105 (21.9%) 14 (2.9%) 277 (57.8%) 83 (17.3%) 67 Field monitoring for damage 34 (6.7%) 18 (3.6%) 385 (76.1%) 69 (13.6%) 40 Economic or treatment thresholds 126 (26.9%) 19 (4.1%) 282 (60.1%) 42 (9.0%) 77 Border sprays 197 (41.5%) 25 (5.3%) 220 (46.3%) 33 (6.9%) 71 Pheromone traps 185 (38.3%) 23 (4.8%) 242 (50.1%) 33 (6.8%) 63 Biological controls (parasites or 209 (44.3%) 23 (4.9%) 222 (47.0%) 18 (3.8%) 74 predators) Reduced pesticide rates 193 (41.0%) 22 (4.7%) 239 (50.7%) 17 (3.6%) 75 Alternate row spraying 200 (41.8%) 37 (7.7%) 225 (47.1%) 16 (3.3%) 68 Other 58 (43.0%) 5 (3.7%) 70 (51.9%) 2 (1.5%) 411 Other More pesticides applied; Spray on. Block. History; Sprays all. C11. What percentage of the apple acres you own or manage do your answers to Questions C1 through C10 (questions about leafrollers) apply to? 1-10% % % % % % Total Missing = 28 17

18 Questions about Guthion (Azinphos-methyl) Phase-Out D1. Before reading the statement above were you aware that Guthion is going to be phased out? No Yes Total Missing = 10 D2. According to the EPA's phase-out schedule, what will be the last year you can use Guthion? Not sure Total Missing = 18 D3. Which of the following statements best reflects your approach to the Guthion phase-out in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? I am in the process of reducing my use of Guthion I have already stopped using Guthion I have not yet reduced my use of Guthion I have never used Guthion, so the phase-out does not affect me Other (please explain) Total Missing = 14 Other I have mostly stopped but would still consider using in some situations (4); Expect to discontinue; Old product being used up; Pheromones; Tried to reduce but had to use control not achieved; We stopped using Guthion in 1989; I will use it as long as possible as it is the most effective and the idiots at EPA are overeducated idiots. 18

19 D4. According to the EPA's phase-out schedule, which of the following statements best reflects growers' ability to use Guthion over the next several growing seasons? The phase-out schedule will limit the total amount of Guthion that can be used by a grower each year The phase-out schedule will limit the total number of Guthion applications that can be used by a grower each year The phase-out schedule will limit when Guthion can be used during the growing season All of the above I'm not sure Total Missing = 44 D5. How confident are you in your knowledge of how to use the following alternatives to Guthion to control codling moth? Mean Scores on a Scale Alternatives for Guthion from 1 ( Not Confident ) Missing to 5 ( Very Confident ) Pheromones (mating disruption) Assail (acetamiprid) Delegate (spinetoram) Altacor (rynaxypyr) Horticultural spray oil Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) Entrust/Success (spinosad) Rimon (novaluron) Esteem (pyriproxifen) Calypso (thiacloprid) CM granulosis virus

20 D6. What barriers do you face in using the alternatives to Guthion listed in the previous questino (D5) to achieve acceptable codling moth control in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Barrier Alternatives are too expensive Alternatives are not as effective Alternatives cause other pest problems Export markets might not accept fruit with alternative insecticide residues The application timing of alternatives is confusing There are too many alternatives to choose from Other I do not face barriers in using the alternatives to Guthion Missing = 5 Other Increased number of applications added time and cost (8); Too short of control period (2); Timing of sprays are critical (2); Not as effective (2); Abandon trees backyard trees; Application window too small; Guthion has the best knock down for heavy pressure; Guthion only kills Codling Moth; Heavy insect damage; Late season codling moth control without using Guthion; Reduced calcium sprays; Sometimes overwhelming; The codling moth has to bite the apple to die so you lose an apple for every codling moth; There are no alternatives that kill adults; Very insect specific; Will alternatives stand the test of time like Guthion? When I have extreme pressure from outside my orchard borders the alternatives are not effective; Possible more sprays, if you have a flare up you may lose control and not be able to get it back; I can control codling moth with mate disruption and alternatives but with cost and other problems. 20

