Chronic Effect of Transrectal Split-Focus Ultrasonic Ablation on Canine Prostatic Tissue

Transcription

1 FULL PAPER Theriogenology Chronic Effect of Transrectal Split-Focus Ultrasonic Ablation on Canine Prostatic Tissue Kazuaki SASAKI 1), Takashi AZUMA 1), Ken-ichi KAWABATA 1), Shin-ichiro UMEMURA 1), Ryou TANAKA 2), Yoshihisa YAMANE 2) and Minoru SHIMODA 3) 1) Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo , 2) Departments of Veterinary Surgery and 3) Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo , Japan (Received 3 March 2006/Accepted 18 April 2006) ABSTRACT. The treatment time needed for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation might be decreased substantially by using the split-focus approach, so we made a prototype 4.2-MHz split-focus therapeutic transducer combined with a small 6.5-MHz imaging ultrasonic probe for transrectally treatment of canine prostatic cancer and used it to experimentally evaluate the feasibility of using splitfocus transrectal HIFU to ablate canine prostatic tissue without injuring surrounding tissues. The prostates of 5 dogs were transrectally treated with split-focus ablation at a peak intensity in the water of 1.7 kw/cm 2 for 4 s (4 shots) under the guidance of ultrasonic B-mode imaging. After ultrasonic exposure, the prostates became stiff because of thermal effect of HIFU. For the first 3 5 days after treatment, dogs were catheterized daily for urinary management and treated with oral antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infection. The dogs were able to urinate normally by a week after. Within two weeks a large centrally located cystic cavity had formed in the prostate by replacing the necrotic parenchyma around the prostatic urethra. Necropsy three months after treatment found the rectum and prostate capsule to be normal grossly and histologically. The 4 shots of split-focus HIFU destroyed the prostatic parenchyma and created a prostatic cavity cm 3 in volume without injuring surrounding tissues. These results suggest that split-focus HIFU ablation could be used for noninvasive treatment of prostatic cancer in dogs. KEY WORDS: canine, HIFU, prostate, split-focus, transrectal ablation. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(8): , 2006 Prostatic diseases such as benign hyperplasia, cystic hyperplasia, and abscesses are common problems in older, sexually intact male dogs. Prostate cancer is uncommon in dogs but does occur, and the most frequent type of prostatic neoplasm observed in dogs is malignant adenocarcinoma [11]. Radiographically, the prostate gland is of soft-tissue opacity and its appearance is influenced by the opacity of surrounding tissues, which varies from one dog to another. Because the prostate is normally intrapelvic and may be difficult to see in a radiographical examination, prostate cancer is sometimes detected too late to treat effectively. Since the prostate is normally located in an intrapelvic space just caudal to the urinary bladder, sometimes it is difficult to recognize by radiographic examination due to decreased contrast created by the changes of its surrounding tissues including ascites, inflammation, and so on. Therefore prostate cancer is sometimes underestimated until it becomes too late to be treated clinically properly and effectively. As in humans, prostate cancer in dogs can cause problems in older animals. It is prone to metastasis to surrounding tissues like the pelvic lymph nodes, bladder neck, and ureters and also to the vertebral bodies and the lungs [4]. Surgical removal of the prostate gland is the most common treatment for prostate cancer in dogs, but a dog s quality of life (QOL) after radical prostatectomy is compromised by urinary incontinence. Localized prostate cancer would therefore be better treated by using a minimally invasive nonsurgical procedure. Sonography is an alternative diagnostic imaging which is widely used for abdominal examination, and it shows the better detailed inner structure of the prostate than radiography. Transrectal ultrasonography is often used in human urology for imaging the prostate through the rectum wall [12] and has also been used for diagnosing ovarian cysts in goats [10]. As a guide in obtaining biopsy samples, it is useful in the differential diagnosis of prostatic disorders such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) surgery was first used to create focal lesions deep in liver tissue [8] and was further developed by the group headed by William Fly in Illinois in the 1950s. In the point where the ultrasound are focused (focal point) the sudden and intense absorption of the ultrasound beam can create a rapidly elevation of the temperature which destroys the cells located in the targeted area without damaging tissue elsewhere in the path of the beams. HIFU has been used to treat glaucoma in human patients [18] and for the ablation of prostatic tissue in dogs [7]. Clinical studies with human patients have also explored the use of HIFU for the transrectal treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer [1, 9, 17]. HIFU works by focusing a short pulse (several seconds) of high-energy ultrasound waves on a volume about the size of a grain of rice. Its main disadvantage is that only a small volume of tissue is damaged in a single exposure. When larger volumes of tissue are to be ablated, as in tumor therapy, it is necessary to scan the focus through the targeted region. Mechanical scanning methods result in long treatment periods and thereby adversely affect the patient s

