Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Transcription

1 2015 Virginia Polytechnic Institute an State University ENTO-127NP

2 ARTHROPOD PEST MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ON VEGETABLES IN VIRGINIA 2014 THOMAS P. KUHAR PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY VIRGINIA TECH, 216 PRICE HALL BLACKSBURG, VA PH ; FAX ; E- MAIL PETER B. SCHULTZ PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY HAMPTON ROADS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & EXTENSION CENTER, VPI & SU 1444 DIAMOND SPRINGS ROAD, VIRGINIA BEACH, VA PH ; FAX ; E- MAIL HÉLÈNE DOUGHTY RESEARCH SPECIALIST SENIOR, DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY HAMPTON ROADS AREC, VPI & SU PH ; E- MAIL JAMES JENRETTE RESEARCH ASSISTANT & ON- LINE MASTER S STUDENT, DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY EASTERN SHORE AREC, VPI & SU PH ; E- MAIL JCJEN@VT.EDU JOHN AIGNER, LOUIS NOTTINGHAM, JAMES WILSON, HOLLY WANTUCH, ADAM MOREHEAD, TONY DIMEGLIO, AND JAMES MASON GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANTS DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY, VPI & SU 2 P age

3 Forewor This booklet contains arthropo pest management research conucte on vegetable crops in eastern Virginia in Research was conucte at several locations in Virginia incluing: 1) the Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural Research an Extension Center (AREC) near Painter, VA; 2) the Hampton Roas AREC in Virginia Beach, VA; 3) the Virginia Tech Kentlan Research Farm near Blacksburg, VA; an 4) the Southwest Virginia 4- H Eucational Center in Abingon, VA. All plots were maintaine accoring to stanar commercial practices. Soil type at the ESAREC is a Bojac Sany Loam. Soil type at the HRAREC is Tetotum loam (average ph: 5.7). Soil type at the Kentlan Research Farm is Shottower loam. Most of the research involves fiel evaluations of insecticies. Some of the information presente herein will be publishe in a similar format in the journal Arthropo Management Tests: 2015, vol. 40 (Entomological Society of America). We hope that this information will be of value to those intereste in insect pest management on vegetable crops, an we wish to make the information accessible. However, please note that all information is for informational purposes only. Because most of the ata from the stuies are base on a single season s environmental conitions, it is requeste that the ata not be publishe, reprouce, or otherwise taken out of context without the permission of the authors. The authors neither enorse any of the proucts in these reports nor iscriminate against others. Aitionally, some of the proucts evaluate are not commercially available an/or not labele for use on the crop(s) in which they were use. If you have questions concerning the ata or interpretation of the results, please feel free to contact me, Tom Kuhar at ; e- mail: tkuhar@vt.eu 3 P age

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We sincerely thank the following organizations an iniviuals for their assistance an support of the entomological research presente in this booklet: Competitive Grants: USDA NIFA- SCRI USDA SR- RIPM Southern SARE Grauate Stuent Grant VDACS Specialty Crops Grant Virginia Agricultural Council Virginia Irish Potato Boar Virginia Soybean Boar USDA- ARS Special Cooperative Agreement Don Weber Inustry Support: DuPont: Don Ganske Nichino America: James Aams Bayer CropScience: Matt Mahoney Monsanto: Ruohan Liu & Michael Crawfor BASF: Glenn Oliver Syngenta: Erin Hitchner Valent BioSciences Corp.: Greg Clarke Gowan: Paul Davi ISK BIOSCIENCES: Sean Whipple Valent USA: John Cranmer FMC: Joe Ree Dow AgroSciences: Rany Huckaba Unite Phosphorus Inc.: Tony Estes Chemtura: Jay Angle Certis USA: Brett Highlan Marrone Bio Innovations: T. Johnson All of the faculty an staff of the Virginia Tech Eastern Shore AREC with a special thanks to: Steve Rieout (Director) J. T. Custis (Farm Manager) Our Summer Entomology Fiel Research Assistants: ESAREC/HRAREC: Jill Rajevich, Mary Morse an Will Hines Blacksburg/Kentlan Farm: Liz Frea an Emily Lawrence Collaborative research with Phil Blevins (Virginia Coop. Extension Washington County) Kentlan Research Farm Manager Jon Wooge 4 P age