21 D7. Which one of the barriers selected in the previous question (D6) is the biggest obstacle to using alternatives to Guthion in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Alternatives are too expensive Alternatives are not as effective Alternatives cause other pest problems Export markets might not accept fruit with alternative insecticide residues The application timing of alternatives is confusing There are too many alternatives to choose from Other barrier(s) (please list): I do not face barriers in using the alternatives to Guthion Total Missing = 65 Other Added cost of more frequent spraying (4) Put oil with them The government Late season codling moth control without using Guthion D8. Please indicate the extent to which you disagree or agree with each of the following statements Statement Strongly Disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neither Disagree nor Agree (%) Agree (%) Strongly Agree (%) Mean (scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) Missing The cost of codling moth control will be higher after the Guthion phase-out Growers will bear all the burden of the Guthion phaseout I already have a system that works for training workers on pesticide safety and use. WSU research has developed good information on alternatives to Guthion Growers opinions were not considered when the EPA decided to phase out Guthion Control of codling moth will be more difficult after the Guthion phase-out

22 D8. continued Statement Strongly Disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neither Disagree nor Agree (%) Agree (%) Strongly Agree (%) Mean (scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) Missing Phasing out Guthion will make tree fruit production riskier for growers Phasing out Guthion will encourage growers to use safer pesticides The cost of leafroller control will be higher after the Guthion phase-out Non-WSU research has developed good information on alternatives to Guthion Growers have effective alternatives to Guthion at their disposal Phasing out Guthion will protect the health of agricultural workers Phasing out Guthion will require me to reorganize my orchard operations Control of leafrollers will be more difficult after the Guthion phase-out Phasing out Guthion will have a positive environmental impact Phasing out Guthion will require significant retraining of agricultural workers Phasing out Guthion will provide me with new apple marketing opportunities Training workers to use alternatives to Guthion will be difficult for me to implement It has been difficult for to train workers to use Guthion in my operation. Phasing out Guthion as soon as possible will be beneficial for my operation The training of workers on pesticide safety should be the responsibility of an outside organization rather than individual growers

23 D10. Have problems with the following secondary pests over the last three years ( ) in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Not a problem Secondary pest in Decreased Same Increased Missing Wooly apple aphid 73 (14.2%) 18 (3.5%) 197 (38.3%) 226 (44.0%) 32 Rosy apple aphid 63 (12.3%) 23 (4.5%) 230 (44.9%) 196 (38.3%) 34 Stink bug 97 (19.1%) 21 (4.1%) 249 (48.9%) 142 (27.9%) 37 Spider mite 107 (21.2%) 31 (6.1%) 257 (50.9%) 110 (21.9%) 41 Rust mites 117 (23.2%) 26 (5.1%) 278 (55.0%) 84 (16.6%) 41 Green aphid 69 (13.7%) 30 (6.0%) 332 (65.9%) 73 (14.5%) 42 Other 29 (32.6%) 1 (1.1%) 44 (49.4%) 15 (16.9%) 457 Other Thrips (4); San Jose scale (4); Birds (3); Campylomma (2); European red mites (2); OBLR; Earwigs; No problems. D11. Who is responsible for insect monitoring in the pest management program(s) for the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Agricultural chemical distributor fieldman Myself Packing warehouse fieldman Farm employee Private consultant Another grower or manager Other Missing = 9 Other Family members (3); All of the above (2); In- house entomologist; North valley trapping; Orchard managers, contracted trap monitor service; I ask workers to inform me about any damage they detect in the orchard (mainly while hand thinning). 23

24 D12. Which of the following are barriers to implementing or improving the insect monitoring program(s) in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Lack of time Cost of insect trapping and monitoring Lack of trained staff to do monitoring Lack of good monitoring methods or guidelines Lack of value/applicability of monitoring results Other barriers I don t have any barriers to implementing or improving insect monitoring Missing = 5 Other Cost, cost, cost (4); Lack of experience on timing (3); Time to analyze benefits, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of new products (2); Learning curve/learning what works best; Occasional trap failure with economic damage occurring; Small blocks with outside pressure from neighbors; Too much paperwork during the season; Unaware of better methods or tools; Lazy; Field man never shows up at usual time if at all; I count on Bleyhls to stay on top of things for me. D13. How often do you calibrate your sprayer? Less than once a year Once a year Twice a year Three or more times a year I don't know Total Missing = 19 24