2 840 K. SASAKI ET AL. QOL. The split-focus approach was developed about a decade ago to create a broad heating pattern without forming unwanted secondary foci in front of or behind the focal plane [3, 14, 15]. This approach has recently been reported to also have the potential to substantially improve the throughput of HIFU thermal ablation (that is, to reduce treatment time) because it heats a volume of tissue larger than that heated in the conventional single-spot scanning approach [5, 6, 13]. We therefore made a prototype split-focus transducer combined with a small imaging ultrasonic probe and evaluated the feasibility of using split-focus transrectal HIFU to ablate canine prostatic tissue without injuring the surrounding tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transrectal ultrasonic transducer: The power transducer in our prototype split-focus transducer was a dual-element PZT transducer (Fuji Ceramics, Shizuoka, Japan) that had a resonant frequency of 4.2 MHz, a concave curvature radius of 35 mm, and an aperture measuring 40 mm by 20 mm. The area of each element was 40 mm 10 mm. As shown in Fig. 1, the elements were mounted in an aluminum housing that also contained a small imaging probe (EUP-F331, Hitachi Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operating at 6.5 MHz and having a convex curvature radius of 10 mm. The position and angle of the imaging probe relative to the power transducer were adjusted in calibration experiments before the animal experiments. The whole assembly was contained in a polymer housing having a 30-mm outer diameter and when used in experiments was covered with a latex water bag (Echo probe cover B, Utsunomiya Seisakusho, Osaka, Japan). To prevent cavitational bubbles from forming in the bag, we filled it with degassed water just before each use. Each element of the transducer was driven with an RF amplifier (2100L, ENI, Rochester, NY, U.S.A.). The input signal to the amplifier, the phase of which needed to be controlled, was generated by an arbitrary-waveform generator (HP33120A, Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.). When the two elements of the power transducer were driven at opposite phases, the focused beam was split into two. In the split-focus mode, the two focal beams were separated from each other by about a millimeter. The detailed beam profile of the acoustic field from this power transducer has already been reported [13]. The total acoustic power output from the transducer was calibrated against the drive voltage by measuring the radiation force on a hollow aluminum plate in degassed water [16]. The acoustic intensity distribution pattern on the focal plane in degassed water was measured at a low drive voltage with a 0.5-mm-diameter needle-type hydrophone (Imotec, Coesfeld, Germany). Assuming that the intensity distribution pattern does not change significantly as the drive voltage increases, we calculated the spatial peak acoustic intensity as a function of drive voltage. Fig. 1. Prototype transrectal transducer combining a 4.2 MHz dual-element Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) power transducer and a 6.5 MHz imaging probe. The power transducer has a spherical curvature radius of 35 mm and an aperture of 40 mm (long axis) 20 mm (short axis). Animal experiments: Five clinically normal male beagles (10 15 kg, 2 5 years old) were used in this study. The dogs were obtained from CSK Research Park Co., Ltd. (Nagano, Japan). All animals were given commercial food (Mori-nyu Sun World Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) twice a day at every 12 hr (9:00 and 21:00) and allowed free access to water. They were kept individually in cages. The animals were fast for 24 hr prior to experiments, and each dog s rectum was cleaned by giving the dog a warm saline enema immediately before the experiments. Each dog was premedicated with atropine (0.04 mg/kg, sc) and then anesthetized with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) and ketamine (5.0 mg/kg, i.m.). During experiments, anesthesia was maintained by infusing Ketamine (0.1 mg/kg/hr). Before experiments, the prostate of each dog was transrectally examined by using a small 6.5-MHz diagnostic imaging probe (EUP-F334, Hitachi Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operated by an ultrasonic scanner (EUB-565, Hitachi Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). After the diagnostic imaging probe was removed, the prototype split-focus transducer was inserted into the dog s rectum. (Before