Can Canola meal replace Soybean meal?

Transcription

1 Can Canola meal replace Soybean meal? A.C. Edwards ACE Livestock Consulting Pty Ltd PO Box 108 Cockatoo Valley SA Australia 5351

2 Characterisation of the Australian Livestock Feeding Industry Utilizes a broad range of feedstuffs Composition of diets varies widely x region x time Competition between commodities End users very flexible in what they use Market complicated by geographic dislocation and export

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4 Traditional protein sources Meat and bone meal, blood meal Soybean meal (imported) Grain legumes (peas, lupins, faba beans) Local oilseed meals (sunflower, cotton, linseed, safflower, rapeseed) Fish meal (imported) Synthetic amino acids Canola is now the dominant domestic vegetable protein

5 Component Moisture Crude protein% (Nx6.25) Rumen bypass (%of prot) Oil % Linoleic acid % Ash % Canola meal* Canada a Australia bc Soybean meal USA de (14.0) (3.0) (0.6) 6.02 Table 2 Nutrient composition of canola meal relative to soybean meal Sugars % Starch % Cellulose % 4.6 Oligosaccharides 2.3 Non-starch polysaccharides % 16.1 Soluble NSP % Insoluble NSP % Crude Fibre % Acid detergent fibre % Neutral detergent fibre % Total dietary fibre % Tannins % Sinapine% Phytic acid % Glucosinolates (u mol/g) (2.0) Nil (1.55) nil * Refers to solvent extracted meal Expeller and cold press meals have higher oil content with concurrent dilution of the other components a = Canola Council of Canada Feed Industry guide b = Perez-Maldonado 2003 c = Department of Primary Industries d = American Soybean Association e = NRC

6 Table 3 Comparative Amino Acid Profiles AA s as % of protein (main essential amino acids) (Degussa, 2001) Canola Soybean Sunflower Cotton Safflower Lupins Peas Lysine Methionine M + C Threonine Isoleucine Tryptophan Arginine

7 Table 4 Apparent ileal digestibility (%) of amino acids in several vegetable proteins for poultry (Ravindran, 1998) Canola Soybean Sunflower Cotton Lupins Peas Lysine Methionine Threonine Isoleucine Arginine

8 Table 5 Energy values for Canola meal relative to other vegetable protein meals (NRC) Chicken Pig Cattle AME n TME n DE NE ME NE m NE g NE c Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Canola meal* Soybean meal Sunflower meal 30% Cottonseed meal * Solvent extracted, 10% moisture

9 Canola meal in poultry diets Poultry are the largest consumers of canola in Australia Although lower in energy, protein, and amino acid digestibility than soybean meal it remains cost competitive Generally used in combination with soy and other protein source rather than as the sole protein meal

10 Table 6 Response to canola meal in broiler diets based on total or digestible amino acids (5-19 days). Ravindran et al (1998) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Control (wheat/sorghum/soya) Total AA Canola meal 6.66% Total AA Canola meal 13.33% Total AA Canola meal 20.0% Digest AA Canola meal 6.66% Digest AA Canola meal 13.33% Digest AA Canola meal 20.0%

11 Table 7 Response to graded inclusion of canola meal in broiler diets (1-41 days of age). Perez - Maldonado et al (2001) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Liver weight (gm/100gm L.Wt.) Pancreas Weight (gm/100gm L. Wt.) Control(wheat/soya) Canola meal 10% Canola meal 20% Canola meal 30% Canola meal 40%

12 Table 8 Maximum inclusion rates of canola meal in broiler diets based on digestible amino acids (4-42 days of age). Perez - Maldonado et al (2002) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Starter (4-25 d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) Canola meal 20% Canola meal 30% Canola meal 40% Finisher (25-42d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) Canola meal 20% Canola meal 30% Canola meal 40% Overall (4-42 d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) Canola meal 20% Canola meal 30% Canola meal 40%

13 Table 9 Response in laying hens to low glucosinolate canola meal (Hi-Sex Brown Layers, weeks of age). Trappett et al (2001) Treatment Egg Prod. % Egg Weight (gm) Egg Mass (gm) Feed Intake (g/d) F.C.R. (g/g) Hen Weight (kg) Control (Sorghum/wheat/soya) Canola meal 10% Canola meal 20% Canola meal 30%

