Mineral Nutri,on and Its Impact on Reproduc,on

Transcription

1 Mineral Nutri,on and Its Impact on Reproduc,on Cody Wright, PhD Extension Beef Specialist Plan of A<ack Why minerals important Common challenges Overview of key minerals required for reproducdon Organic vs inorganic minerals Feeding minerals What s the big deal? Proper mineral nutridon is essendal for: Growth Immune funcdon ReproducDve funcdon Others Unfortunately, we have much to learn 1

2 Common Challenges ConcentraDons in feeds Availability from feeds Intake Average: 4.77 ± 1.94 oz Range: 1.76 oz to oz Tait and Fisher, 1994 Common Challenges Accurate esdmadon of requirements ProducDon Size Age? Breed? InteracDons? Required Minerals Macro- minerals: Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Phosphorus (P) Sodium (Na) Required Minerals Micro- minerals: Cobalt (Co) Iodine (I) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Selenium (Se) 1 inch 15.8 miles 2

3 Calcium Calcium lb 0.15 Ca % % of diet DM lb / Months since calving 6/2 6/22 7/12 8/1 8/21 9/10 8/16 9/5 Phosphorus P, % /8 Copper Tied to numerous enzyme systems Deficiency: Delayed or depressed estrus InteracDons with S and Mo create problems 5/28 6/17 7/7 7/27 Sulfur/Molybdenum/Copper Water SO4 concentradon 441 (0.26%) 1725 (0.48%) 2919 (0.68%) 4654 (1.1%) mg/kg Copper 56.8b 24.8c 7.7c 6.5c adiet contained 9.1 mg Cu and 2.5 mg Mo/kg. b,cmeans within a row without common superscripts differ (P < 0.01). Wright and Pa<erson,

4 Iodine Component of thyroid hormones Iodine deficiency/impaired thyroid funcdon: Goiter Irregular or suppressed estrus Low concepdon rate Impaired embryo development Post- natal mortality Iodine Manganese Retained placenta Reduced libido Reduced semen quality Component of numerous enzyme systems Cholesterol synthesis Sperm modlity Goitrogens Deficiency: Depressed or irregular estrus Low concepdon rates AborDons/sDllbirths Manganese Selenium Component of numerous enzyme systems 0 ppm 10 ppm 30 ppm 50 ppm Estrus response to Lutalyse, % First service concepdon rate, % Overall pregnancy rate, % Basal diet = 15.8 ppm Mn Hansen et al., 2006 AnDoxidant Conversion of T4 to T3 Deficiency: White muscle disease immune funcdon Retained placenta 4

5 Selenium Deficiency (cont.): EndometriDs CysDc ovaries Reduced semen viability Challenge in SD: deficiency and toxicity Zinc Component of numerous enzyme systems Deficiency may growth, ferdlity, and disease resistance Males: tesdcular development, semen quality, and libido Females: ferdlity Zinc ZnS (40) ZnPS (40) HiZnS (60) - 9.8x 1.2xy 20.6y % normal sperm 55.8x 68.9y 62.5xy % bulls classificadon deferred 77.6x 51.5y 58.8y Change in liver Zn, ppm Change in scrotal circumference, cm Arthington et al., 2002 Organic vs Inorganic MulD- element combinadons (Zn, Mn, Cu, Co) Tendency for increased first service concepdon rates in dairy cows (BallanDne et al., 2002) No differences (Griffiths et al., 2007) Tendency for decrease (Siciliano- Jones et al., 2008) 5

6 Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic MulD- element combinadons (Zn, Mn, Cu, Co) No effect on post- partum follicular dynamics or embryo quality (Hackbart et al., 2010) No effect on embryo number or quality in superovulated heifers Low Inorganic High Inorganic Hi Organic Final liver Cu, ppm Final liver Mn, ppm Final liver Zn, ppm Pregnant to AI, % Pregnant overall, % Stanton et al., 2001 (Lamb et al., 2008) Organic vs Inorganic So where do we start? CON ORG ING Con ORG vs vs Supp ING Preg rate to AI, % (Year 1) Preg rate to AI, % (Year 2) Preg rate to AI if observed in estrus, % Preg rate to AI if mass inseminated, % Overall preg rate, % Ahola et al., 2004 Determine animal requirements Determine mineral content of primary sources of minerals Forage (grazed or harvested) Supplemental feed ingredients Water Book values are quesdonable Sampling Feeds Grazed forages Trace minerals in clipped and selected samples are similar Macro- minerals will generally be higher in selected samples than in clipped samples Sample silages or delivered feeds periodically to monitor changes Sandhills Meadow Hay Mineral Cherry Rock Cu (ppm) 9.4* 6.7 Holt 6.5 Zn (ppm) 26.1* 25.5* 27.5* Mn (ppm) 85.9* 111.9* 131.5* P (%).25*.29*.15 Mg (%).17*.19*.16* K (%) 1.1* 1.6* 1.3* Adapted from Hickock et al. (1996) * 75% of requirement for gestadng cow 6

7 FormulaDng supplements Providing trace minerals ConsideraDons: Feed and mineral intake PotenDal antagonists Mineral sources Summary Several minerals are essendal to reproducdon and profitability Questions? Understanding requirements and tesdng feeds is key Don t be afraid to udlize professionals 7