it was inserted, ultrasound gel was generously applied to the surface of a latex water bag covering it.) As shown in Fig. 2, the prostate was transrectally observed by the imaging probe attached to the power transducer. After real-time pulse-echo images obtained with the probe were used to position the focus of the power transducer in the prostatic tissue around the urethra, the prostatic tissue was insonated for 4 s at a peak intensity (in the water) of 1.7 kw/ cm 2. A treatment cycle consisted of a 4-s of split-focus HIFU insonation followed by a 12-s period for heat dissipation. Each prostate was treated with four of these cycles. Two of the 5 dogs were sacrificed just after the experiment so their prostates could be removed and sliced for examination of the lesions produced by ultrasound expo-

3 TRANSRECTAL SPLIT-FOCUS HIFU ABLATION 841 Fig. 2. (a) Sonographic image of canine prostate just before HIFU exposure. The power transducer was focused on the prostate through the rectum wall by using real-time pulse-echo images obtained with the probe. (b) Sonographic image of canine prostate immediately after it was insonated with split focus at a peak intensity of 1.5 W/cm 2 for 4 s. A hyper-echoic region (open sircle) was seen around the focus of the power transducer immediately after exposure. P: prostate. B: urinary bladder. R: rectum wall. sure. For the first 3 5 days after the other three dogs were lesioned, they were catheterized daily for urinary management. An 8-French flexible balloon catheter (Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was placed in the urethra of the other three dogs, and the balloon tip was advanced into the bladder. Each dog was daily treated with enrofloxacine (10 mg/kg p.o.) to prevent urinary tract infections, and their prostates were periodically transrectally examined with an ultrasonic imaging probe. When ultrasonography showed a cystic cavity around the urethra in the prostate, the cavity was confirmed radiographically by filling the urethra with an x-ray contrast medium. Three months later the dogs were sacrificed and their prostates were removed and fixed in 10% formalin. The prostates were then sliced for observation of chronic changes induced by ultrasound exposure. The longitudinal (A) and lateral (B and C) dimensions of the cavity formed in the prostate were measured with a slide caliper, and the volume V of the cavity was calculated with the following equation: V = 0.5 A B C. The prostate slices were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. Animal experiments were conducted in accordance with guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. RESULTS As shown in Fig. 2(a), the power transducer was transrectally focused in the middle of prostatic tissue by using realtime pulse-echo images obtained with the probe. As shown in Fig. 2(b), a hyperechoic region was seen around the focus of the power transducer immediately after the prostate was insonated with four shots of split-focus HIFU. As shown in Fig. 3(a), the prostate capsule of a dog euthanatized immediately after HIFU ablation showed no visible damage. The serosa of the rectum near the prostate was slightly reddened, but the rectal mucosa appeared grossly normal. No gross lesion of the urinary bladder was observed. As shown in Fig. 3(b), the ablated zone of prostatic tissue seemed to be a contiguous lesion. Figure 4 shows typical lesion histology immediately after the HIFU exposure. The center of the lesion (C) was completely coagulated. The coagulated center was surrounded by bordering cells (B) that took up less stain than did the normal intact cells (A). The three dogs sacrificed three months after being treated with 4 shots of split-focus insonation developed cyst-like cavities within the prostate that were visible ultrasonographically two weeks after the treatment. These cavities gradually became larger during the next two weeks and one month after treatment appeared to be the same size they were when the dogs were sacrificed. Figure 5(a) shows a sagittal image of a normal prostate was observed by transrectal ultrasonography before HIFU ablation. As seen in Fig. 5(b), a cystic

4 842 K. SASAKI ET AL. Fig. 3. (a) Ventral view of prostate (fixed with 10% formalin) of a dog sacrificed immediately after HIFU ablation. (b) Transverse section of the prostate (fixed with 10% formalin) of a dog sacrificed immediately after HIFU ablation. N: intact tissue. L: ablation lesion. Fig. 4. Photograph showing typical histology (HE, 40) of lesions grossly observed in Fig. 3. The completely coagulated center of the lesion (C) was bordered by cells (B) that took up less stain than the surrounding normal cells (A). cavity was evident in the middle of the prostate three months after treatment. Figure 6 shows the x-ray urography results for this dog. A cavity was filled with contrast media and connected to urethra and urinary bladder. The prostatic urethra clearly seen in the lateral view (Fig. 6(b)) of the prostate is connected to the prostatic cavity (Fig. 7).

