Monitoring Seafood safety in Norway Ingvild Eide Graff, director of research and Øyvind Lie, director

Transcription

1 Monitoring Seafood safety in Norway Ingvild Eide Graff, director of research and Øyvind Lie, director

2 Organization of the food area Minister of health and care services Minister of agriculture and food Risk assessment Minister of fisheries

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4 Global food production Terrestrial pollution Marine pollution Residues of pesticides in fish feed and seafood

5 Food legislation Food of animal origin EU s directive 96/23 (prohibited substances and undesirable substances) Fruit and vegetables: Regulations EC 396/2005 (pesticides) and EC 333/2007 (heavy metals) Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, medical residues, pesticides, etc Norway as all other countries

6 EU s upper limit (EU commission) or For a certain substance in a certain food item Lead (mg/kg) Cadmium (mg/kg) Endosulfane (mg/kg) Danoklaksin (µg/kg) Dioksin and dl-pcb (pg/g) 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,05 No limit 100 6,5 0,05 0, ,25-4,0* *pr g fat

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8 Surveillance: farmed fish and wild catches Regulated by EU (Directive 96/23) Motivated by EU s upper limit. Norge is responsible not to export seafood exceeding the limits Funded and sampled by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority Funded by the government and by the industry Analysed by NIFES Analysed by NIFES

9 Baseline - status Following species: 76 N 75 N Herring: 74 N 73 N 72 N Greenland halibut: 71 N 67 N 66 N 65 N 64 N 63 N 62 N Saithe: 68 N Mackerel: 70 N 69 N Cod: 61 N 60 N 59 N 58 N 57 N 43 E 42 E 41 E 40 E 39 E 38 E 37 E 36 E 35 E 34 E 33 E 32 E 31 E 30 E 29 E 28 E 27 E 26 E 25 E 24 E 23 E 22 E 21 E 20 E 19 E 18 E 17 E 16 E 15 E 14 E 13 E 12 E 11 E 9 E 10 E 8 E 7 E 6 E 5 E 4 E 3 E 2 E 1 E 0 E 1 W 2 W 3 W 4 W 5 W 6 W

10 New species where surveillance has started: Haddock Tusk Ling Red-fish Halibut

11 Base-line studies on North-East Atlantic mackerel Month for sampling: March April June Prøvetakingsmåned August September October November mars april juni august september oktober november Generally low levels of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs

12 Undesirables in som pelagic species: Dioxin and dioxinlike PCB ng TEQ/kg Mercury, mg/kg Brominated flameretardants µg/kg DDT, µg/kg Kolmule Blue whiting 0,6 0,04 0,5 2,9 Lodde Capelin 0,5 0,01 0,1 5 Øyepål Norway pout n.a. 0,02 1,1 2,0 Tobis Sand eel n.a 0,01 1,2 2,5 Polartorsk Polar cod 0,3 0,01 0,04 n.a Hestmakrell 1,1 Horse mackerel n.a. = not analysed 0,18 4 7

13 Surveillance program - fish feed Microbiology Heavy metals PCBs Pesticides (DDT, endosulphane toxaphene etc) Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs Polybrominated flame retardants (BFR) Synthetical antioxidants Mycotoxins Selected vitamins and trace elements +++ Increased sampling the last years Check levels against EUs maximum limits Few samples exceed the maximum limits

14 Surveillance of farmed fish Undesirable substances in farmed fish Report: The Norwegian Food safety authority

15 Web page on French TV2: Methyl mercury Misprint in the report: 0,37 mg/kg Should have been 0,037 mg/kg

16 Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon 1,6 1,4 ng TEQ/kg 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0, Year

17 Brominated flame retardants in farmed Atlantic salmon Others: PBDE7 HBCD 2.0 <1 ng/g TBBPA Most of the samples <1ng/g ng/g pooled samples of five fish (=1335 fish)

18 Pesticides in farmed Atlantic salmon Dieldrin 4 ng/g ng/g 475 pooled samples of five fish (= 2375 fish) 453 pooled samples of five fish (= 2265 fish) Ca. 30 different pesticides measured No increase Some of them decreased

19 Undesirable substances in fatty fish? Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB data from EU s upper limit: 6,5 7 TEQ ng/kg Mackerel NSS herring North sea herring Farmed Atlantic salmon Wild Atlantic salmon Rainbow trout Greenland Salmon halibut from Baltic sea

