Meta-analysis of Prevalence of Clinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cows in India ( )

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1 DOI: / X Journal of Anmal Research: v.6 n.6, p December 2016 Meta-analyss of Prevalence of Clncal Mastts n Crossbred Cos n Inda ( ) Yogesh C. Bangar 1, Med Ram Verma 1, Amt Kumar Dohare 1 and Reena Muherjee 2 1 Dvson of Lvestoc Economcs, Statstcs and Informaton Technology, Indan Veternary Research Insttute, Izatnagar, Barelly, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA 2 Dvson of Medcne, Indan Veternary Research Insttute, Izatnagar, Barelly, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA Correspondng author: YC Bangar; Emal: yogeshbangar07@gmal.com Receved: 20 June, 2016 Accepted: 22 November, 2016 ABSTRACT Clncal mastts s a most common dsease n dary herds causng huge economc losses drectly to farmers and ndrectly to Indan dary sector. Hoever, systematc reve and meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n cos n Inda has not been publshed so far. The am of the present study as to provde the pooled estmate of the prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos n Inda by conductng the lterature search for the perod of Meta-analyss usng data records of crossbred cos and 7737 udder quarters from total of 17 publshed studes as done n R softare. It as found that the pooled estmates of clncal mastts n crossbred cos under co-bass and quarter-bass as 16.08% (95% CI 11.69, 21.72) and 11.71% (95% CI 6.60, 19.94), respectvely. Hgh varaton n prevalence estmates beteen studes ndcated that several factors nfluence occurrence of clncal mastts. It s suggested that systematc reve and meta-analyss usng large number of studes and ncorporatng several factors can be effcent tool to update the dsease control strategy and ll be best resource for researchers to mprove future or. Keyords: Co, mastts, clncal, prevalence, meta-analyss Mastts s characterzed by physcal, chemcal and bacterologcal changes n the ml and pathologcal changes n the glandular tssue of the udder (Radostts et al., 2000). Mastts s most common and costly dsease n dary farms hch leads to huge economc losses drectly to farmers. Those losses are due to reducton n producton & productvty, medcne & labour costs, and less maret value (Hogeveen et al., 2011). Annual economc losses due to clncal mastts n Inda have been estmated to be Rs crores (Bansal and Gupta, 2009). Clncal mastts remans a complex dsease and ts control s a contnue challenge despte of ntensve research scheme. Many nvestgators reported that ncdence of clncal mastts s assocated th many factors such as host-level factors (Rajala-Schultz et al., 1999; Smth et al., 2000; Grohn et al., 2004; Olde Reern et al., 2007; Van den Borne et al., 2010) and herd-level factors (Barema et al., 1999; Barnoun et al., 2005; Nyman et al., 2007). Understandng the nature of assocatons of those factors has major mportance n mastts preventon and control program. The prevalence of mastts n the farms n recent years may provde aareness about ts trend and severty among farmers and researchers, therefore mprovement can be made n managemental practces n order to reduce losses due to ths devastatng dsease. Consderng the economc mportance of clncal mastts n Indan dary sector, t s essental to gather nformaton regardng the occurrence and dstrbuton of mastts and to chec the consstency of prevalence estmates over the perod. An extensve reve of the calculatons of the cost of mastts and the benefts of mastts management has been undertaen prevously (Halasa et al., 2007). Systematc reve and meta-analyss of prevalence of subclncal mastts n Indan dary cos as done recently (Bangar et al., 2015). Hoever, pooled estmates

