Rev. Ed., Current Conceptions Inc., Pullman, WA, USA.

Transcription

1 THERIO-701 Reproduction in Cattle and Buffaloes 3(2-1) - Have a thorough understanding of regulatory mechanisms that control various reproductive processes in cattle and buffaloes. - Be able to make rational use of reproductive hormones for enhancing reproductive efficiency in cattle and buffaloes. - Be able to suggest estrus synchronization programms for dairy cattle and buffaloes. An over view of reproductive endocrinology : GnRH, gonadotropins (pituitary and placental); gonadal steroids and prostaglandins. Onset of puberty in cattle and buffaloes; bovine sexual cycle; Dynamics of follicular development; Oocyte growth, maturation and mechanism of ovulation; Estrus and ovulation synchronization strategies using progestogens, prostaglandin, GnRH and non hormonal methods; Conceptus development and hormonal changes during pregnancy; Parturition and its management; Post-partum involution and ovarian activity; Effect of environment (heat stress, photoperiod, social factors etc.) on bovine reproductive performance; Reproductive efficiency in cattle and buffalo farming. Physiological anatomy and histology of reproductive system of cattle and buffalo; Progesterone assay for estrus detection; Estrous cycle monitoring through rectal palpation and ultrasonography; Pregnancy diagnosis in the clinic. 1. Cupps, P.T Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4'' Ed., Academic Press., New York, USA. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Hafez, E.S.E. and B. Hafez Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7 th Ed., Blackwell Publ. Philadelphia, USA. 4. Neil, J.D Knobil and Neil s Physiology of Reproduction. Volumes I and II, Academic Press, New York, USA. 5. Senger, P.L Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition. 2 nd Rev. Ed., Current Conceptions Inc., Pullman, WA, USA.

2 THERIO-702 Artificial Insemination 3(2-1) - Have an upto date knowledge about the history, development and techniques of AI and selection criteria of breeding bulls - Be able to collect & process the semen and perform artificial insemination (AI). History, scope and development of artificial insemination; Genetics and sire selection; Puberty onset in male; Formation, migration and maturation of spermatozoa; Male sexual behaviour, erection and ejaculation; Maintaining libido; Significance of semen quality; Management and environmental factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of the male. Evaluation of reproductive health status of female; insemination techniques; Factors affecting conception rate in artificial insemination; Control of estrus cycle in small ruminants; Organization of artificial insemination and record keeping; Economics of artificial insemination. Washing and sterlization of equipment; Breeding soundness examination of the bull; Collection of semen and its evaluation; Evaluation of stored semen (post-thaw quality); Handling of semen in the field; Estrus detection and timing of insemination; Synchronization of estrus; rectal palpation; Insemination techniques in experimental animals and in the clinic; Case recording for AI. Suggested Readings 1. Cupps, P.T Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4 th Ed., Academic Press, New York, USA. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Hafez, E.S.E. and B. Hafez, Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7 th Ed., Blackwell Publ. Philadelphia, USA. 4. Salisbury, G.W. N.L. Van Demark and J.R. Lodge, Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. 2 nd Ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA. 5. Youngquist, R. S. and W. R. Threfall Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. Saunders Elsevier, London, UK.

3 THERIO-703 Comparative Reproduction 3(2-1) - Have a brief but comprehensive understanding of mechanisms that regulate the reproductive processes in buffaloes, cows, equines, dogs, cats, camels, sheep and goats in comparative terms. - Be able to understand and suggest breeding protocols for differnt animal species. Prenatal and postnatal development of gonads; Comparative aspects of reproductive anatomy and endocrinology in different species; Differences in hypothalamo-pituitary axis; photoperiodicity and sexual season; Sexual maturity and behavior; Reproductive cycles : ovulation; fertilization; cleavage; implantation; gestation; parturition and involution. Variations in sperm morphology and semen composition in different species; Physiological and endocrinological aspects of fertility and infertility in different species of animals. Comparative functional anatomy of male and female reproductive organs; Types of placenta in different species; Comparison of semen characteristics among different species; Comparative reproductive behavior of different species; Pregnancy tests in different species. 1. Cupps, P.T Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4 th Ed., Academic Press, New York, USA. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Morrow, D. A Current Therapy in Theriogenology. 2. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 4. Noakes, D.E., T.J. Parkinson and G.C.W. England Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 9th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK.