25 Sources of information for making pest control decisions E1. How important were the following as sources of information for making pest control decisions in the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Mean Scores on a Scale Information Sources from 1 ( Not Important ) to 5 ( Very Important ) Missing Agricultural chemical distributor fieldmen WSU Crop Protection Guide (EB0419) Insecticide label information Conferences, workshops, or seminars Packing warehouse fieldmen Professional consultants WSU Decision Aid System (real-time web-based delivery of pest models and management guidelines) WSU researchers Formal education or continuing education classes WSU Extension educators Newsletters or magazines Internet-based resources Other growers/managers Field days or farm tours Non-WSU researchers Commodity or grower association Marketing organization Family members Radio E2. Did you use the Internet-based WSU Decision Aid System (DAS) to guide your pest management practices in 2010? No Yes Total Missing = 53 25

26 E3. Do you know about the AZM (Guthion) Stewardship Program to reduce worker exposure to organophosphate pesticides (run by the company MANA)? No Yes Total Missing = 25 E4. Did you know that the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service's Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) offers growers cost share assistance for implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices? No Yes Total Missing = 23 E5. Do you know about the WSU Pest Management Transition Project (PMTP), which helps growers phase out Guthion and increase their use of Integrated Pest Management? No Yes Total Missing = 24 26

27 E6. Did you participate in a WSU-organized Pest Management Transition Project (PMTP) Implementation Unit in 2008, 2009 and/or 2010? No Yes Total Missing = 32 E7. Would you be interested in more training on how to use Guthion alternatives to manage pests? No Yes Total Missing = 40 Operation Demographics F1. How many total apple orchard acres did you own, operate, or manage in 2010? Mean Acres Missing F2. Of the total apple orchard acres you owned, operated, or managed in 2010, how many acres were in the following categories? Category Mean Acres Missing Certified organic apple acres Transition to certified organic apple acres Conventional apples with some use of OP insecticides Conventional apples with no use of OP insecticides

28 F3. In what region(s) is/are the apple orchard(s) you own or manage located? Region Lower Yakima Valley (Union Gap to Benton City) Upper Yakima Valley Okanogan Columbia Basin Wenatchee Chelan/Manson Tri-Cities Columbia Gorge Ellensburg Other Missing = 5 Other Blue Mountain Foothills; Douglas County; Grant County; Milton-Freewater, Oregon; Skagit Valley; Spokane-Greenbluff; Walla Walla; Western Washington. F4. Which of the following categories best represents the 2010 gross farm income from all the apple orchard(s) you own or manage? Less than $25, $25,000 - $49, $50,000 - $99, $100,000 - $249, $250,000 - $499, $500,000 - $999, $1 million - $2.4 million $2.5 million - $5 million More than $5 million Total Missing = 55 28

29 F5. How many acres of the following other tree fruit crops did you own or manage? Crop Mean conventional acres with Mean conventional acres with Mean transitional Mean certified Total some use of OPs no use of OPs acres organic acres Cherry Pear Apricot Peach Nectarine Prune Other Other None (8); Grapes (4); Apples (4); Plums (3); Pluots (2); Hay (1). Respondent Demographics G1. Are you male or female? Male Female Total Missing = 22 G2. How old are you? yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs Total Missing = 22 29

30 G3. Did your parents farm during any part of your childhood (age 0-18 years)? No Yes Total Missing = 22 G4. Which of the following categories best describes your ethnic background? Category Caucasian (not Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino) Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino American Indian or Alaska Native Asian or Asian American Black or African American Other Missing = 26 Other American (3); All of above; Human race, no ethnicity; Native Washingtonian; Neanderthal; Heinz-57; I grew up on farm and this question has no relevance. G5. What is the highest level of formal education that you have completed? Some high school or less High school diploma or equivalent Some college, but no degree Vocational or Extension certificate Two-year college degree Four-year college degree Some graduate school Graduate degree Total Missing = 22 30