2 Bangar et al. of prevalence of clncal mastts (along th degree of varaton) n cos n Inda have not been reported so far. The present study as set to provde the pooled estmate of the prevalence of clncal mastts among crossbred cos n Inda for the perod 1995 to 2014 by conductng systematc reve and meta-analyss. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lterature from varous databases ere searched for prevalence of clncal mastts n dary cos n Inda and used for ths study. Three electronc databases- Google Scholar ( Scence Drect ( and PubMed ( ere searched to dentfy relevant studes from 1995 to Addtonally, offlne journals, abstracts, theses, reports and conference proceedngs ere searched to reduce the basness n the meta-analyss. Intal qualty assessment of searched studes as done for selectng studes n meta-analyss by reveng all studes under objectve specfc crtera. The crtera used ere the nformaton on prevalence of mastts, affected and total number of cos n the study, farm studes, perod and locaton of study. Total of 17 studes ere ncluded n ths meta-analyss. Meta-analyss The detal nformaton regardng author, year, locaton and perod of the study, total number of cos, proporton of affected cos, quarters affected, ere entered n the Mcrosoft excel spreadsheets for each study. Intally, the proporton data on mastts prevalence ere transformed by Logt method (Lpsey and Wlson, 2001). Metaanalyss of prevalence of clncal mastts as performed under random effects model (Der Smonan and Lard 1986) as follos: here, S ˆ and SE 1 1 here, represents pooled estmate, ˆ represents estmate of th study (=1, 2.), represents eghts andse represents standard error. S 2 and τ 2 represent thn study varance and beteen study varance (Tau-squared), respectvely. The heterogenety of prevalence estmates beteen studes as determned by Cochran Q test (Cochran, 1954) and further quantfed by I² Index (Hggns and Thompson, 2002; Hggns et al., 2003). Q statstc s ch-square dstrbuted heterogenety statstc and I² Index provdes percentage of total varaton across studes that are due to heterogenety rather than chance. 2 ˆ 2 Q df and % Q 1 Q I The meta-analyss of prevalence (proporton data) as conducted n Metaprop Pacage of R softare (Comprehensve R Archve Netor, org/). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We have done systematc reve of prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos under the preset crtera for the perod of 1995 to Proporton (%) of affected cos n each study, th 95% confdence nterval, s presented n Table 1. Meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos as done for overall (co-bass and quarter-bass) and state-se (co-bass & quarter-bass) and s presented n Table 2. Results of smple proportons (%) are calculated smply as dvdng total affected cos n all studes by total number of cos from all studes. Heterogenety beteen studes s detected and quantfed by Q statstc and I 2 ndex, respectvely. To our best noledge, ths s frst meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos n Inda. Recently, some meta-analyses (Ca et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Islam et al., 2014; Bangar et al., 2015) usng proporton data for estmatng prevalence for varous dseases n anmal scences have been reported. In the present study, total of cos from 14 studes ere ncluded n the meta-analyss of co-bass prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos. The pooled estmate of prevalence of clncal mastts on co-bass as found 934 Journal of Anmal Research: v.6 n.6 December 2016

3 Meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n cos Table 1: Detals of 17 studes on prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos ( ) Sl. No. Study Locaton Bass Affected Total Proporton% (95%CI) 1 Chand and Behra, 1995 Haryana Co ( ) 2 Thrunavuarasu and Prabaharan, 1998 Taml Nadu Co ( ) 3 Sngh, 2000 Uttar Pradesh Quarter ( ) 4 De, 2004 Uttar Pradesh Co ( ) Quarter ( ) 5 Nran, 2006 Uttar Pradesh Co ( ) Quarter ( ) 6 De and Muherjee, 2009 Uttar Pradesh Co ( ) 7 Zahoor and Mal, 2009 J & K Co ( ) 8 Khalate, 2009 Maharashtra Co ( ) Quarter ( ) 9 Kumar et al., 2010 Karnataa Co ( ) 10 Mahajan et al., 2011 UttraKhand Co ( ) 11 Bhatt et al., 2011 Gujarat Quarter ( ) 12 Shete, 2012 Uttar Pradesh Co ( ) 13 Tufan et al., 2012 J & K Co ( ) 14 Sahu, 2012 Uttar Pradesh Co ( ) Quarter ( ) 15 Snha and Thombare, 2013 Maharashtra Co ( ) 16 Dea et al., 2013 Mzoram Quarter ( ) 17 Jngar et al Haryana Co ( ) Not ncluded n co-bass analyss due to less sample sze Table 2: Meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n crossbred cos n Inda Co Overall Quarter Co State-se Quarter J.K. HR MH U.P. U.P. Studes ncluded Total cos Affected cos Smple proporton (%) Pooled estmate (%) % CI : Loer 95 % CI : Upper Homogenety test Q statstc p value <0.001 <0.001 < <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 I 2 (%) τ < J.K.: Jammu and Kashmr; HR: Haryana; MH: Maharashtra; U.P.: Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Anmal Research: v.6 n.6 December