14 Historical problems with rapeseed are no longer an issue with canola Glucosinolates, erucic acid Tibial dischondroplasia (sulphur, electrolyte balance) Fatty liver/ haemorrhage Phytate content (phytase) However some prejudice still remains among older nutritionists

15 Canola meal in pig diets Now used widely across full spectrum of diets Confidence to use relatively high rates No apparent limitations to use other than oil content

16 Canadian Feeding Trials (Hickling, 1994) Grower pigs ( kg L. Wt) Canola replacing soya Soyabean meal Med Canola meal Hi Canola meal 20/ 16 % 6/ 8 % 10/ 15 % ADFI kg/d ADG g/d FCR Dressing % Carcass backfat index

17 Responses to increasing canolameal level in grower pigs (28 70 kg L.Wt.) - Bunge Meat Industries (1995) Canola meal replacing lupin kernels and other proteins Canola meal inclusion (%) ADG (g/d) ADFI (kg/d) FCR P2 backfat mm Dressing %

18 Canola meal replacing lupins in pig grower diets (20 90 kg L. Wt.) Treatment (Canola:lupin) 0:25 5:20 10:15 15:10 20:5 ADG g/d NS Feed:gain NS Dressing % NS P2 backfat mm NS Eye muscle area NS Thyroid g/kg L.Wt 5.04 a 7.13 a 6.55 a 8.26 b 8.21 b p<.05 Ranford et al 1995

19 Canola meal in dairy cattle diets Australian dairy industry mainly pasture based (grazing) Supplementary feeding now significant ( tonne/cow/year) Supplement supplies energy, protein, minerals, additives Protein component needs to address balance between rumen degradable and bypass components role for canola meal

20 Digestion and metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in the rumen FOOD Protein Non-protein N SALIVARY GLANDS Undegradable protein Degradable protein Non-protein N Peptides RUMEN Amino acids Ammonia LIVER NH3 UREA Microbial protein KIDNEY Digested in small intestine Excreted in urine

21 Critical features of a successful by-pass protein A significant proportion must escape rumen degradation The escaped protein must be digestible in the abomasum The amino acids released need to be appropriate to meet the animals needs for production Relative to most other sources canola meal best meets these prerequisites

22 Rumen degradable (RDP and undegraded (UDP) protein requirements (g/day) of standard cow weighing 500 kg, producing milk with fat 40 g/kg. No allowance is made for change in body weight. (ARC 1991) M E /G E (q) Form of protein 0 5 Milk yield (kg/day) RDP UDP RDP UDP RDP UDP

23 Table 10 Relative value of bypass protein sources Protein Source Rumen Bypass (%) Digest Lysine Content (% of protein) Gms Lysine Delivered Cost per gm Lysine (c) 1000 gm soya protein X 14 X 0.9 X 5.95 = gm lupin protein X 5 X 0.9 X 4.58 = gm cotton protein X 40 X 0.5 X 3.96 = gm canola protein X 35 X 0.85 X 5.32 = Assumes costs of Soya 48% = $420/tonne Lupin 30% = $220/tonne Cotton 42% = $350/tonne Canola 37% = $300/tonne

24 Table 11 The essential amino acid profile (g/16g N) of the protein of milk, rumen microbial protein and selected feedstuffs. Milk Microbial Protein Barley Sorghum Cotton Lupins Canola Soya Lysine (Avail Lysine) - (8.0) (3.2) (2.1) (1.2) (3.5) (4.3) (5.4) Methionine Cystine Threonine Isoleucine Tryptophan Arginine Valine Phenylanin Tyrosine

25 Factors likely to increase canola meal usage in Australia GMO restrictions (poultry/ dairy) Bio-diesel production from canola oil Recognition of the nutritive value/ freedom from problems Agronomic adaptability Ease of handling

26 Conclusions 1 Canola has stepped away from the problems of rapeseed Canola meal now viewed as a quality protein meal competitive with soybean meal (and others) with great flexibility for liberal use across most animal species Sinapine levels remain an issue for brownegg layers but hopefully can be reduced by plant breeding

27 Conclusions 2 Can canola replace soyabean meal? It already has in many instances, but the inclusion of canola is not necessarily at the expense of soya in Australia. Canola has assumed a prominent role as a source of protein in animal feeds and will consolidate this position as long as it remains price competitive.