5 TRANSRECTAL SPLIT-FOCUS HIFU ABLATION 843 Fig. 5. (a) Sagittal image of prostate observed by transrectal ultrasonography just before HIFU ablation. (b) Sagittal image of prostate observed by transrectal ultrasonography three months after HIFU ablation. B: urinary bladder. P: prostate. Fig. 6. Ventrodorsal (a) and lateral (b) x-ray urography views of the same dog examined in Fig. 5 obtained three months after HIFU ablation. The cavity (shown by white arrows) was filled with contrast media and is connected to the urethra and urinary bladder. Each dog sacrificed three months after HIFU treatment had a cavity in the prostate around the urethra. The volumes of these cavities were of 0.34, 0.35, 0.45 cm 3. Glandular tissue could be seen surrounding each urethra, and the prostatic parenchyma was found to have been replaced by a cystic cavity. The rectum was normal grossly and histologically. The histological photograph in Fig. 8(a) shows a part of cystic cavity in the prostate that is connected to the urethra. The magnified area in the lumen (Fig. 8(b)) shows complete re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra. DISCUSSION Split-focus HIFU ablation could be used to destroy focal areas of prostatic tissue in dogs without injuring surrounding tissues. An ultrasonic image of the lesion in a prostate immediately after split-focus HIFU showed a hyperechoic region (Fig. 2(b)). Bush and coworkers have shown that the attenuation coefficient of tissue at the center of a HIFU lesion is significantly greater than that of normal tissues [2]. This may be due in part to the generation of gas by heating. We have demonstrated that split-focus HIFU created a contiguous thermal coagulation in pig liver tissue within a few

6 844 K. SASAKI ET AL. Fig. 7. Sagittal cross section of the prostate of the same dog diagnosed in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 obtaine three months after HIFU ablation. The prostatic urethra was clearly seen in the prostate and was connected to the prostatic cavity. The cavity in this dog measured 8 (Hight) 12 (Length) 9 (Width) mm. seconds [13]. As shown in Fig. 3(b), we found that HIFU exposure can cause acute thermal coagulation of prostatic tissues in dogs. These results indicate that the prostatic tissue exposed to split-focus HIFU was heated enough to create an area of coagulation. A cyst-like cavity within the prostate was visible with transrectal ultrasonography by two weeks after the HIFU treatment, and this cavity was connected to urethra as shown in Fig. 6. The necrotic parenchyma of prostate was found to have been replaced by cystic cavity. These results show that only four shots of split-focus HIFU can destroy the prostatic parenchyma and create a cavity of cm 3 in volume with no clear evidence of injuring surrounding tissues. No dogs after treatment showed clinical signs of rectal disorder. After HIFU ablation, per rectal finger palpation of the prostate and rectal wall immediately after HIFU ablation, we felt indulation of the prostate. Figure 3(b) shows that HIFU ablation to the prostate caused acute thermal coagulation of prostatic tissues. This focal coagulation most likely has led to inflammation and swelling of the prostate, which in turn may have been the reason that all of the dogs showed urinary incontinence within 3 to 5 days after the experiments. Oral antibiotics were prescribed to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the first 2 Fig 8. (a) Histological photograph ( 40) of the inner surface of a cystic cavity connected to the urethra. (b) Higher-magnification photograph ( 400) shows complete re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra.