4 THERIO-704 Biochemical Aspects of Semen 2(2-0) - Have the advanced theoretical knowledge about the various biochemical constituents of the sperm and the seminal plasma. - Be able to formulate suitable extenders for preservation of semen in liquid and frozen forms. Contribution of various parts of the male reproductive tract to semen; Organic and inorganic constituents (including hormones and enzymes) of the sperm cell and seminal plasma; Physiochemical properties of semen; viscosity & specific gravity; osmotic pressure; ph; electrical conductivity and buffer system in semen. Energy production, transfer; storage and utilization system in spermatozoa. Metabolism of spermatozoa; glycolysis; respiration; aerobic glycolysis; Factors influencing metabolic rate of spermatozoa. 1. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 2. Hafez, E.S.E. and B. Hafez Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th Ed., Blackwell Publ. Philadelphia, USA. 3. Mann, T The Biochemistry of Semen and the Male Reproductive Tract. John Wiley & Sons INC. 4. Neil, J.D Knubil and Neil s Physiology of Reproduction. Volumes I and II, Academic Press, New York, USA. 5. Salisbury, G.W., N.L. Van Demark and J.R. Lodge Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA.

5 THERIO-705 Semen Preservation Techniques 3(1-2) - Know the recent developments in the area of semen preservation. - Be able to prepare extenders, process and handle the semen for better fertility results in the field. of cooling and freezing of semen. Extenders and extension of unfrozen semen; Extenders, buffers and cryoprotectants for frozen semen. Processing; extension; equilibration; Methods of deep freezing of semen. Storage and thawing of deep frozen semen. Semen collection, evaluation and modern assays; determination of ph and osmotic pressure of semen diluters; Care and handling of apparatus for semen processing. Preparation of different types of extenders for liquid and frozen semen. Deep freezing and thawing of deep frozen semen by differnt methods; Assessment of post thaw semen quality; Recent techniques of spermatozoa quality assessment (hypo-osmotic swelling; computer assisted semen analysis (CASA); flow cytometery). 1. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 2. Hafez, E.S.E. and B. Hafez Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th Ed., Blackwell Publ. Philadelphia, USA. 3. Neil, J.D Knobil and Neil s Physiology of Reproduction. Volumes I and II, Academic Press, New York, USA. 4. Salisbury, G.W., N.L. Van Demark and J.R. Lodge Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle. 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA.

6 THERIO-706 Advanced Obstetrics 3(2-1) - Have the advanced knowledge of various obstetrical problems in small and large animals. - Be able to efficiently handle these problems for preserving the future breeding ability of the animal. Obstetrical procedures, their economic importance and preferences; Recent advances related to gestational problems: prevalence and temporal trends of dystocia; Different types of dystocia and associated risk factors; Methods of manipulation of dystocia; Indications and methods of induction of parturition in mature and premature pregnancies; Manipulative procedure for per vaginal delivery; Injuries during handling of dystocia; Preventive and treatment procedures of diseases incidental to parturition; Care and management of newborn; Strategies regarding diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various puerperal disorders. Obstetrical maneuvers; practice of various manipulative procedures; Use of various obstetrical instruments; Handling of obstetrical cases (abortion; torsion of the uterus; vagino-cervical & uterine prolapse; hydro-allantois; hydro-amnion; mummification and maceration of foetus); Operative interventions. 1. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 2. Morrow, D.A. J986 Current Therapy in Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 3. Noakes, D.E., T.J. Parkinson and G.C.W. England Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 9th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK. 4. Roberts, S.J Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Edwards Brothers Inc., Ann Arbor, USA. 5. Youngquist, R. S. and W. R. Threfall Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. Saunders Elsevier, London, UK.

7 THERIO-707 Infertility and Genital Diseases 3(2-1) - Have upto date knowledge about various reproductive problems which result in infertility. - Be able to suggest appropriate measures for the management/ treatment of these problems. General aspects of infertility in male and female animals and its economic importance; Causes of infertility; hereditary and environmental factors and their combination; Malformations of the sexual organs; Infertility due to malnutrition. Pathological changes in the male and female sexual organs; Factors affecting estrus and ovulation; Endocrine imbalance in the female; Anestrous and its management; Infertility due to bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal causes; Pregnancy toxemia; Factors affecting serving ability, semen production ability and spermatogenesis in male animals; Infectious and non infectious infertility in male animals; Effect of organic pollutants on male and female reproductive organs. Evaluation of male and female animals for fertility and infertility; Diagnosis and treatment of gynecological disorders; Diagnosis of infectious infertility and various causes of abortion; Histopathological investigations of gonads; Methods for collection of samples for laboratory diagnosis; Isolation; identification and serological tests for genital infections. 1. Corner, L.A. and T.J. Bagust Australian Standard Diagnostic Sechniques for Animal Diseases. CSIRO Publications,Victoria, Australia. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Laing, J. A. and W. C. Wagner Fertility and Infertility in Veterinary Practice. 4 th Ed. Bailliere Tindall, London, UK. 4. Noakes, D.E., T.J. Parkinson and G.C.W. England Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 9th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK. 5. Roberts, S. J Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Edwards Brothers, Inc. Ann. Arbor, USA. 6. Youngquist, R. S. and W. R. Threfall Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. 2 nd Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK.

