In Vitro Fertilization

Transcription

1 In Vitro Fertilization

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3 Elizabeth S. Ginsburg Catherine Racowsky Editors In Vitro Fertilization A Comprehensive Guide

4 Editors Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Brigham and Women s Hospital Boston, MA USA Catherine Racowsky, PhD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Brigham and Women s Hospital Boston, MA USA ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 To our husbands and children for their constant support and love and to our patients, who inspire us continually to move our field forward. Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, MD Catherine Racowsky, PhD

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7 Preface In vitro fertilization (IVF) gained recognition as a realistic treatment for infertility with the birth of Louise Brown in Since then, the evaluation of male and female infertility has been re fi ned and the fi eld has made tremendous strides. Commercial development of human menopausal gonadotropins greatly improved the ef fi ciency of ovarian stimulation, and puri fi cation of FSH products and continued advancements, including the use of GnRH analogs, has led to the development of a variety of ovarian stimulation regimens. Improvements in ultrasound technology allowed ultrasound-guided oocyte retrievals to replace the laparoscopic approach, decreasing the invasiveness of the technology. Improvements in embryo transfer catheters and techniques led to improved overall treatment ef fi cacy. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection was developed and then rapidly adopted, effectively bypassing even the most severe male factor infertility. Advances in the IVF laboratory led to increasingly ef fi cient culture of embryos to day 2, 3, and fi nally day 5/6, with culture to the blastocyst stage of development. Micromanipulation technology led to the ability to perform embryo biopsy, with preimplantation genetic diagnostic methods assessing the normality of an entire embryo through analysis of even a single cell; these technologies are currently in rapid phases of development. Throughout, adjunctive treatments, such as acupuncture, to enhance IVF outcomes have continually been studied. The future of IVF is exciting. Embryo cryopreservation has slowly moved from slow freezing as established in the early 1990s to vitri fi cation, with increasingly successful survival and pregnancy rates. This has led to the ability to successfully cryopreserve oocytes, allowing fertility preservation to move closer to standard of care treatment for women facing loss of ovarian function due to surgery and cancer treatment. Increasing maternal age has led to increased utilization of donor oocytes, and combined with improvements of cryobiology, the fi eld may be moving slowly towards the establishment of oocyte banks. In addition, the increasing acceptance of third-party reproduction has led to increasing utilization of gestational carriers for women with abnormal or absent uteri, or those at high risk of carrying a pregnancy. The economics of assisted reproductive technology (ART), restrictive ART regulation in some countries, globalization of the world economy, and widespread availability of information through the Internet has led to increasing cross-border reproduction, with individuals or couples obtaining care in countries other than their own. While ART procedures too often result in multiple gestations and high levels of stress in some patients, great efforts are vii

8 viii Preface being made to move more aggressively towards elective single embryo transfer and to provide emotional support for patients. It is truly incredible how rapidly the fi eld of assisted reproductive technologies has developed and grown over the last 20 years; many of the authors of the chapters of this book have been part of this evolution. The goal of this book is to provide a practical resource for clinical and laboratory staff of in vitro fertilization programs, and to provide a thorough understanding of ART for those beginning to familiarize themselves with these procedures. We look forward with anticipation to the future. Boston, MA, USA Boston, MA, USA Elizabeth S. Ginsburg Catherine Racowsky

9 Contents 1 Pre IVF Evaluation of the Infertile Woman... 1 Khanh-Ha Nguyen and Michael M. Alper 2 Pre-IVF Evaluation of the Infertile Man Brooke Harnisch and Robert D. Oates 3 Ovulation Stimulation and Cycle Management in IVF Ying C. Cheong, Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, and Nick S. Macklon 4 Oocyte Retrieval and Embryo Transfer Sara E. Barton and Elizabeth S. Ginsburg 5 Moving Toward Single Embryo Transfer Kevin S. Richter, Robert J. Stillman, and Eric A. Widra 6 Oocyte Insemination and Culture Roberta Maggiulli, Filippo Ubaldi, and Laura F. Rienzi 7 Micromanipulation: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Assisted Hatching Gianpiero D. Palermo, Queenie V. Neri, Devin Monahan, and Zev Rosenwaks 8 Preimplantation Genetic Testing: Available and Emerging Technologies Paul R. Brezina, Rony T. Elias, Glenn Schattman, and William G. Kearns 9 Embryo Cryopreservation Matthew D. VerMilyea, Juergen Liebermann, and Michael Tucker 10 Oocyte Donation Joshua U. Klein and Mark V. Sauer 11 Gestational Carrier Pravin Patel and Manish Banker 12 Adjunctive Treatments in ART Eric Surrey 13 Stress and ART Alice Domar and Jill Gross ix

10 x Contents 14 Fertility Preservation Pascale Jadoul, Marie-Madeleine Dolmans, and Jacques Donnez 15 Ongoing Quality Assessment/Improvement in Clinical IVF Charles L. Bormann and Catherine Racowsky 16 Regulation and Legal Concerns in IVF G. David Adamson Index

11 Contributors G. David Adamson, MD Fertility Physicians of Northern California, San Jose, CA, USA Michael M. Alper, MD Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Waltham, MA, USA Manish Banker, MD Department of Infertility, Nova IVI Fertility and Pulse Women s Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Sara E. Barton, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Charles L. Bormann, PhD Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Paul R. Brezina, MD, MBA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA Ying C. Cheong, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Princess Anne Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Marie-Madeleine Dolmans, MD, PhD Department of Gynecology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Alice Domar, PhD The Domar Center, Boston IVF, Waltham, MA, USA Jacques Donnez, MD, PhD Department of Gynecology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Rony T. Elias, MD Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Jill Gross, MS Boston IVF, Waltham, MA, USA Brooke Harnisch, MD Department of Urology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA xi

12 xii Contributors Pascale Jadoul, MD Department of Gynecology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium William G. Kearns, PhD Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA The Center for Preimplantation Genetics, LabCorp., Rockville, MD, USA Joshua U. Klein, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Juergen Liebermann, PhD Fertility Centers of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA Nick S. Macklon, MD Division of Human Development and Health, Princess Anne Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Roberta Maggiulli, BSc., PhD GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy Devin Monahan, BSc Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Queenie V. Neri, MSc, BSc Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Khanh-Ha Nguyen, MD Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Robert D. Oates, MD Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Gianpiero D. Palermo, MD, PhD Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, USA Pravin Patel, MD Department of Endoscopy, Nova IVI Fertility and Pulse Women s Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Catherine Racowsky, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Kevin S. Richter, PhD Shady Grove Fertility Reproductive Science Center, Rockville, MD, USA Laura F. Rienzi, BSc., MSc GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy Zev Rosenwaks, MD Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Mark V. Sauer, MD Center for Women s Reproductive Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

13 Contributors xiii Glenn Schattman, MD Department of OB/GYN, The Center for Reproductive and Infertility, Cornell Weill Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA Robert J. Stillman, MD Shady Grove Fertility Reproductive Science Center, Rockville, MD, USA Eric Surrey, MD Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA Michael Tucker, PhD IVF Laboratory, Shady Grove Fertility RSC, Rockville, MD, USA Filippo Ubaldi, MD., MSc GENERA Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy Matthew D. VerMilyea, PhD Penn Fertility Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Eric A. Widra, MD Shady Grove Fertility Reproductive Science Center, Washington, DC, USA

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