vegetables,hardly requires consideration since lactose is the sugar of
|
|
- Gertrude Walton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ON THE MODE OF PRODUCTION OF LACTOSE IN THE MAMMARY GLAND. BY D. NOEL PATON AND E. P. CATHCART. (From the Physiologicat Department of the University of Glasgow.) THE mode of production of the disaccharid lactose in the mammary gland is a problem which has not yet been solved. As is well known, upon hydrolysis lactose splits into a molecule of dextrose and into a molecule of galactose, a sugar whicb is not found free in the body. The idea that the galactose is derived from the galactosides of vegetables,hardly requires consideration since lactose is the sugar of the milk of carnivores as well as of herbivores. The view of Paul Bertl that a glycogen-like precursor of lactose exists in the mammary gland is without foundation, and Thierfelder's theory that the gland contains an enzyme which develops lactose from some precursor also rests upon no substantial basis. P. Mayer2 failed to find in the decomposition products of the proteins of the gland any substance from which galactose might be formed. Baschs was unable to demonstrate the presence of an enzyme capable of producing a synthesis of glucose and galactose. Cremer' advanced the theory that the gland possesses the power of changing glucose into galactose for the formation of lactose, a view as to the mode of action of the gland which has been supported by Porcher5. The gland must either form the lactose independently of the store of carbohydrates in the body, or it must utilise the preformed carbohydrates through the glucose of the blood. It mav do so by forming 1 Gaz. Mdd. de Paris, 1879, No. 12, discussed by Bas oh, Ergeb. d. physiol. Bioch. Ii. 2 Jhrg. p Deutsche med. Wochensch. p Ergeb. d. physiol. Bioch. ii. p Ztsch. f. Biol. xxxi. p Arch. Internat. de Physiol. viii. p
2 180 D. N. PATON AND E. P. CATHIART. the lactose entirely from this source or by using the glucose to synthesise with the galactose produced as a specific product of the gland. Attempts to solve the problem have been made by removing the mammary gland from pregnant animals -in order to find if after parturition dextrose appears in the urine, a phenomenon which might be taken to mean that the glucose formed in the liver or elsewhere in the body is used by the mammary gland in the formation of lactose. But the results recorded have been most contradictory and no definite conclusion can be drawn. Thus Paul Bert, from his experiment of removing the mammary gland in two pregnant goats and getting a reducing substance in the urine after parturition, concluded that the dextrose of the blood is used by the gland in the formation of lactose. Moore and Parker2 repeated these experiments with negative results. Porcher8 on the other hand found a large amount of glucose in the urine of goats without the mammary gland and concluded that the animal changes the glucose of the blood into lactose. More recently Marshall and-!-kirkness' repeated the experiment on guinea-pigs with negative results. This method does not appear to us to promise results of value, since it seems probable that the increased sugar production in the body for the preparation of lactose in the gland may be determined by the growth of the gland itself, possibly through an internal secretion, and that it may not make itself manifest in the absence of the gland. It seemed probable that light might be thrown on the question by clearing out to a greater or less extent the available supply of glucose by the administration of phloridzin. The paper of Fichera6 which attempts to prove a glycogenetic action of phloridzin upon the tissues appears to be so inconclusive that it need not be considered in face of the definite evidence that phloridzin does cause the elimination of sugar. If the glucose of the body is the source of the glucose used by the gland for the formation of lactose, this procedure should either markedly decrease the formation of lactose, or it might possibly cause the appearance of galactose in the milk. The further question of whether phloridzin causes the appearance of lactose in the urine of animals during milk secretion or whether it may manifest an action on the mammary gland similar to that exercised on the kidneys seemed to us 1 C. R. de Z'Acad. d. Scien. xcviii. p Amer. Journ. of Physiol. iv. p C. R. de V'14cad. d. Scien. cxxxvm. p Biochem. Journ. ii. p Ziegler's Beitr. xxxvi. p
3 LACTOSE AND MAMMA RY GLAND. worthy of observation. Since our experiments were completed we find that the same method has been employed by others. Cornevinl injected 10 and next-day 20 grs. of phloridzin in a Normandy cow and records a great increase in amount of sugar per litre of the milk. Pappenheim2 records in the goat a marked fall in the output of milk and of lactose under the administration of phloridzin and states that the sugar of the milk gave no fermentation and that it is therefore lactose alone and further that in the urine glucose alone appeared. The possible appearance of galactose does not seem to have been considered. Cremer3 records a fall in the milk secretion and a fall in the total sugar and he concludes that phloridzin has no special action on the cells of the mammary gland and that its action on the kidneys is without analogue. Porcher4 gives experiments on a cow in which the administration of 20 gm. of phloridzin did not materially modify the output of sugar. In his most recent paper5 Porcher reviews his previous work. He concludes that Cornevin is wrong as to the marked increase in the milk sugar per litre following the administration of phloridzin, and points out that there may be a notable diminution in the amount per diem which he ascribes to the decreased milk production. This he believes is due to the diuresis, but in our experiments diuresis was not present. He further concludes that phloridzin simply causes a glycosuria without lactosuria in milking animals. Our experiments were carried out upon a goat in milk, weighing about 30 kilos.- Methods. The goat was kept in a stall specially constructed to allow of the collection of urine. It was milked twice daily at 9 a.m. and at 5 p.m. The chemical methods which we employed were: total nitrogen by Kjeldahl's method; ash by the ordinary ignition method; fat by the Leffmann-Beam method with special small tubes; and lactose by the method described by Shimidzu, in which the protein is removed by the Ritthausen-Munk method and the sugar estimated by the Pavy-Kumagawa-Suto method. This method we found to yield very good results. It is not very troublesome to carry out. The analyses were done in duplicate. Results. In order that the withdrawal of glucose might be made to manifest its influence the supply of carbohydrates in the food was cut down to a low level. This was only possible by limiting the supply of 1 C. B. de l'acad. d. Scien. cxvi. p Arch. f. Verdauungs Krankht. in. p Ztsch. f. Biol. xxxvii. p C. R. Acad. Sc. cxxxiii. p Arch. Internat. de Physiol. viia. p