8 THERIO-708 Equine Reproduction 3(2-1) - Have a comprehensive knowledge of recent developments in mechanisms that regulate the reproductive processes in equines. - Be able to take measures for sexual health control in male and female equine species. - Be able to identify research areas for improving reproductive performance in equines. Puberty, estrous cycle, estrous and ovulation in equines. Effects of photoperiod on reproduction and artificial methods of control; Peculiarities of maternal and fetal hormones and gonads during pregnancy in the mare; Physiology of parturition; Abortion and other diseases of gestation; dystokia and postpartum complications; Endometritis and other fertility problems; Breeding management in equines; Methods of stallion semen collection; physiocal and biochemical properties of semen; Genital disorders of stallion and their managemnet; Factors affecting equine fertility; Economic aspects of equine breeding. Study of equine reproductive organs; Rectal palpation; Clinical and laboratory methods of pregnancy diagnosis in equines; Monitoring physiological and pathological conditions of the internal genitalia through rectal examination; Diagnosis and treatment of infertility problems; Examination of stallion and mare for breeding soundness; Collection, processing and evaluation of stallion semen; Use of ultrasound imaging in the mare. 1. Davies Morel, M.C.G Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding and Stud Management. 2 nd Ed., CABI Publ. Intern. London, UK. 2. Electronic sources Digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Higgins, A. J. and I. M. Wright The Equine Manual. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 4. McKinnon, A.O. and James L. Voss Equine Reproduction. 1 st Ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. 5. Morrow, D.A Current Therapy in Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 6. Noakes, D.E., T.J. Parkinson and G.C.W. England Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 9th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK.

9 THERIO-709 Canine Reproduction 3(2-1) Learning Objective - Have a thorough understanding of mechanisms that regulate various reproductive processes in canines. - Be able to suggest measures for the management of reproductive abnormalities arising due to mismanagement, physiological deviations and pathological abnormalities of reproductive tract in male and female canines. Puberty in the dog and bitch; estrous cycle and its induction in the bitch. Breeding management of the bitch; Physiology and endocrinology of canine pregnancy; Management of pregnant bitch; Pseudopregnancy and its complications; Normal and abnormal parturition; Relationship of ovaries and mammary gland diseases; Genetic and acquired developmental anomalies of the male and female reproductive tract; Reproductive disorders of male and female reproductive tract; Abnormal sexual behavior in canine species; Infectious and non infectious infertility in the canines; Contraceptive measures and termination of unwanted pregnancy in the bitch. Vaginal cytology and estrus detection in the bitch; Diagnostic techniques for pregnancy; Clinical examination and diagnosis for infertility; use of vaginal cultures for diagnostic purposes; Handling and management of pseudopregnancy and pyometra; Demonstration of caesarean section and termination of unwanted pregnancy; Semen collection and evaluation in the dog; Ultrasound imaging in the bitch. 1. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 2. Root Kustritz, M. V Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction. 1st Ed., Wiley Blackwell, London, UK. 3. Noakes, D.E., T.J. Parkinson and G.C.W. England Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 9th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, London, UK. 4. Cupps, P.T Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4 th Ed., Academic Press, New York, USA. 5. Morrow, D.A Current Therapy in Theriogenology. Ed. 2. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA.

10 THERIO-710 Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals 3(1-2) Learning Objective - Have a thorough understanding of embryo transfer technology applications for improving production potentials of our farm animals. - Be able to understand the rationale of various superovulatory regimens in farm animals. - Be able to practically perform laboratory and field activities relating to embryo transfer. Backgroud and milestones in the development of embryo transfer technology (ETT) in farm animals; uses of ETT; Selection of donors and recepients; synchronization of recipient and the donors; Drugs and regimens for superovulation; Factors affecting superovulation response; Short term storage of embryos; Methods of cryopreservation and thawing of embryos; Embryo pathogen interactions in relation to disease transmission. Preparation of flushing and culture media for embryos; Superovulation and insemination of the donor; Prepration of equipment for embryo collection; Demonstration and practice of non surgical embryo collection procedures; Evaluation of embryos on the basis of morphology; Embryo freezing and storage; Demonstration and practice of embryo transfer to the recipient. 1. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 2. Gordon, I. R Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals. CABI Publishing. 3. Hafez, E.S.E. and B. Hafez Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7 th Ed., Blackwell Publ. Philadelphia, USA. 4. Morrow, D.A Current Therapy in Theriogenology. Ed 2. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 5. Stringfellow, D. A. and S.M. Seidel Manual of the International Embryo Society. 3 rd Ed., Savoy, ll., USA.

