Inorganic Plant Nutrition

Transcription

1 Inorganic Plant Nutrition Edited by A. Lauchli and R.L. Bieleski Contributors C.J.Asher L.Beevers R.T.Besford R.L. Bieleski P.Boger E.G. Bollard H.Bothe D.Bouma G.D.Bowen F.C. Cannon C.C.Delwiche J. Dobereiner W.M. Dugger D.G.Edwards I.B.Ferguson T.J.Flowers R.C.Foster W.H.Gabelman G.C.Gerloff R.H.Hageman A. Lauchli U.Liittge D.Marme H.Marschner J.Moorby M.G. Pitman A. Pollard A.Quispel A.D.Robson R.Roth A.D.Rovira G.Sandmann J.A.Schiff W.R.Ullrich D.Werner R.G.Wyn Jones M.G.Yates With a Foreword by E. Epstein With 131 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Tokyo 1983

2 IV. General Function of Inorganic Nutrients in Growth and Metabolism IV. 1 Genetic Basis of Inorganic Plant Nutrition G.C. GERLOFF and W.H. GABELMAN (With 2 Figures) 1 Introduction Major Nutritional Variations Inefficiency in Nutrient Utilization Efficiency Under Nutrient Stress Economic Plants Wild Plants Toxicities Metals Phosphorus Mechanisms for Differences in Nutrient Requirements Inefficiency Under Normal Nutrient Supply Efficiency Under Nutrient Stress Acquisition from the Environment Movement Across Roots and Delivery to Xylem Distribution in Plant Shoots Utilization in Metabolism and Growth Nutrient Efficiency in Wild Plants Screening and Selection Techniques Nutrient Cultures Cell and Tissue Cultures Nutrient Variations in Seeds Discussion and Future Outlook 472 References IV.2 Mineral Nutrition and Growth J. MOORBY and R.T. BESFORD (With 24 Figures) 1 Introduction The Supply of Mineral Nutrients and Their Concentration in Plants The Effect of Mineral Nutrients on Photosynthesis, Respiration and the Transport of Assimilates Photosynthesis Respiration Translocation The Relationships Between Mineral Nutrients and Plant Growth Substances Cytokinins Abscisic Acid The Effects of Mineral Nutrients on Growth Root Growth Leaf Growth Growth of Other Organs 513

3 VI 6 Mathematical Models of Mineral Nutrient Responses 513 References 521 IV.3 Proteins, Enzymes and Inorganic Ions R.G. WYN JONES and A. POLLARD (With 5 Figures) 1 Introduction Water, Inorganic Ions and Protein Structure Some Properties of Water Protein Conformation and Its Stabilisation Inorganic Ion Effects on Protein Conformation Inorganic Ions and Enzyme Activity General Electrostatic Effects Lyotropic Effects Specific Ion Effects Potassium Sodium ' Magnesium Calcium Chlorine Other Metals The Biological Context State of Cellular Water and Inorganic Ions Inorganic Ion Composition of Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Osmo-Remedial Mutants of Microorganisms Integrated Cellular Functions of K Problems and Reservations 554 References 555 IV.4 The Enzymological Function of Heavy Metals and Their Role in Electron Transfer Processes of Plants G. SANDMANN and P. BOGER (With 4 Figures) 1 Essential Heavy Metals in Plant Metabolism: Deficiency and Toxicity in Chloroplasts Metallo-Proteins Iron Proteins Iron-Sulfur Proteins Cytochromes Heme-Containing Enzymes Superoxide Dismutase Copper Proteins Type-1 Copper: Plastocyanin Type-2 Copper Type-3 Copper Multicopper Proteins Zn-Containing Proteins Carbonic Anhydrase Alcohol Dehydrogenase Electron Transport Mitochondria Chloroplasts Iron Copper Manganese 587 References 588

4 VII V. Special Functions of Some Elements V.I Calcium Transport and Function D. MARME (With 2 Figures) 1 Introduction Cellular Ca 2+ Transport Calmodulin Subcellular Ca 2+ Transport Mitochondrial Ca 2 + Transport Microsomal Ca 2 + Transport Cellular Ca 2+ Function Growth Auxin-Dependent Growth Pollen Tip Growth Mimosa Leaf Movement Mougeotia Chloroplast Movement Chlamydomonas Flagellar Movement Microtubules and Mitosis Membrane Fusion Development Enzyme Activity Conclusion 618 References 619 V.2 Boron in Plant Metabolism W.M. DUGGER (With 4 Figures) 1 The Absorption and Distribution of Boron in Plants Absorption of Boron by Plants Distribution of Boron in Plants Boron as an Essential Element in Higher and Lower Plants The Effect of Boron on Vegetative Growth Cell Division and Enlargement Cell Differentiation and Maturation Cellular Membrane Activity The Influence of Boron on Phenolic Compounds and Lignin Biosynthesis The Influence of Boron on Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth The Effect of Boron on Plant Metabolism and Enzymatic Reactions Respiration I Photosynthesis Cell Wall Biosynthesis Protein Metabolism Phosphorus Metabolism Auxin Content and Metabolism Regulation of Enzymatic Reactions in Plants Translocation and Metabolism of Sugars Nucleic Acid Metabolism, RNA and DNA Synthesis Prospectus 646 References 646 V.3 Sodium Versus Potassium: Substitution and Compartmentation T.J. FLOWERS and A. LAUCHLI (With 6 Figures) 1 Introduction Plant Requirements for Sodium and Potassium Potassium Sodium 653

5 VIII 3 Techniques for the Localisation of Sodium and Potassium X-Ray Microanalysis Use of Frozen Specimens Precipitation Methods Freeze Substitution Non-Aqueous Cell Fractionation Autoradiography Other Methods Tracer Flux Analysis Metabolic Evidence Localisation of Potassium and Sodium in Plants, and Their Roles in the Cell Localisation Within the Plant Localisation Within the Cell Roles of Sodium and Potassium The Substitution of Na for the Roles of Kin Plant Cells 671 References 675 V.4 Silica Metabolism D. WERNER and R. ROTH (With 3 Figures) 1 Introduction Silica Metabolism in Cormophytes Silicon as an Essential Trace Element Silica Accumulation Silica Metabolism in Diatoms Uptake of Silicic Acid Silica Content in Diatoms and Silica Structures Regulation of General Metabolism by Silica Biochemistry of Silica Compounds Conclusion and Outlook 692 References 692 V.5 Involvement of Unusual Elements in Plant Growth and Nutrition E.G. BOLLARD (With 4 Figures) 1 Introduction Aluminium Content Essentiality Toxicity Expression of Toxicity Plant Growth in Acid Soils Resistance to Acid Soil Conditions Toxicity at Higher ph's Mechanisms of Toxicity Interaction with Phosphate Interaction with Calcium and Other Nutrient Ions Effect on Cell Growth Differences Between Susceptible and Tolerant Plants Toxicity to Plant Cells Physiology and Biochemistry Iodine Content Essentiality Toxicity Physiology and Biochemistry 707

6 IX 4 Selenium Content Essentiality '": Toxicity Physiology Biochemistry Metabolic Differences Between Accumulator and Non-Accumulator Species Chromium Content Essentiality Toxicity Physiology Cobalt Content Essentiality Toxicity Physiology Nickel Content Essentiality Toxicity Physiology and Biochemistry Vanadium Content Essentiality Toxicity Physiology and Biochemistry Concluding Remarks Essentiality Toxicity 728 References 729 VI. Synthesis and Outlook R.L. BIELESKI and A. LAUCHLI (With 1 Figure) 745 Author Index 757 Subject Index.829