4 182 D. N. PA TON AND E. P. CATHCART. food, and at once the difficulty presented itself that reducing the diet reduces the milk production and the output of lactose-in the same proportion. Hence we have not so far succeeded in completely depleting the supply of glucose available to the mammary gland. All we have been able to do is to reduce it. The results have been quite distinct. They are shown in the following records of experiments. Exp. I. June The goat was fed upon a low diet of newly cut grass, about 350 gms., and the amount of phloridzin given, 1S5 gms., was small. Milk TABLE I. Urine Amun Day of Amount Lactose Amount colced collected Sugar as 0/0 Exp. in c.c. amount in gms. in c.c. dextrose present x * 600 5'76 (total) * 550 1P76,, None * 1-5 gis. phloridzin given at beginning of these days. The milk is the milk of the preceding evening's milking and the milking of the morning of the date given. The urine is the urine of the 24 hours to 10 a.m. on the date given. Exp. IL October. The goat had for first three days a full diet of oats 750 gms., hay 300 gms., turnips 1600 gms. For the following six days oats 375 gms., hay 300 gms., turnips 800 gms., and for the last two days the full diet as given above. It was calculated that the second diet yielded 347 gms. of available carbohydrate and fibre. Three grams of phloridzin were injected on the sixth and seventh days. Before this the urine when tested for sugar gave negative results. Milk TABLE II. Urine Lactose, Sugar as dextrose Day Amt. in c.c. amt. in gms. Nature Amount of Exp. per diem per diem of diet collected Per cent Total Full ,, ,, Low ,, _ 6 238* 9-26,, * 8'26,, ,, some loss ,, Full - trace only ,, * Three gms. phloridzin given at beginning of these days.
5 LACTOSE AND MAMMARY GLAND. 183 In spite of the small dose of phloridzin the effect is quite marked, a fall in the amount of milk and in the output of lactose taking place. On the first phloridzin day the urine yielded almost entirely lactosazone with phenylhydrazin, on the next day mostly glucosazone with a small amount of lactosazone. On the third day there was fermentation but no glucosazone crystals were found. The experiment again shows a marked fall in the milk secretion and in the lactose formation. On the first day of phloridzin the urine gave lactosazone and somne glucosazone crystals. On the second day the glucosazone crystals predominated and on the day after the second dose of phloridzin, when the amount of sugar reached 7K14 p.c., the presence of lactosazone crystals was very doubtful. Exp. III. The goat's food consisted of a full diet for two days consisting of oats 745 gms., hay 300 gms., turnips 800 gms., followed for eight days by a low diet of oats 300 gms., bran 50 gms., hay 250 gms., turnips 800 gms. In this there were about 313 gmis. available carbohydrate and fibre. On the third and fourth days of this diet, four gms. of phloridzin were injected. On the last day of the experiment the full diet was again given. Milk per diem TABLE III. Urine Amt. Sugar as dextrose Nitrogen Day Amount Lactose Fat Ash Nature collected It of Exp. in cc. in gms. in gms. in gms. of food in c.c. Percent. Total Per cent. Total P91 Full ,, Low ,, * P76,, Urine lost - 14* 160 6A ,, P ,, ,, P , P63,, P FuH * * At the beginning of each of these days four gms. phloridzin were injected. In this experiment the fat and ash of the milk were determined by Dr Findlay and the nitrogen was also determined. While the ash and total nitrogen varied directly with the amount of milk and lactose, the fat showed a very marked rise upon the day when the lactose reached
6 184 D. N. PATON AND E. P. CATHCART. its lowest level and upon the succeeding day when cretion of sugar occurred in the urine (Chart I). the largest ex- LArox &;,. -. e;1e @ F e. WA O.r t I 10 WI.t is Da.'fs. Chart I. Examination of the urine showed, upon the second day of phloridzin, glucosazone and lactosazone crystals, upon the next day a smaller proportion of lactosazone and upon the next again no recognisable lactosazone crystals. After fermentation the percentage of sugar (lactose) left expressed as dextrose was That this was lactose is indicated by increase in the reducing power after hydrolysing to about double the previous figure: Direct estimation after ferment -308 *293 *180 The endpoints of the reactions were indistinct. Estimation after further hydrolysis *356
7 LACTOSE AND MAMMARY GLAND. 185 After Exp. III. the goat was milked only once daily at 12 o'clock, and was kept upon full diet from Nov. 19th to Dec. 5th. The surprising result obtained with the fats in Exp. III. induced us to do another experiment. In kind the results obtained resemble those of the previous experiments, but in extent they are much more marked. The amount of Exp. IV. On the 6th and 7th, four gms. of phloridzin were given and on the 7th a little bleeding was observed through the needle of the syringe. On the 5th the goat was put upon a diet of bran, hay and turnips. On the 10th, 300 gms. of oats were added, but these were not given after the 13th. The secretion of urine stopped on the 13th and cabbage leaves were added to the diet. Date Amount in ccm. 200* 270* Not measured,, Milk per diem A -% Lactose in grm '07 5*26 7' TABLE IV. Fat in grm * ' , Urine per diem Sugar as Amount dextrose Nitrogen in ccm. in grm. in grm ' ' ' ' ' Notfullv - collected,, '88 7,88 Osazone crystals Gilucose Lactose _ Goat was allowed out of stall for several hours each day.
8 186 D. N. PA TON AND E. P. CATHCART. sugar in the urine rose to no less than 78 gms. on the 9th, i.e. in the urine passed on the 8th, while the nitrogen rose from 2-5 gms. to 10 gms. But the most interesting point was that the goat continued to excrete dextrose till -Jan. 9th, i.e. for more than a month. After this glucose was absent from the urine although traces of lactose were present till the 14th. We are not aware of any other instance of the persistence of a glycosuria of over a month's duration following the administration of a dose of phloridzin.. It is to be regretted that no examination of the amount of glucose in the blood was made. FZ 11.;_i = 4I.d'. /0., 4, S.,., &. Chart II. The urine gave the reaction of phloridzin with perchloride of iron till the 11th and on the 12th and 13th a trace of proteins coagulated by heat was present. The milk fell from 200 cm. to 65 cm. The lactose fell from 8 gm. to 2-3 gms. a fall out of proportion to the fall in the amount of milk, while the fat showed an initial rise to over 9 gms. on the 8th, and a later and more sustained rise to 8 gms. on the 12th and 13th (Chart II). The fat was again determined on the 16th, 19th and 21st, 22nd and 23rd, and on Jan. 6th and 12th. The lowest figure of the series was
9 LACTOSE AND MAMMARY GLAND. 4-9 on Dec. 19. With the disappearance of glucose from the urine after Jan. 9th the figure fell to 3-6. The enormous excretion of sugar in the urine on the 9th followed by the very marked fall in the sugar of the milk on the 10th and 11th, led uis to consider whether possibly in this case a failure to completely synthesise the lactose of milk had occurred. Unfortunately only 200 cm. of the diluted protein free milk remained, equivalent to 10 c.c. of milk. This had been evaporated and preserved, and it was re-dissolved in 100 c.c. of water and a direct determination of the lactose made without hydrolysis. The result should, of course, correspond with the calculated results previously arrived at after hydrolysis, if lactose is the only sugar present. The following results were obtained: After hydro- Amount required Before hydro. Iysis c.c. of if all lactose and lysis c.c. of Date milk sol. used not hydrolysed milk sol used The fact that whereas on the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th the observed reduction of the non-hydrolysed sugar corresponds with or is rather lower than that of the calculated figure for lactose, on the 11th it is actually 3 c.c. greater suggests the possibility of the presence of a mono-saccharid along with the lactose. The amount of fluid at our disposal was too small to enable us to further investigate this point. CONCLUSIONS. These experiments show that, while under phloridzin there was no marked increase in the amount of urine secreted, the amount of milk fell Low diet Phloridzin Exp. 1I 235 to 170 Exp. III 256 to 151 Exp. IV. 200 to 65 The lactose of the milk fell Low diet After phloridzin Fall Exp. II Exp. III Exp. IV
10 188 D. N. PATON AND E. P. CATHCART. The lowest output being reached either on the day that the largest output of sugar occurred in the urine or just after this. These experiments -indicate that the glucose of the blood is used by the mammary gland in the formation of lactose. They leave unsolved, however, the question of the source of the galactose. The fact that, despite the decreased formation of lactose, sugar appears in the urine seems to us to hint that there is a limitation in the supply of a precursor common to both its constituents, and tq suggest that the glucose of the blood is probably the forerunner of the galactose as well as of the dextrose of milk sugar. The only hint of a possible independent source of galactose is to be found in the result of the sugar determination in the milk of the 11th in the last experiment. This point we intend to investigate further next summer. The conclusion that the blood glucose is the source of the lactose is supported by the observations of Porcher that before delivery dextrose may appear in the urine in the human subject-but that after delivery when sugar appears it is lactose. Our observations also indicate that phloridzin increases the permeability of the kidney for lactose as well as for glucose. 'The increase in the fat of the milk indicated by the last two experiments is of very special interest. Rosenfeld2 showed that in fasting animals, the administration of phloridzin causes a great increase of fat in the blood and in the liver. Is this another indication that for the utilisation of fats the presence of carbohydrates is necessary, and is this increase in the fat of the milk an expression of a non-metabolism of fat in the mammary gland the result of the withdrawal of sugar? (The expenses of this investigation were defrayed from a grant from the Carnegie Trust.) 1 Just before sending off this paper we have found the record of a single experiment on the influence of phloridzin on the fat of the milk of the goat by Graham Lusk (Ztsch. f. Biol. xl. p ). He finds a marked increase in the percentage amount of fat but a decrease in the total amount. 2 Ergeb. d. phys. Biock. ii. p