20 Pesticides EU s upper limit: Meat: 0,1 Tomato: 0,5 Salmon: no limit Endosulfan Endosulfan, mg/kg 0,06 EU s upper limit (apples) 0,05 0,04 0,02 0 Apples Carrots Eggs Oranges Tomatoes Rice Salmon EFSA Journal 2013; 11(3):3130, pp 153 and 567

21 Ethoxyquin in farmed salmon and pear Ethoxyquin mg/kg 3 EU s upper limit, pear (sum EQ and met) 2,5 mg/kg 2 Salmon Salmon 1,5 Pear Pear 1 0,5 0 Salmon Salmon Pear Pear Pico et al,talanta 81 (2010), table1

22 DDT Sum DDT, mg/kg EU s upper limit 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 Milk Eggs Salmon (2010) EFSA Journal 2013; 11(3):3130, pp 152 and 537 Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

23 Medical residues Number of non-compliant results in 2011 for 10 years of prohibited substances (group A) monitoring farmed fish: only one detection Chloramphenicol Nitroimidazoles Nitrofurazone Nitrofurans (AMOZ) 2 Nitrofurans (AOZ) 0 Nitrofurans (SEM) EFSA supporting publication 2013: EN-363, pp 14

24 Regarding food for the European consumer: Which numbers do you trust? 27 countries samples 500 different types of food Dallas, Texas, 2009 Schecter et al 2010 This one..?.or this one?

25 Unique for a certain substance independent of food item Example: Dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs: 14 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bodyweight per week 14*70 = 980 pg/week 14*25 = 350 pg/week 70 kg 25 kg

26 Vulnerable groups Contributions of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in infant and toddlers: 1) 1) 2) 2) EFSA journal 2012, 10(7): 2832

27 Well known organic pollutants in feed resources New undesirable substances

28 New risks in fish feed New POPs e.g. HBCD TBBPA PFOS/PFAS +++ New pesticides Carbamates Organophosphates Pyrethroids Mycotoxins ochratoxine A (OTA) aflatoxine (AFL) zearalenone (ZEA) deoxynivalenol (DON) fumonisin (Fum) PAH Medical residues from PAP New pesticides Carbamates Organophosphates Pyrethroids PAH EFSA 16 carsinogene PAH EPA 14 environmental PAHs e.g. BaP Phenanthrene

29 + Marine omega-3 Vitamin D Proteins Selenium Iodine? Dioxins PCB DDT HBCD Cd Hg Pb Nutrients and undesirables

30 Cardiovascular disease Marine omega-3 and dioxins lives saved lives lost 400 gram fish, numbers per 1 million people Lean fish 2400 Herring, Mackerel Farmed salmon before Todays farmed salmon FAO/WHO, 2011

31 Mental health Change in the childrens IQ Childrens IQ increases when the mothers have eaten seafood in pregnancy. -Also when methyl mercury is taken into account EPA+DHA 3 Methyl mercury 2 Netto Oily fish Lean fish WHO/FAO, 2011

32 Coctail effect: sum of all food components = 7? = 2? =?

33 Survey among pregnant women outside Bergen Post 3partum epression Depresjon måneder etter fødselen Highest depression score among the mothers with lowest omega-3 index Marine omega-3 index during pregnancy (Markhus et al PlosOne 2013)

34 Cross-section studies Obesity og type 2 diabetes «High energy» food Pommes frites Red meat Processed meat Sugar Soft drinks Vegetables Beans and peas Fruit Full grain cereals Fish and other seafood

35 Protein and obesity Chicken Kylling Beef Biff Low fat Lavfett Pork Svin Weight gain Cod Torsk

36 Most studied single component: Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids may protect against obesity Many welldesigned rodent studies Few human studies

37 FINS (Fish intervention studies) Two main topics: Obesity/metabolic syndrom Learning, cognitive function Mainly funded by:

38 I Feasibility study Mackerel Herring Various dishes Choice of preferred dishes II Main study Herring and mackerel 3 days /week 3-4 months 200 children 5-6 years Cheek cells Blood Urine Learning abilities Memory Concentration

39 D2 attention test

40 Worrying consequences of press coverage like these: The population changes their diet towards a worse alternative base on incorrect information

41 Conclusion: + Marine omega 3 Vitamin D Selenium Iodine Dioxins Lead PCB DDT FAO/WHO 2011 Sverige 2007 USA 2006 Norge 2006 EFSA 2005 UK 2004 Danmark 2003 Eat more seafood, including farmed species and wild catches