4 Bangar et al. to be 16.08% (95% CI = 11.69, 21.72). The sgnfcant heterogenety across studes as found to be 98.80%. Meta-analyss for quarter-se prevalence of clncal mastts usng 7737 udder quarters of crossbred cos from 7 studes revealed that the pooled estmate of prevalence of clncal mastts on quarter-bass as 11.71% (95% CI 6.60, 19.94) th sgnfcant heterogenety (I 2 =98.30%). The pooled estmate of co-bass prevalence as found to be hgh for Haryana state (36.06%), hch as found homogeneous (Q = 2.64; df = 1; I 2 =62.10%; p = 0.10) across studes. For remanng states, the pooled estmates of prevalence ere sgnfcantly (p<0.001) heterogeneous beteen studes, th at least 93.50% real varaton beteen studes. The meta-analyss of prevalence data as done usng crossbred cos from each study that n effect controls some heterogenety due to lo estmates of prevalence n ndgenous cos. The prevalence estmates of the present study ere smlar to prevous reports (Mltenburg et al., 1996; Elbers et al., 1998; McDougall, 1999). The Metaanalyss of proporton data reveals that prevalence of clncal mastts have hgh varaton (>93.50%) beteen studes for ether co or quarter bass. The nconsstency n estmates may be due to dfferent herd structure of studes, such as host-level factors, herd-level factors and dfferent managemental practces (Sudhan et al., 2005; Josh and Gohale, 2006). In concluson, the set systematc reve and meta-analyss of prevalence of clncal mastts n cos provded hgh estmate of pooled prevalence n Inda for The hgh varaton n estmates of prevalence as observed beteen studes and t ndcates that ncdence of mastts may be nfluenced by several host-level and herd-level factors. It s also suggested that a systematc reve and meta-analyss of large number of studes can be an effcent tool to update dsease control strategy and ll be best resource for researchers to mprove future or. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thanful to Drector of Indan Veternary Research Insttute, Izatnagar (Inda) for provdng all faclty to conduct study. The authors than to Late Dr. B. Sngh, Ex-Head, Dvson of LES & IT, Indan Veternary Research Insttute, Izatnagar (Inda) for valuable gudance durng the study programme. The authors also express ther grattude to the learned referee and the Edtor-n- Chef for ther valuable comments on the orgnal verson of the paper. REFERENCES Bangar, Y.C., Sngh, B., Dohare, A.K. and Verma, M.R A systematc reve and meta-analyss of prevalence of subclncal mastts n dary cos n Inda. Trop. Anm. Health Prod., 47 (2): Bansal, B.K. and Gupta, D.K Economc analyss of bovne mastts n Inda and Punjab- A reve. Indan J. Dary Sc., 62(5): Barema, H.W., Schuen, Y.H., Lam, T.J., Beboer, M.L., Benedctus, G. and Brand, A Management practces assocated th the ncdence rate of clncal mastts. J. Dary Sc., 82(8): Barnoun, J., Bord, S., Bazn, S. and Chassagne, M Dary management practces assocated th ncdence rate of clncal mastts n lo somatc cell score herds n France. J. Dary Sc., 88(10): Bhatt, V.D., Patel, M.S., Josh, C.G. and Kunjada, A Identfcaton and antbogram of mcrobes assocated th bovne mastts. Anm. Botechnol., 22: Ca, C., Lb, H., Edards, J., Hans, C. and Robertson, I.D Meta-analyss on the effcacy of routne vaccnaton aganst foot and mouth dsease (FMD) n Chna. Prev. Vet. Med., 115 (3-4): Chand, P. and Behra, G.D Factors nfluencng occurrence of mastts genetc and envronmental factors. Indan J. Dary Sc., 48(4): Cochran, W.G The combnaton of estmates from dfferent experments. Bometrcs, 10(1): De, U.K. and Muherjee, R Prevalence of mastts n crossbred cos. Indan Vet. J., 86: De, U.K Immunotherapeutc potental of Azadrachta ndca n bovne mastts, (Unpublshed PhD thess, Indan Veternary Research Insttute, Inda). Dea, D., Gosam, R., Motna, E. and Ralte, L Antbogram of mcrobes assocated th bovne mastts n Azal, Mzoram. Indan Vet. J., 90(9): DerSmonan, R. and Lard, N Meta-analyss n clncal trals. Controlled Cln. Trals, 7(3): Elbers, A.R.W., Mltenburg, J.D., De Lange, D., Crauels, A.P.P., Barema, H.W. and Schuen, Y.H Rs Factors for Clncal Mastts n a Random Sample of Dary Herds from the Southern Part of the Netherlands. J. Dary Sc., 81(2): Journal of Anmal Research: v.6 n.6 December 2016

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