disappeared, whereas if the carbohydrate were replaced by fat instead
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT ON PROTEIN METABOLISM. IIL-THE EFFECT OF PHLORIDZIN GLYCOSURIA1. BY E. P. CATHCART AND M. ROSS TAYLOR. University of Glasgow. ONE of us (E. P. C.) has brought forward
More informationexcreted, in spite of its constant presence in the blood. Similarly, a salt-free diet will rapidly cause the practical disappearance of chlorides
THE REGULATION OF EXCRETION OF WATER BY THE KIDNEYS. I. By J. S. HALDANE, M.D., F.R.S. AND J. G. PRIESTLEY, B.M., Captain R.A.M.C., Beit Memorial Research Fellow. NUMEROUS observations tend to show that
More informationEdinburgh.) IN a previous paper, I recorded observations on rabbits and dogs which
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALIN ON SUGAR AND NITROGEN EXCRETION IN THE URINE OF BIRDS. BY D. NOEL PATON.. (From the Research Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.) IN a previous paper, I recorded
More information6I :6I2.396.I4
6I2.466.63:6I2.396.I4 THE METABOLISM OF LACTOSE. Part I. The occurrence of lactose in urine. BY L. B. WINT E R (Grocers' Company Research Scholar).. (From the Sherrington School of Physiology, St Thomas's
More informationmight compensate for the removal of the other by undergoing hypertrophy. that the thymus exercises an inhibitory influence on the growth of the
THE THYMUS AND SEXUAL ORGANS. III. THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE GROWTH OF THE ANIMAL. BY D. NO1EL PATON. (From the Physiological Department, University of Glasgow.) I. MALE ANIMALS. IN 1904_051 I carried
More informationsimultaneously excreted. They also brought forward some evidence to
THE EXCRETION OF CHLORIDES AND BICARBON- ATES BY THE HUMAN KIDNEY. BY H. W. DAVIES, M.B., B.S., J. B. S. HALDANE, M.A. AND G. L. PESKETT, B.A. (From the Laboratory, Cherwell, Oxford.) AM BARD and PAPI
More informationClearly the best method of deciding whether the liver is at fault. mammals excision of the liver is, unfortunately, such a difficult and
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN DUCKS. BY G. B. FLEMING. (From the Physiology Department, University of Glasgow.) THE following investigation was undertaken in the attempt to throw light on the seat of the
More informationJ. Physiol. (I938) 94, I2.352.i2:635.34
249 J. Physiol. (I938) 94, 249-255 6I2.352.i2:635.34 EFFECTS OF CABBAGE EXTRACTS ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY A. D. MACDONALD AND LEO WISLICKI From the Department of Pharmacology, The University of Manchester
More informationGLUCOSE is the most important diffusible substance in the blood which
ON THE ACTION OF PHLORHIZIN ON THE KIDNEY. By E. B. MAYRS. (From the Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh.) GLUCOSE is the most important diffusible substance in the blood which is completely held back
More informationINTRODUCTION. IN a previous paper(l) we have been able to show that adrenaline may
REVERSAL OF THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE. BY B. A. McSWINEY AND G. L. BROWN. (From the Department of Physiology, University of Manchester.) INTRODUCTION. IN a previous paper(l) we have been able to show that
More informationTHE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACTS ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM
55 THE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACTS ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM BY L. MIRVISH AND L. P. BOSMAN. (From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cape Town.) {Received 12th February 1929.) IT has long been
More informationLearning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic
Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic compounds. What are inorganic molecules? Molecules that CANNOT
More informationpoints raised, and the following is an account of what I have done under touched, but my work has fallen under two main heads:
NOTES ON CREATININE. BY P. C. COLLS, late Assistant Demonstrator in Physiology, King's College, London. (From the Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London.) ABOUT two years ago, a lengthy correspondence
More informationSince, for many months after section of the right vagus in the neck,
THE INFLUENCE OF THE VAGUS ON THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. Part II. The effect of cutting the vagus upon sugar tolerance. BY G. A. CLARK. (From the Physiological Laboratory, Sheffield University.) IN Part
More informationCollege of Medicine, Newcastle-on-Tyne.)
INTERRELATION OF PARATHYROIDS, SUPRA- RENALS AND PANCREAS. BY G. A. CLARK. (From the Physiological Laboratory, Durham University College of Medicine, Newcastle-on-Tyne.) THAT the parathyroid glands have
More informationmaniy cases in which lhevulose was administered in only three was (From the Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.
ON THE NATURE OF ADRENALIN GLYCOSURIA. BY D. NOEL PATON. (From the Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.) IN October 1901 Blum' announced the discovery that the subcutaneous administration
More informationSTUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE. The effects of the following procedures on the blood diastase have
STUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT OF DIASTASE IN THE BLOOD. By CHARLES REID and B. NARAYANA. From the Department of Physiology, Prince of Wales Medical College, Patna.
More informationTHE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED PROTEIN LOSS BY BLEEDING
Published Online: 1 May, 1932 Supp Info: http://doi.org/1.184/jem.55.5.683 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on September 3, 218 THE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED
More informationCushny(4) has shown, however, that the amount of urea in the kidney. by some vital process, retain those diflusible substances which are of
THE FUNCTION OF THE TUBULES IN KIDNEY EXCRETION. BY E. B. MAYRS. (From the Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh.) IT is becoming generally recognised that filtration through the glomeruli and some degree
More informationINORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Ex: Water. Compounds that may be essential to life, but are not necessarily found in living things.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that may be essential to life, but are not necessarily found in living things. Ex: Water Other example: CO2 - ¾ of earth - 90% of living tissue WATER Water is a POLAR compound.
More informationCollege of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.)
GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN THE RENAL TUBULES OF THE FROG. BY G. A. CLARK. (From the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.) OPINION is divided on the
More informationCURVE OF SUGAR EXCRETION IN SEVERE DIABETES.
CURVE OF SUGAR EXCRETION IN SEVERE DIABETES. BY HANNAH FELSHER. (From the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute Laboratory oj Clinical Research, Rush Medical College, Chicago.) (Received for publication,
More informationcorrelating the excretion of creatin in the urine with definite pathological
THE EXCRETION OF CREATIN IN DIABETES. By R. A. KRAUSE, Crichton Research Scholar. (From the Chemical Laboratory of the Physiology Department, Edinburgh University.') (Received for publication 3rd August
More informationphosphorus-containiing bodies-the nucleins-makes it a matter of no phosphates, are used in the synthesis of the nucleins, and the
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE META- BOLISM OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE ANIMAL BODY. BY D. NOEL PATON, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., J. CRAUFURD DUNLOP, M.D., F.R.C.P.E. AND R. S. AITCHISON, M.D., F.R.C.P.E. (From the
More informationCHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lesson we will: Lesson Description Discuss inorganic compounds and their importance Discuss organic compounds and their biological importance. Summary Inorganic
More informationIntroduction to MUN. What is Urea
Introduction to MUN What is Urea Urea is a small organic molecule composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Urea is a common constituent of blood and other body fluids. Urea is formed from ammonia
More informationARTICULAR CARTILAGE *
OBSERVATIONS ON RESPIRATION IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE * By MORRIS A. BOWIE, OTTO ROSENTHAL AND GEORGE WAGONER (From the Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Harrison Department of Surgical Research, Schools
More information28. Ketosis and Urea Poisoning
Module 4 Nutrition Management for Grazing Animals Learning objectives 28. Ketosis and Urea Poisoning On completion of this topic you should be able to: John Nolan Describe the management strategies available
More informationAJl the experiments of the following series were done on rabbits. THE secretion of glucose is considered to depend on a " threshold " value
THE INFLUENCE OF DIURETICS ON THE EXCRETION OF SUGAR. BYE. J. CONWAY. (From the Physiological Department, University College, Dublin.) THE secretion of glucose is considered to depend on a " threshold
More informationhypoglycoemic reaction to insulin is greater in sheep after thyroidectomy, BY J. (The National Institute for Medical Research, London.
THE RELATION OF THE THYROID GLAND TO THE ACTION OF INSULIN. BY J. H. BURN AND H. P. MARKS. (The National Institute for Medical Research, London.) AN experimental investigation of the connection between
More information(essential, spontaneous) pentosuria is rare. Less than fifty cases are on
THE UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN A CASE OF CHRONIC PENTOSURIA By I. M. RABINOWITCH (From the Department of Metabolism, Montreal General Hospital. Montreal, Canada) (Received for publication April 23,
More informationPathological and Chemical Laboratories, St Bartholomew's Hospital.)
VARIATIONS IN THE BLOOD SUGAR IN HEALTH. BY GEORGE GRAHAM. (From the Pathological and Chemical Laboratories, St Bartholomew's Hospital.) THE influence of a carbohydrate meal on the level of the blood sugar
More informationestablishing perfusion and of collecting and analysing the effluent fluid 1934]. Comparable increases in serum potassium were obtained when
303 577.I74.5:612.I26 ACTION OF ADRENALINE ON THE SERUM POTASSIUM BY J. L. D'SILVA From the Department of Physiology, King's College, London (Received 24 March 1937) IN a previous communication it was
More informationSINCE the glucose excreted by the fasted depancreatised dog must, in
THE EFFECT OF SHIVERING ON THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT IN PANCREATIC DIABETES. By I. L. CHAIKOFF and J. J. R. MACLEOD. From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada. (Received for publication
More information(From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal.)
385 6I2.492.8:6I2.466.6I THE EFFECT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON ACETONE BODY EXCRETION IN THE RAT. BY PETER T. BLACK, J. B. COLLIP AND D. L. THOMSON. (From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill
More informationinduced by sham feeding is accompanied by an increased excretion of University College, London.)
THE METABOLISM OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS. II. The blood sugar metabolism of the Submaxillary Gland. BY G. V. ANREP AND R. K. CANNAN (Beit Memorial Research Fellow). (From the Institute of Physiology, University
More informationOrganic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar
More information6I I:6I hypophysectomy. This diminution of diabetes is shown particularly as. hypophysectomized or totally decerebrated [Houssay and
6I2.466.6I:6I2.492.5 KETOSIS IN THE PANCREATIC AND PHLORRHIZIN DIABETES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED DOGS. BY CIRO T. RIETTI. (Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Buenos Ayres.) IN the hypophysectomized
More informationCh 2 Molecules of life
Ch 2 Molecules of life Think about (Ch 2, p.2) 1. Water is essential to life. If there is water on a planet, it is possible that life may exist on the planet. 2. Water makes up the largest percentage by
More informationDehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml
Glucose Molecule Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers
More informationpreliminaryfinding. Current theories of iron metabolism would explain dispute over urinary iron, which is agreed by all to be very small and
148 J. Physiol. (I938) 94, I48-I54 6I5.739.I3:6I2.386 THE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF IRON FOLLOWING ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION BY R. A. McCANCE AND E. M. WIDDOWSON From the Biochemical Laboratory,
More informationmetabolism, as in Fr6hlich's syndrome; and by physiological facts, such Coope and Mottram (1914).
THE EFFECT OF PITUITRIN ON THE FATTY ACID OF THE LIVER. By R. COOPE AND E. N. CHAMBERLAIN'. (From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool.) THE work described in this paper was undertaken
More informationCarbohydrates- Disaccharides. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan
Carbohydrates- Disaccharides By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Disaccharides ofbiological importance: Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. They are crystalline, water-soluble
More information(From the Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London.)
HYDROLYSIS OF GLYCOGEN. BY M. CHRISTINE TEBB. (From the Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London.) MOST of the researches which have been carried out on the hydrolysis of glycogen have been directed
More informationCarbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)
Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many
More informationBCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,
More informationTHE IODINE CONTENT OF THE THYROID OF THE FOWL WITH REFERENCE TO AGE AND SEX
66 THE IODINE CONTENT OF THE THYROID OF THE FOWL WITH REFERENCE TO AGE AND SEX BY A. C. CHAUDHURI, B.SC. (AGRIC). Animal Breeding Research Department, University of Edinburgh. {Received ist January 98.)
More informationI. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals,
More informationCHEMISTRY OF LIFE 30 JANUARY 2013
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 30 JANUARY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we will: Investigate the structure and function of molecules that are essential for life. Key Concepts Terminology A molecule is any
More informationaction or even increased the activity of the spleen enzyme.
ON THE PRESENCE OF A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN THE NORMAL SERUM OF THE OX. BY S. G. HEDIN. (Department of Pathological Chemistry, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Lonidon.) ALTHOUGH proteolytic enzymes
More informationStructural Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates
More informationeffected the reduction and finally came to the conclusion that of substances (From the Physiological Department of the University of Glasgow.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT ON PROTEIN METABOLISM. III. THE EFFECT OF SODIUM SELENITE. By E. P. CATHCART AND J. B. ORR. (From the Physiological Department of the University of Glasgow.) THE toxic
More informationLactose Lab: Some Don't Like it Sweet
Lactose Lab: Some Don't Like it Sweet Grade Level(s) 9-12 Estimated Time 60 minutes Purpose In this lesson students will learn the chemistry and composition of milk, identify the difference between a monosaccharide
More informationCarbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y
Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules
More informationJEROME, M.B. (Lond.), Lecturer in Medical Pharmacology and Materia Medica. (From the Pharmacological Department, Oxford.)
THE RELATION OF THE DEGREE OF ACIDITY OF THE URINE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF URIC ACID THEREIN CONTAINED TO THE PRECIPI- TATION OF THE LATTER IN THE FORM OF URIC ACID GRAVEL. BY WILLIAM J. SMITH JEROME, M.B.
More informationTHE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF A STRAIN OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS. (From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
Published Online: 1 November, 1925 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.42.5.701 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on November 20, 2018 THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF A STRAIN OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS.
More information:6I2.352.I2:6I observations of Ahlgren (3), who found that pituitary extract increases
612.492.8:6I2.352.I2:6I6.37-089.87 THE ACTION OF EXTRACT OF PITUITARY ON THE BLOOD SUGAR AFTER PANCREATECTOMY. BY C. G. IMRIE. (Department of Physiology, The University, Sheffield.) THE experiments about
More information: /18
612.461.23: 616-001.17/18 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF COLD AND BURNS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RATS. By G. H. LATHE 1 and R. A. PETERS. From the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford. (Received
More informationFunction, maintenance and protection
2. Food and nutrients 2.3 The role of nutrients VITAMINS 2.3.3 Function, maintenance and protection Vitamins and minerals do not provide energy but they play a basic role in how the body functions. We
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates
Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates I Types of Carbohydrates If someone told you "My carbohydrate intake is too high", what would you assume about what they're eating? A. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES:
More information2. In terms of appearance, what is the main difference between a monomer, dimer and a polymer?
Biology Ms. Ye Name Date Block Monomers vs. Polymers 1. The prefix mono- means one. The prefix di- means two. The prefix poly- means many. Based on the given definitions, label the pictures of paperclips
More informationIS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT?
IS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT? Michael F. Hutjens Extension Dairy Specialist University of Illinois, Urbana 232 ASL, 1207 W. Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801 hutjensm@illinois.edu 217-333-2928 Take Home Messages
More informationThe function of the kidney
Homeostasis Carbon dioxide must be removed because when it dissolves it makes an acidic solution which can affect enzymes working Carbon dioxide is removed by diffusing into the blood stream and being
More informationExperiments were carried out then with the object of producing complete disappearance of the A
Relation of Glucagon to A Cells of the Pancreas*. (22339) SERGIO A. BENCOSME AND J. FREI. (Introduced by J.S.L. Browne Departament of pathology, Queen`s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. In spite
More informationAim: To study the effect of ph on the action of salivary amylase. NCERT
Exercise 28 Aim: To study the effect of ph on the action of salivary amylase. Principle: Optimal activity for most of the enzymes is generally observed between ph 5.0 and 9.0. However, a few enzymes, e.g.,
More information1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules. Which statement is correct? A
1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules. Which statement is correct? mino acids are basic units of carbohydrates. Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen.
More informationBiochemistry: Macromolecules
1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants
More informationTHE EXCRETION OF BORIC ACID FROM THE HUMAN BODY.
THE EXCRETION OF BORIC ACID FROM THE HUMAN BODY. BY HARVEY W. WILEY, M.D. (From the Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.) (Received for publication, December 15, 1906.) In the studies which I have inaugurated
More informationTHE FATE OF SUGAR IN THE ANIMAL
THE FATE OF SUGAR IN THE ANIMAL BODY. III. THE RATE OF GLYCOGEN FORMATION IN THE LIVER OF NORMAL AND INSULINIZED RATS DURING THE ABSORP- TION OF GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND GALACTOSE. BY CARL F. CORI. (From
More information(1) in their work on hvperthyroidism, and Linder, Hiller and Van Slyke (2) on nephritis. Finley and Rabinowitch (3) and more recently
SIMULTANEOUS RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE AND BLOOD SUGAR TIME CURVES OBTAINED IN DIABETIC AND NON DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS FOLLOWING INGESTION OF GLUCOSE By I. M. RABINOWITCH WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ALTHEA B. FRITH
More informationEFFECTS OF FREQUENT MILKING ON MILK SECRETION DURING LACTATION IN THE GOAT: RELATION TO FACTORS WHICH LIMIT THE RATE OF SECRETION
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1982) 67, 33-31 Printed in Great Britain EFFECTS OF FREQUENT MILKING ON MILK SECRETION DURING LACTATION IN THE GOAT: RELATION TO FACTORS WHICH LIMIT THE RATE
More informationTHE RELATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA TO THE RELATIVE BLOOD VOLUME, CHLORINE CONCENTRATION, AND CHLORINE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD OF DOGS.
Published Online: 1 July, 1925 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.42.1.89 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on September 28, 2018 THE RELATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA TO THE RELATIVE BLOOD VOLUME, CHLORINE CONCENTRATION,
More informationMolecules of Life. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Molecules of Life All living things are composed of the following basic elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur Remember
More informationResearch Institute, Brompton, London, S.W.)
IS POLISHED RICE PLUS VITAMINE A COMPLETE FOOD? BY CASIMIR FUNK. (From the Department of Chemical Physiology, Cancer Hospital Research Institute, Brompton, London, S.W.) IN previous papers on this subject(1)
More information(Received for publication, March 22, 1917.) INTRODUCTION.
THE EFFECT OF THE INGESTION OF DESICCATED PLACENTA ON THE VARIATIONS IN THE COMPO- SITION OF HUMAN MILK DURING THE FIRST ELEVEN DAYS AFTER PARTURITION. BY FREDERICK S. HAMMETT AND LYLE G. McNEILE. (From
More informationMINKOWSKI(l) found that after complete extirpation of the pancreas
ON THE PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION OF GLY- COGEN IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC ANIMALS. BY E. W. H. CRUICKSHANK, M.B. (From the Institute of Physiology, University College.) I. On the glycogen of the liver. MINKOWSKI(l)
More informationIntroduction. In spite of a large amount of work by many investigators
CREATIN EXCRETION IN THE BIRD AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. By D. NOEL PATON. (From the Physiological Department, Glasgow University.) Introduction. In spite of a large amount of work by many investigators the
More informationPrevious Investigation.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF DEXTROSE ON THE METABOLISM IN THE DOG. By JAMES STT, M.D. (Fromt the Laboratory of the Royal llege of Physicians of Edinburgh.) THE question
More informationJanuary 31, Chemistry of Life. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Biologically Important Macromolecules. Nucleic Acids
Chemistry of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biologically Important Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Polymers Polymers are large molecules of repeating sub units (building blocks) Individual Building Blocks......can
More informationCollege, London. NITROGEN IN THE URINE. BY OTTO VERAGUTH, steadily hour by hour to the fifth hour, when it reached its maximum
THE EFFECT OF A MEAL ON THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN IN THE URINE. BY OTTO VERAGUTH, M.D., Zurich. (Twelve Figures in Text.) From the Department of Pathological Chemistry, University College, London. DR TSCHLENOFF1
More informationcompletion of the exercise. Similarly Levine, Gordon and Derick(a3), activity and the excretion of uric acid in the urine forms a very vexed
THE STATIC EFFORT AND THE EXCRETION OF URIC ACID. BY ROBERT CAMPBELL GARRY. (From the Institute of Physiology, University, Glasgow.) THE relationship, if such there exist, between type and degree of muscle
More informationL. E. Phillip, M.V. Simpson, E. S. Idziak H and S.F. Kubow*
Ruminal and metabolic effects of pure lignin in sheep fed low and high fibre diets. L. E. Phillip, M.V. Simpson, E. S. Idziak H and S.F. Kubow* Introduction Previous studies with cattle indicated that
More informationLec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss.
Lec 3a- BPK 110 Human Nutr.:Current Iss. 1. Overview Carbohydrates (CHO) 2. Types of Carbohydrates 3. Why to Include Carbohydrates in Your Diet? 4. Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Carbohydrates
More informationBY W. W. SWANSON. (Prom the Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.)
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM BENZOATE INGESTION UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD AND URINE WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE POSSIBLE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCINE IN THE BODY. PRELIMINARY PAPER. BY W. W. SWANSO (Prom the
More informationPure rumen conditioning with bio-available minerals
Pure rumen conditioning with bio-available minerals Natural, bio-available minerals from the seabed Living marine algae Dead, calcareous marine algae and its honeycombed structure - from which Acid Buf
More informationPHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN DIABETES
10 BLOOD PHOSPHORUS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: IV-THE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN DIABETES MELLITUS F B BYROM From the Dunn Laboratories, London Hospital Received for publication November 24th, 1928
More information1. Substances in Cells
1. Substances in Cells Students: Investigate cell requirements, including but not limited to: - Suitable forms of energy, including light energy and chemical energy in complex molecules. - Matter, including
More informationObjective Students will learn what causes lactose intolerance and carry out a laboratory activity to test a treatment for lactose intolerance.
Oklahoma Ag in the Classroom Making the Most of Milk Understanding Lactose Intolerance Objective Students will learn what causes lactose intolerance and carry out a laboratory activity to test a treatment
More informationTHE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM
35 THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM BY L. MIRVISH AND L. P. BOSMAN. (From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cape Town.) (Received 12th February 1929.) INTRODUCTION.
More information3. Beans are rich in which may be deficient in the diet of a vegetarian. A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. vitamins D. lipids
Topic 5: Food and humans 1. The sugar found in human blood is: A. Fructose B. Starch C. Glucose D. Glycogen 2. Fat is formed from the condensation of: A. Amino acids B. Amino acids and glycerol C. Fatty
More informationThe Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Name Period Date The Chemistry of Carbohydrates Biologists today depend upon chemists for much of their understanding of life and life processes. Therefore, an understanding of some chemical concepts important
More informationactivity the pars interinedia and pars nervosa of the fresh ox pituitary collected material, dried and powdered in a mortar, is used as a standard
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA AND PARS NERVOSA OF THE OX PITUITARY QUANTITA- TIVELY COMPARED. By P. T. HERRING. (From the Physiology Department, University of St Andrews.) (With six
More informationIntroduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?
Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education BIOLOGY 0610/03
www.xtremepapers.com Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education BIOLOGY 0610/03 Paper 3 Extended Candidates
More informationBiomolecules. Organic compounds of life
Biomolecules Organic compounds of life TEKS 9A: Students will Compare the structure and function of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 9D: Students
More informationTHE DIABETOGENIC HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
VOL. XIII, i JANUARY, 96 THE DIABETOGENIC HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND BY DAVID SLOME. (From the Department of Social Biology, the University of London, and the Buckston Browne Research Farm, Royal College
More informationMasing(2), who points out that 600/0 to 700/0 of the glucose of the
NOTE ON THE PERMEABILITY OF RED CORPUSCLES FOR GLUCOSES AND GLUCOSAMINE. BY SHUZO KOZAWA, M.D. (From the Medical College, Osaka.) I HAVE shown in a previous paper that the red corpuscles of man and of
More informationXXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES.
XXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES. II. THE PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE UREIDE. BY ALEXANDER HYND. From the Department of Physiology, University of St Andrews. (Received
More informationPIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION.
PIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION. 1. STAGES IN LACTATION PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS The lactation period is divided into four phases based on the cow s physiological cycle and
More information