7 TRANSRECTAL SPLIT-FOCUS HIFU ABLATION 845 weeks after HIFU ablation. Although necrotic tissues and cavities formed in the prostate are potential sites for infection, there were no evidences of urinary tract infection in any of these three dogs after they were no longer being catheterized daily. Scince all dogs were continent by a week after treatment, it seems that transrectal split-focus HIFU does not adversely affect the lower urethral sphincter. The inner surface of a cystic cavity connected to urethra was completely covered by the re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra, as shown in Fig. 8. The dogs were able to urinate normally. These clinical and histological findings suggest that split-focus HIFU ablation can be applied to localized prostate cancer in dogs noninvasively. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Dr. Narendra T. Sanghvi and Dr. Kaoru Nakamura for discussing the HIFU treatments and thank Dr. Ei-ichi Kokue for discussing chronic changes of the canine prostate. We also thank to Dr. Waleed F. Khalil, Dr. Mohamed S. Medan, and Ms. Yoshie Terada for their cooperation in the animal experiments. This work was supported by the National Research and Development Program for Medical and Welfare Apparatus under entrustment by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization of Japan. REFERENCES 1. Bihrle, R., Foster, R. S., Sanghvi, N. T., Fry, F. J. and Donohue, J. P High intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of prostatic tissue. Urology 43 (2 Suppl.): Bush, N. L., Rivens, I., ter Haar, G. R. and Bamber, J. C Acoustic properties of lesions generated with an ultrasound therapy system. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 19: Cain, C. A. and Umemura, S Concentric-ring and sector-vortex phased-array applicators for ultrasound hyperthermia. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 34: Durham, S. K. and Dietze, A. E Prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without metastasis to bone in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 188: Fan, X. and Hynynen, K Control of the necrosed tissue volume during noninvasive ultrasound surgery using a 16-element phased array. Med. Phys. 22: Fan, X. and Hynynen, K Ultrasound surgery using multiple sonications treatment time considerations. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 22: Kincaid, L. F., Sanghvi, N. T., Cummings, O., Bihrle, R., Foster, R. S., Zaitsev, A., Phillips, M., Syrus, J. and Hennige, C Noninvasive ultrasonic subtotal ablation of the prostate in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: Lynn, J. G., Zwemer, R. L., Chich, A. J. and Miller, A. E A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology. J. Gen. Physiol. 26: Madersbacher, S., Pedevilla, M., Vingers, L., Susani, M. and Marberger, M Effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound on human prostate cancer in vivo. Cancer Res. 55: Medan, M. S., Watanabe, G., Sasaki, K. and Taya, K Transrectal ultrasonic diagnosis of ovarian follicular cysts in goats and treatment with GnRH. Domestic. Anim. Endocrinol. 27: Obradovich, J., Walshaw, R. and Goullaud, E The influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. 43 cases ( ). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1: Peeling, W. B. and Griffith, G. J Imaging of prostate by ultrasound. Urology 132: Sasaki, K., Azuma, T., Kawabata, K., Shimoda, M., Kokue, E. and Umemura, S Effect of split-focus approach on producing larger coagulation in swine liver. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 29: Umemura, S. and Cain, C. A The sector-vortex phased array: acoustic field synthesis for hyperthermia. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Cont. 36: Umemura, S. and Cain, C. A Acoustical evaluation of a prototype sector-vortex phased-array applicator. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Cont. 39: Umemura, S., Kawabata, K. and Sasaki, K Enhancement of sonodynamic tissue damage production by second-harmonic superimposition: Theoretical analysis of its mechanism. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Cont. 43: Vallancien, G., Harouni, M., Veillon, B., Mombet, A., Prapotnich, D., Brisset, J. M. and Bougaran, J Focused extracorporeal pyrotherapy: feasibility study in man. J. Endourol. 6: Valtot, F., Kopel, J. and Haut, J Treatment of glaucoma with high-intensity focused ultrasound. Int. Ophthalmol. 13: