Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Compositions of Akamoku Sargassum horneri Harvested in Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Prefecture

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1 Aquaculture Sci Sargassum horneri 1, Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Compositions of Akamoku Sargassum horneri Harvested in Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Prefecture Kaori MURAKAMI 1,, Yumiko MATOBA 2, Kosaku NODA 2, Yoko YAMAGUCHI 2, Takato FUJII 2, Naoya SHINOHARA 3, Tsuneki AKIMOTO 3, Yohko Sugawa-KATAYAMA 4 and Masayuki KATAYAMA 4 Abstract: The chemical compositions of a brown alga, Akamoku, Sargassum horneri harvested at the depth of 12 m in ocean areas of Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, were investigated. This study was intended to elucidate the relationship between the chemical components and the growth of S. horneri. Both its length and weight reached their maximum values in March or April. Differences between male and female plants by their receptacles were completely distinguishable in the middle of April. The protein content varied considerably at the growing stages of the plant. The maximum value of protein content was observed in immature plant in December. The protein content decreased in the following two months, increased in March when the plant fully matured, and thereafter decreased continuously through the rest of test period. The carbohydrate and total dietary fiber content showed differences between the male and female from middle February to May. Significant changes were not observed in lipid contents through the whole period tested. The ash and total dietary fiber content in S. horneri were similar or rather higher than those of other edible alga. Key words: Sargassum horneri; Chemical composition; Dietary fiber; Seaweed Sargassum horneriturnerc. Agardh 1977; Umezaki 1984; Yoshida et al Murai et al Department of Health Science, Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima , Japan 2 Department of Nutrition Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women s University, Fukuoka , Japan 3 Fukuoka Fisheries & Marine Technology Research Center, Fukuoka , Japan 4 Department of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Aoyama University, Osaka , Japan Corresponding author: Tel: (+81) ; Fax: (+81) ; k.murakami.tf@it- hiroshima.ac.jp.

2 Umezaki 1984 Fahrenbach et al. 1966; Kiriyama et al. 1969; Noda et al. 1989; Church et al. 1989; Nishide et al Preeprame et al. 2001; Sakai et al. 2004; Athukorala et al. 2006; Yamaguchi ; Daws 1998; Lobban et al m / kg 30 SIBATA PERSONAL MILL SCM-40A; a 100 g 1 g g g Megazyme, AOAC 1985, 1986, 1987; Prosky et al. 1985, 1988

3 Table 1. Seasonal changes of plant length, weight and maturity index of Sargassum horneri grown in Chikuzen Sea November 16 December January 14 February 17 March 17 April 15 May 5 June Maturity index (%) Immature ( n = 1466) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Length (cm) Male (n = 521) Female (n = 723) Immature (n = 1466) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wet weight (g) Male (n = 521) Female (n = 723) Plants of S. horneri were harvested from Chikuzen Sea, Fukuoka Pref. and their length and wet weight measured. Sixteen to forty-four plant, harvested on the date as described, were used for measurement. The results are shown in meanssd. n is the number of sample plants. The values in parentheses in the immature column are the average values of the male and female plants. Table 2. Seasonal changes of ratio of plant weight to length of Sargassum horneri in Chikuzen Sea November 16 December January 14 February 17 March 17 April 15 May 5 June Wet weight/length (g/10 cm) Male Female Immature (n= 7) (n= 5) (n=14) (n=21) The results are shown in means SD. See Table 1 for abbreviations (n= 7) (n= 9) (n=14) (n=23) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (n=22) (n=30) (n=63) (n=26) Table cm cm cm241 g 147 cm198 g cm100 g cm 10 g Table 2 20 cm Table 3. Seasonal variations in moisture content, on the wet weight basis, of Sargassum horneri Moisture (g/100 g) Male Female Immature December January ( 89.7 ) 14 February ( 88.2 ) 17 March ( 86.8 ) 17 April ( 87.4 ) 15 May ( 87.3 ) 5 June ( 87.7 ) S. horneri was harvested on the day as described in Table 1. The moisture contents in the samples harvested from th December to th June were determined. The edible portions of S. horneri samples harvested were washed, lyophilized and dried in an oven at 105 for 5 hours. The malefemale differences were distinctly observed after the end of February. Values are means of 2 specimens from one pool sample. Experimental error was less than 0.02% for each value. 100 g 1 g Table g/100 g

4 Table g/100 g g/100 g g/100 g g/100 g mg/g mg/g Table g/ 100 g mg/g 4.68 mg/g Table g/100 g3.75 g/ 100 g mg/g Table 4. Seasonal variations in protein content of Sargassum horneri Protein December January ( 1.32 ) ( 129 ) 14 February ( 1.06 ) ( 89.9 ) 17 March ( 1.36 ) ( 103 ) 17 April ( 0.90 ) ( 71.6 ) 15 May ( 0.74 ) ( 58.3 ) 5 June ( 0.68 ) ( 55.5 ) The samples, harvested from Chikuzen Sea, were washed and lyophilized. The chemical components were determined as described in the text. The dry weight was obtained by dehydration as described in the legend for Table 3. Wet weight basis; the value showed weight of chemical component (g)/wet weight of sample (100 g). Values are means of 2 specimens from one pool sample. Experimental error was less than 1.0% for each value. Dry weight basis ; the value showed weight of chemical component (mg)/dry weight of sample (g). Table 5. Seasonal variations in lipid content of Sargassum horneri Lipid December January ( 0.04 ) ( 3.55 ) 14 February ( 0.05 ) ( 3.92 ) 17 March ( 0.06 ) ( 3.55 ) 17 April ( 0.06 ) ( 4.35 ) 15 May ( 0.06 ) ( 4.50 ) 5 June ( 0.05 ) ( 3.85 ) The samples were the same as described for Tables 3 and 4. Values are means of 2 specimens from one pool sample. Experimental error was 0.01% to 4.1% for each value. Table 6. Seasonal variations in ash content of Sargassum horneri Ash December January ( 2.81 ) ( 274 ) 14 February ( 3.04 ) ( 258 ) 17 March ( 3.00 ) ( 227 ) 17 April ( 2.92 ) ( 231) 15 May ( 3.59 ) ( 285 ) 5 June ( 3.36 ) ( 274 ) The samples were the same as described for Tables 3 and 4. Values are means of 2 specimens from one pool sample. Experimental error was less than 1.5% for each value.

5 Table g/100 g g/100 g mg/g Table g/100 g 7.42 g/100 g mg/g ; Table 1 Yoshida Yoshida et al cm 10 g 3 10 m m 5 m December January 14 February 17 March 17 April 15 May 5 June Table 7. Seasonal variations in carbohydrate content of Sargassum horneri Carbohydrate ( 6.10 ) ( 7.65 ) ( 8.83 ) ( 8.76 ) ( 8.28 ) ( 8.20 ) ( 594 ) ( 648 ) ( 667 ) ( 693 ) ( 652 ) ( 667 ) The samples were the same as described for Tables 3 and 4. Carbohydrate contents were calculated as weight differences between the total weight and the sum of the amounts of protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents December January 14 February 17 March 17 April 15 May 5 June Table 8. Seasonal variations in total dietary fiber content of Sargassum horneri Total dietary fiber ( 4.03 ) ( 5.54 ) ( 5.90 ) ( 6.33 ) ( 6.17 ) ( 7.16 ) The same samples as used for Tables 3 and 4 were used to determine the amounts of total dietary fiber as described in the text ( 393 ) ( 470 ) ( 446 ) ( 501 ) ( 488 ) ( 584 )

6 m 2 m Table m g/100 g Table Table 4;, 2: 1.06 g/100 g, 3: 1.36 g/100 g, 4: 0.90 g/100 g Mebeau and Fleurence 1993 Table g100 g g100 g Table ; g100 g g100 g Table 68 Undaria pinnatifida Caulerpa lentillifera 2005b

7 Table 9. Proximate chemical analysis of different species (wet weight) Moisture Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Ash TDF Sargassum horneri Undaria pinnatifida (Leaves = Wakame) Undaria pinnatifida (Sporophyl = Fruit-bearing leaves) Caulerpa lentillifera (Green caviar) The values (g/100 g wet weight) were cited from Japanese Standard Tables of Food Composition (the fifth revision, an enlarged edition). The chemical composition of S. horneri harvested from th December to th June were averaged. Table 10. Proximate chemical analysis of different species (dry weight) Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Ash TDF Sargassum horneri Entrtromorpha spp (Green laver) Laminaria japonica (Ma-konbu) Gelidium elegans (Tengusa) The values on dry weight basis were calculated. The values ( mg/g dry weight) were cited from Japanese Standard Tables of Food Composition (the fifth revision, an enlarged edition). The chemical composition of S. horneri harvested from th December to th June were averaged. 1.1 g/100 g3.1 g/100 g 0.9 g/100 g, 0.9 g/100 g 0.5 g/100 g 1.2 g/100 g Table 9 Enteromorpha ssp. Laminaria japonica Gelidium elegans 2005bTable 10 ; 92 mg/g; 91 mg/g ; 4 mg/g ; 3 mg/g 258 mg/g 475 mg/g 2005b 558 mg/g

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