11 THERIO-711 Ultrasonography in Animal Reproduction 3(1-2) - Have understanding about the principle, technique and applications of ultrasonography in animal reproduction. - Be able to efficiently apply this technique in the field for the sexual health management in small and large animals. Introduction to diagnostic ultrasonography; Hsitory and nature of ultrasound; Principle of ultrasound, and its scope in animal reproduction; Acoustic variables and characteristics of ultrasound waves; Generation of ultrasound waves; transducers and their types; linear and curvilinear arrays and sector scanners; receivers and their functions; Propagation speed and attenuation of ultrasound waves; Ultrasound display formats: amplitude; brightness and motion modes; Commonly encountered artifacts; Bioeffects of ultrasound. Ultrasound equipment and its operation; Pre-requisits for ultrasound imaging; Selction of wave frequency; Ultrasound imaging of the female and male reproductive organs from slaughtered animals; Imaging of uterus at different stages of pregnancy; Preparation of animal for ultrasound examination; Transrectal imaging of ovaries and uterus in normal and infertile cows and buffaloes; Transcutaneous imaging in sheep, goats, dogs and cats for pregnancy diagnosis; Pregnancy diagnosis in the cattle; buffalo and mare; Pixel analysis. Transcutaneous imaging of the testis and epididymis in normal males; Demonstration of the ultrasound appearance of various testicular and epididymal lesions e.g. testicular degeneration with mineralization; abscesses and neoplasms; spermatocele; hydrocele and sperm granulomata. 1. Bartru, R.J. Jr. and H.C. Crow Gray-scale Ultrasound: A Manual for Physicians and Technical Personnel. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Goddard, P.J Veterinary Ultrasosgraphy. CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK. 4. Kahn, W., D. Volkmann and R.M. Kenney Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography. Mosby-Wolfe, London, UK. 5. Kremkau, F.W Diagnostic Ultrasound, Principles and Instruments. 4 th Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA.

12 THERIO-712 Camel Reproduction 3(2-1) Learning Objective - Have a comprehensive knowledge of mechanisms that regulate the reproductive processes in camels. - Be able to identify research areas for improving reproductive performance of camels. Introduction to camel reproduction; Geographical distribution and fertility rates; Anatomy and physiology of male and female genital system of the camel; puberty and sexual maturity in female and male camel; ovarian follicular wave pattern in female camel; developing and regressing corpora lutea; induced ovulation; fertilization; embryonic development. Physiology and endocrinology of the placenta; pregnancy and parturition; care of parturient dam and new born. Post parturient prolapse of vagina; postpartum metritis. Dystokia; maternal dystokia; fœtal dystokia; torsion of the uterus. Ovarian abnormalities; diseases of oviduct; diseases of uterus; diseases of the cervix; diseases of the vagina and vulva; early embryonic death; abortions. The rut and sexual cycle in males; copulation and mating behaviour. Pathology of male reproductive system; inflammation of prepuce; paraphymosis; phymosis; hydrocele and pyocele; haematoma of testes; tumors of testes; Orchitis; cryptorchidism. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer technology in camel. Ultrasonography of the genital tract in camel for detection of normal snd abnormal conditions. Factors affecting camel reproduction. Pregnancy diagnosis; use of ultrasonography for detection of morphological characteristics and different gynaecological problems. Method of semen collection; evaluation of semen. Chaudhry, Z.I The Camel and its Diseases. 1st Ed., AI Bayan Press Printing and 1. Publishing Est. Commercial Printing Press, Dubai, UAE. 2. Electronic sources digital libraries, e-books, journals, etc. 3. Gahlot, T.K Selected Topics on Camelidis. 1st Ed., The Camelit Publishers, Bikaner, India. 4. Higgins, A The Camel in Health and Diseases. 1st Ed., Bailliere Tindall, W.B. Saunders, Eastbourne, East Succex, UK.

13 5. Tibary, A. and A. Anouassi Theriogenology in Camalidae (Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Artificial Breeding). 1st Ed., Abu Dhabi Printing and Publishing Co., Mina, UAE. 6. Tingari, M.D Aspects of Reproduction of One Humped Camel. 1st Ed. Graduate College Publiction No. 21, University of Khartoum, printed in England by Oxford Unhivesity Press, Oxford. Distribution by Ithaca UK Press, London, UK. 7. Wilson, R.T The Camel. 2 nd Ed. Longman Group UK Limited, Harlow, Essex, UK.