PHYTOSANITARY IRRADIATION TO CONTROL QUARANTINE PESTS
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1 PHYTOSANITARY IRRADIATION TO CONTROL QUARANTINE PESTS Peter Follett, Research Entomologist USDA-ARS U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center Hilo, Hawaii
2 Los huracanes de Mexico Hawaii
3
4 Overview Phytosanitary treatments Insect pests Market access Treatment options Irradiation ISPMs Commercial use in Hawaii - video Research Irradiation treatments for Latin America
5 Phytosanitary insect pests Internal pests Hitchhikers Surface pests Irradiation may be required or insurance
6 Steps to gain market access overview Market access request Pest risk assessment PRA Stakeholder - country consultation Risk management Quarantine Treatment Regulatory workplan Operational workplan
7 Comparison of quarantine treatments Treatment type Cold Heat Fumigation Shortcoming d treatment time Quality reduced Toxic Systems approach Complicated Irradiation Retailer reluctance -- Fast, no quality loss, non-toxic, simple
8 Phytosanitary irradiation Advantages Broadly effective Good product tolerance Extend shelf-life Competitive cost Treatment is fast Treat in final packaging Treat at any temperature Alternative to Methyl Bromide Generic treatments
9 Regulations key to the adoption and application of irradiation US FDA approved irradiation doses up to 1000 Gy for preservation and disinfestation of fresh fruits and vegetables (1986) USDA APHIS approved generic irradiation doses for quarantine disinfestation of fresh commodities (2006). 150 Gy tephritid fruit flies 400 Gy all insects except Lepidoptera Export approvals
10 International use Since 2007 To United States India, Pakistan mango, pomegranate 400 Gy Thailand 7 tropical fruits 400 Gy Vietnam dragon fruit, rambutan 400 Gy Mexico guava, mango, citrus 150 or 400 Gy South Africa table grapes, lychee, persimmon, sweet cherries 400 Gy Australia to New Zealand mangos, lychee, papayas, tomatoes, capsicums Million kg
11 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures - ISPM Members of the World Trade Organization (182 countries) IPPC treaty 34 ISPMs - standards, guidelines and recommendations to: Harmonize phytosanitary measures Facilitate trade Prevent unjustifiable barriers to trade
12 ISPMs - Irradiation Radura ISPM No. 18 ISPM No. 28 Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure (2003) Technical guidance on procedures for application of irradiation for regulated pests or articles Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests (2007) Requirements for submission and evaluation of efficacy data for new phytosanitary treatments Annexes 150 Gy and doses for specific pests
13 Hawaii s quarantine pest problems
14 Economically important fruit flies in Hawaii Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) 1895 Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) 1910 Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) 1945 Solanaceous fruit fly (B. latifrons) 1983
15 Hawaii s commercial irradiators Pa ina Hawaii Cobalt source Started in 2013 Designed for fresh produce Relatively inexpensive Hawaii Pride E-beam/X-ray source Opened in 2000 Designed for fresh produce Expensive
16 Hawaii irradiation treatments Approvals for export to the U.S. mainland Fruits Abiu Atemoya Banana Breadfruit Cherimoya Dragon fruit Guava Jackfruit Longan Lychee Mango Mangosteen Melon Papaya Pineapple Rambutan Sapodilla Star fruit Vegetables Bell pepper Eggplant Long bean Moringa Squash Sweet potato Tomato
17 Lowering the dose for pests or commodities US FDA approved irradiation doses up to 1000 Gy (1 kgy) for preservation and disinfestation. DUR = Maximum / minimum dose typically Gy (generic dose) x 2.5 = 1000 Gy Advantageous to lower the dose: Avoid problem of 1 kgy limit Cost Capacity Quality
18 Phytosanitary irradiation Research methods
19 Hawaii irradiation research Lowering the dose for pests Pest Fruit flies (3) Sweet potato pests (3) Mango seed weevil Litchi fruit moths (2) Armored scales (2) Banana moth Ants (4) Light brown applemoth Spotted wing drosoph. Coffee berry borer Dose (Gy)
20 Latin America Phytosanitary irradiation
21 Latin America to U.S. Lower doses for specific pests Pest Anastrepha ludens Anastrepha obliqua Anastrepha serpentina Anastrepha suspensa Ceratitis capitata Copitarsia declora Brevipalpus chilensis European grape vine moth Dose (Gy) (in progress)
22 U.S. to Latin America Example: Sweet cherries Quarantine pest Spotted wing drosophila Western cherry fruit fly Codling moth Peach twig borer Oriental fruit moth Oriental fruit fly (outbreak) Irradiation dose (Gy)
23 Sweet potato irradiation Video
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