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... 5 COLE CROPS... 7 CONTROL OF GREEN PEACH APHIDS IN BROCCOLI... 7 CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN BROCCOLI... 7 CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN BROCCOLI CONTROL OF FLEA BEETLES IN COLLARDS... 8 CONTROL OF HARLEQUIN BUGS IN COLLARDS... 9 CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN KALE... 9 CUCURBIT CROPS CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SUMMER SQUASH FRUITING VEGETABLES CONTROL OF TWO- SPOTTED SPIDER MITES IN EGGPLANTS CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN EGGPLANTS CONTROL OF FLEA BEETLES IN EGGPLANTS CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUGS IN PEPPERS CONTROL OF THRIPS IN PEPPERS CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SPRING TOMATOES CONTROL OF POTATO APHIDS IN FALL TOMATOES CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN FALL TOMATOES CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN FALL TOMATOES LEGUME CROPS CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SNAP BEANS POTATO CROPS CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN ORGANIC POTATOES CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN POTATOES CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN POTATOES CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES EFFICACY OF MOVENTO FOR THE CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES SWEET CORN CONTROL OF CORN EARWORM IN SWEET CORN ROW CROPS CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN FIELD CORN CONTROL OF SEEDCORN MAGGOT IN FIELD CORN CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN SOYBEAN P age

6 BIOASSAYS EFFICACY OF LUMIVIA 625FS (E2Y45) SEED TREATMENT FOR THE CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN CORN HARLEQUIN BUG BIOASSAYS GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH EVALUATING RESIDUAL EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE TREATED WINDOW SCREENS FOR CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG, HALYOMORPH HALYS JOHN AIGNER EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG ON VEGETABLES ADAM MOREHEAD EFFECTS OF REFLECTIVE PLASTIC MULCHES ON MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS MULSANT, ON PHASEOLUS VULGARIS BEANS LOUIS NOTTINGHAM IMPACT OF AN EGG PARASITOID, GRYON PENNSYLVANICUM, ON SQUASH BUG IN VIRGINIA AND THE NEED FOR INTEGRATION INTO A PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SQUASH AND PUMPKIN CROPS JAMES WILSON WEATHER DATA ESAREC, PAINTER, VA P age

7 COLE CROPS CONTROL OF GREEN PEACH APHIDS IN BROCCOLI Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: Diplomat Transplant Date: 27 Aug 2014 Experimental Design: 10 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 tips an 45 cores powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40 psi elivering 38 GPA. Foliar Dates: 16 Oct Rate/acre Mean no. green peach aphis / 10 leaves (7 DAT) Untreate check 61.0 a Sivanto + Scanner 7.5 fl. oz v/v 2.0 ab Sivanto + Scanner 10 fl. oz v/v 0.0 b Movento + Scanner 4 fl. oz v/v 1.0 ab Movento + Scanner 5 fl. oz v/v 0.8 ab Closer + Scanner 2 fl. oz v/v 0.0 b Exirel + Scanner 20.5 fl. oz v/v 0.5 b Cyclaniliprole 50SL + Scanner 11 fl. oz v/v 2.5 ab Cyclaniliprole 50SL + Scanner 16.4 fl. oz v/v 4.3 ab Cyclaniliprole 50SL + Scanner 22 fl. oz v/v 21.8 ab P- Value from Anova All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN BROCCOLI Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: Diplomat Transplant Date: 27 Aug 2014 Experimental Design: 6 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 tips an 45 cores powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40 psi elivering 38 GPA. Foliar Dates: 2 an 9 Oct Rate / acre Mean no. of lepiopteran larvae / 5 plants 7 DAT 7 DAT2 14 DAT2 Mean no. iamonback moth larvae / 5 plants 7 DAT2 14 DAT2 Mean no. importe cabbageworm / 5 plants 7 DAT2 14 DAT2 Mean no. cross- stripe cabbagewor m / 5 plants 7 DAT2 14 DAT2 7 P age

8 Untreate check 5.0 a 16.0 a 6.5 a 7.8 a 3.5 a 7.0 a 1.8 a 1.3 a 1.5 Experimental b 0.5 b 1.0 b 0.5 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 0.3 a 0.0 b 0.0 Experimental b 0.5 b 1.5 b 0.5 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 0.8 a 0.0 b 0.3 Dipel DF + Scanner (0.05) 16 oz 0.8 b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.5 b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 XenTari + Scanner (0.05) 16 oz 0.5 b 0.3 b 0.8 b 0.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 a 0.0 b 0.0 Belt + Scanner (0.05) 2 fl. oz 0.5 b 0.3 b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.5 a 0.0 b 0.0 P- value from Anova <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < <0.01 ns 0.01 ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN BROCCOLI 2 Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Diplomat Transplant Date: 21 Aug 2014 Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 tips an 45 cores powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40 psi elivering 38 GPA. Foliar Dates: 5, 12 (except Belt an Raiant), 19 Sep Mean no. lepiopteran larvae* / 5 plants Rate / acre 12- Sep (7 DAT) 19 Sep (7 DAT2) 26 Sep (7 DAT3) 3 Oct (14 DAT3) Untreate check 4.0 a 7.3 a 2.8 a 2.0 a Experimental b 0.3 b 0.3 b 0.3 b Experimental b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Experimental b 0.3 b 0.0 b 0.3 b Experimental b 1.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 b Coragen SC + NIS (0.5) 5 fl. oz 0.0 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 0.3 b Avaunt WDG + NIS (0.5) 3.5 oz 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.0 b 0.3 b Belt + NIS (0.5) 1.5 fl. oz 0.0 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Raiant + NIS (0.5) 6 fl. oz 0.3 b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.5 b P- value from Anova < *85 Importe Cabbageworm (ICW): Pieris rapae; 5 Diamonback moth: Plutella xylostella 5 Cabbage webworm (CWW): Hellula unalis; 5 Cross- stripe cabbageworm (CSCW): Evergestis rimosalis All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF FLEA BEETLES IN COLLARDS Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: Southern Plant Date: 1 Jun 2014 Experimental Design: 12 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Foliar Date: 20 Jun 8 P age

9 Mean no. flea beetles* / 30 sec. visual inspection Rate / acre 23- Jun (3 DAT) 26- Jun (6 DAT) 30- Jun (10 DAT) 3- Jul (13 DAT) fresh amage leaves Untreate check 11.5 a 19.3 a 45.8 a 71.0 a 50.0 Experimental n/a 1.3 bc 1.8 b 7.0 b 28.3 ef 17.5 Experimental n/a 1.3 bc 0.8 b 5.8 b 18.3 f 7.5 Experimental n/a 0.3 c 2.0 b 2.8 b 16.8 f 15.0 Experimental n/a 1.3 bc 1.8 b 3.8 b 17.8 f 15.0 Warrior II 2 fl. oz 0.0 c 3.0 b 4.5 b 49.8 bc 17.5 Venom 70SG 1.25 oz 5.8 b 5.0 b 6.5 b 35.0 cef 27.5 Fastac 4 fl. oz 0.3 c 4.8 b 5.3 b 47.5 bc 12.5 Spintor 2SC 6 fl. oz 1.0 bc 7.3 b 10.8 b 63.5 ab 17.5 Raiant SC 6 fl. oz 3.8 bc 6.5 b 13.5 b 44.8 bc 15.0 Sivanto 10 fl oz 4.0 bc 3.8 b 10.0 b 41.3 ce 15.0 Voliam Flexi 5 oz 2.8 bc 4.5 b 4.8 b 20.8 ef 17.5 P- value from Anova < < ns * Crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, stripe flea beetle, P. striolata All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF HARLEQUIN BUGS IN COLLARDS Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: Southern Plant Date: 10 Jun 2014 Experimental Design: 5 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Foliar Date: 17 Oct without spreaer sticker an 22 Oct with Inuce 0.5 v/v Mean no. harlequin bugs / 10 plants * Rate / acre Ault Nymphs Ault Nymphs Ault Nymphs 20- Oct (3 DAT) 27- Oct (5 DAT) 30- Oct (8 DAT) Untreate check 33.0 a a a 2.5 Cyclaniliprole 50SL 11 fl. oz 12.0 b ab b 0.3 Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl. oz 7.8 b b b 0.5 Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl. oz 7.5 b b b 1.3 Coragen 1.67SC 5 fl. oz 16.8 b ab ab 0.5 P- Value from Anova ns ns ns *Inuce NIS ajuvant was ae on the secon application at 0.05 v/v for each treatment. All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN KALE Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: VATES blue curle Plant Date: 17 Apr P age

10 Metho: Experimental Design: Foliar Date: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. 13 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) 22 May, 28 May (all except Belt), 4 Jun Mean no. lepiopteran* larvae / 5 plants Rate / acre 29 May (7 DAT) 4 Jun (7 DAT2) 11 Jun (7 DAT3) 18 Jun (14 DAT3) Untreate check 10.8 a 9.3 a 5.5 a 3.0 a VBC fl oz 1.5 bc 0.0 b 0.5 b 0.3 b VBC Scanner (0.5) 16 oz 2.0 bc 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.3 b Dipel DF + Scanner (0.5) 16 oz 1.0 bc 0.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b XenTari + Scanner (0.5) 16 oz 5.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Belt + Scanner (0.5) 2 fl oz 0.3 c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Exirel + Scanner (0.5) 13.5 fl oz 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.0 b Experimental bc 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 b Experimental bc 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Experimental c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Experimental c 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Coragen + Scanner (0.5) 3.5 fl oz 0.8 c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b Avaunt WDG + Scanner (0.5) 3.5 oz 2.3 bc 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b P- Value from ANOVA < < < *Species istribution as follows: 29 May: 94 ICW (importe cabbageworm), 6 DBM (iamonback moth), 4 Jun: 98 ICW, 2 CSCW (cross- stripe cabbageworm), 11 Jun: 89 DBM, 7 ICW, 1 CSCW, 18 Jun: 69 DBM, 18.5 CSCW, 12.5 ICW. All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CUCURBIT CROPS CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SUMMER SQUASH TRIAL 1 Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Gol Star yellow squash Plant Date: 17 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 10 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. Foliar Date: 28 July, 4, 11, 18 Aug Rate / acre Egg masse s Mean no. squash bugs / 5 plants 11- Aug 18- Aug 25- Aug A Egg Nym ult mass Nymp phs s es hs Aults Egg masses Nymphs Aults Untreate Check Sivanto 7.5 fl oz Sivanto 10 fl oz Movento + 4 fl oz P age

11 Dyneamic (0.5) Movento + Dyneamic (0.5) Cyclaniliprole 50 SL Cyclaniliprole 50 SL Cyclaniliprole 50 SL Closer + Dyneamic (0.5) 5 fl oz fl oz 16.4 fl oz 11 fl oz fl oz fl Warrior II oz P- Value from Anova ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of TRIAL 2 Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: Black Beauty zucchini squash Transplant Date: 14 May 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 10 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. Foliar Date: 5, 11, 18 Jun Laboratory Assay: On 18 Jun, stripe cucumber beetles were collecte from a summer squash fiel an place in a 9- cm Petri ish with a squash leaf circle ippe in fiel- rate insecticie solutions (see treatment list in Table 3) an left to ry for one hour. 2 ault beetles were place in each Petri ish an the containers were maintaine at 27 ± 2 C, 40 to 70 RH, an a photoperio of 14:10 (L:D). Each treatment was replicate 4 times. Mortality an feeing was assesse at 24 h, 48 h, 5 ays an 7 ays after treatment. Fiel Trial: Untreate Check Sivanto Sivanto Rate / acre 7.5 fl oz 10 fl oz Mean no. cucumber beetles / 10 blossoms Mean no. cucumber beetles / 5 plants Mean no. squash bugs / 5 plants 11- Jun 18- Jun 18- Jun 18- Jun Egg Spott Strip Tot Spott Strip Tot Spotte Nymp Ault Stripe Total mass e e al e e al hs s es ab a abc Movento + Dyneamic 4 fl oz bc (0.5) Movento + Dyneamic 5 fl oz abc (0.5) Cyclanilipro 22 fl c P age

12 le 50 SL oz Cyclanilipro 16.4 fl le 50 SL oz c Cyclanilipro 11 fl le 50 SL oz abc P- Value from ANOVA ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Laboratory Assay: mortality of cucmber beetles 19 June 20 June 23 June 25 June feeing amage Untreate check 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 b 62.5 b 3.0 a 6.3 a 28.8 a Sivanto 7.5 fl oz 0.0 c 62.5 abc 87.5 a 87.5 a 0.0 b 0.0 b 2.0 b Sivanto 10 fl oz 50.0 b 37.5 bc a a 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c Movento + Dyneamic (0.5) 4 fl oz 75.0 ab a a a 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c Movento + 5 fl oz 75.0 ab 75.0 ab 87.5 a a Dyneamic (0.5) 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl oz a a a a 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl oz 75.0 b 62.5 abc a a 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of FRUITING VEGETABLES CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES IN EGGPLANTS TRIAL 1 Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Epic Transplant Date: 17 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 4 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 17 Jun Mean no. two- spotte spier mites / 2in² Rate / acre 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT motiles eggs motiles eggs motiles eggs 1. Untreate Control b 9.0 b 2. Oberon 2SC + NIS 8.5 fl. Oz v/v b 0.0 b 3. PFR 97WG + NIS 16 oz v/v b 6.5 b 4. PFR 97WG + NIS 32 oz v/v a 44.0 a P- value from Anova ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of TRIAL 2 12 P age

13 Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: Epic Transplant Date: 7 May 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 7 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Dates: 2 Jul Mean no. two- spotte spier mites / 2in² Rate / acre 2 Jul (Pre- count) 7- Jul (5 DAT) motiles eggs motiles eggs Untreate Control GWN Scanner (0.25) 24 fl. oz GWN Scanner (0.25) 32 fl. oz Oberon 2SC + Scanner (0.25) 8.5 fl. oz PFR97 + Scanner (0.25) 32 oz Requiem + Scanner (0.25) 32 fl oz Requiem + Scanner (0.25) 96 fl oz P- value from Anova ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN EGGPLANTS Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Epic Transplant Date: 17 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an 45 cores an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 4 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 24 Jun Rate / acre Mean no. Colorao potato beetles / 5 plants 26- Jun 1- Jul CPB Live Dea Live Dea efoliation aults aults aults aults Untreate check b 5.0 ab 82.5 a PFR 97WG + NIS 16 oz v/v b 2.5 b 47.5 ab PFR 97WG + NIS 32 oz v/v b 4.8 ab 37.5 ab Coragen 20SC 5 fl. oz a 19.0 a 2.5 b P- value from Anova ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF FLEA BEETLES IN EGGPLANTS Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: Classic Transplant Date: 10 Jun P age

14 Metho: Experimental Design: Foliar Date: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) 10 Jul Rate / acre Mean no. flea beetles (Epitrix spp.) per 5 leaves 17-Jul (7 DAT) 21 Jul (11 DAT) Untreate check 12.3 a 21.8 a Experimental n/a 1.0 b 5.0 b Experimental n/a 0.3 b 0.3 b Experimental n/a 0.5 b 3.0 b Experimental n/a 0.8 b 1.5 b Warrior II 2 fl. oz 0.3 b 1.0 b Venom 70SG 1.25 oz 1.8 b 2.8 b Fastac 4 fl. oz 0.3 b 0.0 b Voliam Flexi 5 oz 2.5 b 3.3 b P-Value from Anova < < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUGS IN PEPPERS Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: Aristotle Transplant Date: 10 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 45 cores an D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA Experimental Design: 12 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 23, 30 Jul, 6, 14, 26 Aug Rate / acre in fl oz of harveste pepper fruit with stink bug amage of harveste pepper fruit with total insect amage 29- Aug 17- Sep 29- Aug 17- Sep Untreate check Hero EC + NIS (0.25) Hero EC + NIS (0.25) Glaiator + NIS (0.25) Glaiator + NIS (0.25) Cyclaniliprole 50SL Closer SC Bifenture EC Enigo ZCX P- value from Anova ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF THRIPS IN PEPPERS Location: Variety: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Revolution 14 P age

15 Transplant Date: 5 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 45 cores an D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 2, 8, 17, 23, 31 Jul Rate fl oz/ acre Aul ts Mean no. thrips (Frankliniella spp.) / 10 blossoms 6- Jul 8- Jul 17- Jul 23- Jul 31- Jul 14- Aug Larva e Aul ts Larva e Aul ts Larva e Aul ts Larva e Aul ts Larva e Aul ts Larva e Mean no. plants with TSWV* sympto ms Untreate Check a Requiem c Requiem abc Levo 2.4SL c Raiant + NIS bc (0.25) Cyclaniliprole 50SL bc Cyclaniliprole 50SL abc Raiant + Ecotec bc Levo 2.4SL Ecotec ab P- Value from Anova ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns *TSWV: Tomato Spotte Wilt Virus All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SPRING TOMATOES Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: BHN 602 Transplant Date: 13 May 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 11 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft (6 ft. row centers). Foliar Date: 12, 19, 26 Jun an 3, 14, 21 Jul Rat e fl oz/ Acr e Aul t Mean no. thrips per 20 blossoms 26- Jun 3- Jul 11- Jul 16- Jul 21- Jul Larva e Aul t Larva e Aul t Larva e Aul t Larva e Aul t Larva e Tota l aul t Total larvae Mean no. Orius insiiosu s nymphs Untreate check bc 0.5 a Requiem bc 0.0 b Requiem a 0.0 b Exirel + Dyneamic c 0.0 b (0.5) Levo ab 0.0 b Raiant b 15 P age

16 Dyneamic (0.5) Cyclaniliprole 50SL Cyclaniliprole 50SL Cyclaniliprole 50SL Levo + Ecotec Raiant + Ecotec + Dyneamic (0.5) c 0.0 b c 0.0 b c 0.0 b bc 0.0 b c 0.0 b P- Value from Anova ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Harvest Data: Rate/Acre lepiopteran stink bug thrips total amage amage amage amage Untreate check 6.0 a 11.5 abc abc Requiem 32 fl oz 2.0 abc 6.5 c ce Requiem 96 fl oz 4.0 ab 5.0 c bce Exirel + Dyneamic (0.5) 20.5 fl oz 0.0 c 9.0 bc bc Levo 42 fl oz 2.0 abc 18.0 a a Raiant + Dyneamic (0.5) 6 fl oz 1.5 bc 6.5 c bce Cyclaniliprole 50SL 11 fl oz 0.0 c 6.5 c ce Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl oz 2.0 abc e Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl oz 0.0 c 6.5 c e Levo + Ecotec 42 fl oz + 32 fl oz 1.0 bc 7.5 bc bce Raiant + Ecotec + Dyneamic (0.5) 6 fl oz + 32 fl oz 0.0 c 15.5 ab ab P- Value from Anova ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF POTATO APHIDS IN FALL TOMATOES Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: BHN 602 Transplant Date: 14 July 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 11 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft on plastic mulch. Foliar Date: 9 Oct Rate / Acre Mean no. potato aphis / 10 compoun leaves 16- Oct 21- Oct Untreate check P age

17 Sivanto 7.5 fl. oz Sivanto 10 fl. oz Movento + Dynamic 4 fl. oz v/v Movento + Dynamic 5 fl. oz v/v Closer + Dynamic 2 fl. oz v/v Exirel + Dynamic 20.5 fl. oz v/v Requiem 32 fl. oz Cyclaniliprole 50SL 11 fl. oz Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl. oz Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl. oz P- Value from Anova ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN FALL TOMATOES Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: BHN 602 Transplant Date: 14 July 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft on plastic mulch. Foliar Date: 20, 26 Aug, 2, 16 an 23 Sep Lepiopteran Complex: Corn earworm (CEW): Helicoverpa zea Soybean loopers (SL): Chrysoeixis incluens Yellow- stripe armyworm (YSAW): Spooptera ornithogalli Beet armyworm (BAW): Spooptera exigua Rate / acre Mean no. lepiopteran larvae fruit amage at harvest / 2 beat sheets 16- Sep 7- Oct Untreate check a 5.8 a RDS63SC 3.42 fl. oz ab 4.2 ab RDS63SC 6.84 fl. oz c 1.7 abc RDS63SC fl. oz abc 1.7 abc RDS63SC fl. oz ab 4.2 ab Coragen SC 5 fl. oz c 1.7 abc Avaunt WDG 3.5 oz abc 0.0 c Belt 1.5 fl. oz bc 0.0 bc Raiant + NIS (0.5) 6 fl. oz bc 0.0 c Cyclaniliprole 50SL 11 fl. oz abc 0.0 bc Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl. oz c 0.0 c Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl. oz c 0.0 c P- value from Anova ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of significance. CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN FALL TOMATOES 2 Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: BHN P age

18 Transplant Date: 14 July 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with D3 spray tips an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 5 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft on plastic mulch. Foliar Date: 15, 22, 29 Aug, 5, 9, 15 an 22 Sep Lepiopteran Complex: Corn earworm (CEW): Helicoverpa zea Soybean loopers (SL): Chrysoeixis incluens Yellow- stripe armyworm (YSAW): Spooptera ornithogalli Beet armyworm (BAW): Spooptera exigua Mean no. lepiopteran amage at harvest Rate / acre lepiopteran larvae / 2 beat sheets 12- Sep 30- Sep Untreate check VBC fl oz VBC oz Dipel DF 16 oz XenTari 16 oz P- Value from Anova ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of significance. LEGUME CROPS CONTROL OF FOLIAR INSECTS IN SNAP BEANS Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Hickok Plant Date: 17 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 13 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers with unplante guar rows Dates: 29 Jul, 5 Aug Untreate check Rate / acre 5 Aug (per 15 compoun leaves) Mean no. thrips* 7 Aug (per 15 blossoms) 12 Aug (per 15 blossoms) Ault Larvae Ault Larvae Ault Larvae lepiopt eran amage 8.5 bc a bc 6.0 a Besiege 8 fl oz 16.3 ab c 0.0 e Mustang Max 4 fl oz 17.3 a c 1.0 ce Bifenture 2EC 6.4 fl oz 14.0 abc e c 0.0 e stink bug ama ge 11.5 a 0.0 e 2.8 bce 1.0 ce Warrior II 1.92 fl oz 11.0 abc e c 0.0 e 0.0 e thrips ama ge c 5.0 bc 3.0 c 4.3 abc 18 P age

19 8 fl oz Raiant + NIS 10.0 abc c c 4.5 abc 0.5 v/v abc abc 32 oz PFR97 + NIS 11.8 abc abc bc 3.3 abc 0.5v/v abc abc Cyclaniliprole fl oz 12.5 abc abc bc 1.3 ce 50SL ab abc Cyclaniliprole fl oz 5.5 c bc bc 2.3 bce 50SL ab abc Cyclaniliprole fl oz 11.5 abc bc c 4.8 abc 50SL bce a Requiem 64 fl oz 6.0 c bc ab 6.0 ab ab abc 3.0 Sivanto 10 fl oz ab a 3.3 abc 3.3 bce Lannate LV 16 fl oz 17.3 a ab bc 2.0 ce ce abc ns ns ns *90 flower thrips, 10 tobacco thrips All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of POTATO CROPS CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN ORGANIC POTATOES Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: Kennebec Plant Date: 20 Apr 2014 Metho: All plots were applie with a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA through a 3- nozzle rop own boom. Veratran- D require a special preparation of placing the sees in a mesh bag into the proper volume of water for fiel application an syringing the aqueous portion after > 2hr of seeping. Experimental Design: 6 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 13 Jun Leaf- ip Assay: On 19 Jun, an aitional leaf ip bioassay was conucte to further assess the activity of PFR- 97 on CPB larvae. PFR- 97 was teste at the low (1 lb/ac) an high (2 lb/ac) rate along with a water control. Each treatment was replicate 4 times. For each rep, Ten fiel- collecte 3 r instar CPB larvae were place iniviually in a 16- cm Petri ish with a potato leaf ippe in fiel- rate insecticie solutions an left to ry for one hour. Containers were maintaine at 27 ± 2 C, 40 to 70 RH, an a photoperio of 14:10 (L:D). Mortality was assesse at 2, 3 an 4 ays after treatment, at which time, control mortality increase. Rate / acre Mean no. CPB/10 stems 19 Jun (6 DAT) Mean no. CPB/10 stems 23 Jun (10 DAT) small larvae large larvae small larvae large larvae Untreate check a ab PFR lb a a PFR lb a ab Entrust SC 6 fl. oz b b 19 P age

20 Azera 32 fl. oz b ab Veratran - D 15 lb ab ab P- value from Anova ns ns 0.02 All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Prouct fiel rate (per/a) Small larvae mortality (4 DAT) Large larvae Untreate check PFR lb PFR lb All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN POTATOES Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Superior Plant Date: 14 Apr 2014 Metho: All in- furrow an post- emergence treatments were applie in 900 ml of water at 19.8 GPA on 14 Apr using a single nozzle boom equippe with an 8003 even flat spray tip powere by a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30psi. Furrows were cut using a commercial potato planter without the coulters on. All foliar treatments were applie with a 4- nozzle boom equippe with VS spray tips space 20 apart spraying 2 rows at a time an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 10 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Dates: 14 Apr (in- furrow); 5 May (Post- emergence); 2 Jun (Foliar) Untreate check Brigaier Brigaier + Brigaier Brigaier + Glaiator Capture LFR + Brigaier Application timing in- furrow in- furrow + post- emergence in- furrow + foliar in- furrow + in- furrow + Rate / acre 25.6 fl oz 12.8 fl oz fl oz 25.6 fl oz + 19 fl oz 25.6 fl oz small larvae Mean no. Colorao potato beetles / 10 stems 29- May 10- Jun large larvae Ault small larvae large larvae F2 Ault efoliation 3- Jun 13- Jun Mean no. potato leafhopper nymphs / 20 compoun leaves 16 Jun a 38.3 a ab a 81.3 a 11.8 a 12.5 c 0.5 b ab b 0.5 b 23.0 c 3.3 b a c 31.3 ab 1.8 b 12.0 c 2.0 b a b 1.3 b 5.0 c 0.8 b a b 0.0 b 20 P age

21 + Glaiator foliar fl oz + 19 fl oz Brigaier + Glaiator Capture LFR + Amire Pro + Glaiator Brigaier + Brigaier + Glaiator Platinum 75 Amire Pro Post- emergence + foliar Post- emergence + Post- emergence + foliar in- furrow + post- emergence + foliar in- furrow in- furrow 25.6 fl oz + 19 fl oz 25.6 fl oz fl oz + 19 fl oz 12.8 fl oz fl oz + 19 fl oz 2.67 oz 8.7 fl oz ab 14.3 b ab b 25.0 ab 0.0 b 56.8 bc 8.3 b a bc 12.5 b 0.0 b 21.5 c 2.3 b ab b 0.0 b 3.3 c 0.0 b b b 0.0 b 4.3 c 0.3 b b b 0.0 b P- Value from Anova < < ns ns ns < < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Application timing Rate / acre Stan 29 May Total Grae B Yiel (in lbs) Total Grae A Yiel (in lbs) Total Yiel (in lbs) Untreate Check b 2.8 c 11.8 c Brigaier in- furrow 25.6 fl oz ab 21.2 abc 38.8 ab Brigaier + Brigaier in- furrow + post- emergence 12.8 fl oz fl oz a 16.6 bc 37.0 b Brigaier + Glaiator in- furrow + foliar 25.6 fl oz + 19 fl oz ab 39.7 a 57.3 a Capture LFR + Brigaier in- furrow + in fl oz fl oz Glaiator furrow + foliar fl oz a 22.4 abc 41.7 ab Brigaier + Glaiator Post- emergence + foliar 25.6 fl oz + 19 fl oz a 20.5 abc 38.5 ab Post- emergence + Capture LFR + Amire 25.6 fl oz fl oz + 19 Post- emergence + Pro + Glaiator fl oz Foliar a 19.1 bc 38.0 ab Brigaier + Brigaier + in- furrow + post fl oz fl oz + 19 Glaiator emergence + foliar fl oz a 28.9 ab 47.3 ab Platinum 75 in- furrow 2.67 oz ab 32.7 ab 49.7 ab Amire Pro in- furrow 8.7 fl oz a 25.7 ab 45.2 ab P- Value from Anova ns < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES IN POTATOES 2 Location: Variety: ESAREC, Painter, VA Superior 21 P age

22 Plant Date: 14 Apr 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 4- nozzle boom equippe with VS spray tips space 20 apart spraying 2 rows at a time an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 12 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Foliar Date: 19 May an 27 May Excise Leaf Assays: Excise leaf bioassays were set up to etermine efficacy of insecticial treatments at 3, 7, 10 an 14 DAT following the secon application on 27 May. Five fiel collecte CPB of various life stages (small, large larvae or aults, epenent on availability) were place in 20- cm Petri ishes with fiel- collecte foliage (one compoun leaf) from treate potato plots as follows: Set- up ate Aults Small Larvae Large Larvae 30 May (3 DAT) 2 & 4 DAE* 2 & 4 DAE 3 Jun (7 DAT) 2 & 6 DAE 2 & 6 DAE 6 Jun (10 DAT) 3 DAE 3 DAE 10 Jun (14 DAT) 3 DAE 3 DAE *DAE=Days after exposure Mortality an feeing was observe at ays inicate in the chart above. The containers were maintaine at 20 ± 2 C, 40 to 70 RH, an a photoperio of 12:12 (L:D). Untreate check A Dyneamic Agrimek + Dyneamic A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) Rate / acre 3.57 fl oz 2.6 fl oz fl oz 8.9 fl oz 13.5 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3.2 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 22- May (3 DAT) small larvae 91.5 a Mean no. Colorao potato beetles / 10 stems 27 May 30 May 2 Jun (7 DAT) (3 DAT2) (6 DAT2) smal larg smal smal l e l large l large larva larv larva larva larva larva e ae e e e e a 2.3 b 0.5 c 5.0 b 20.8 c 4.3 b 0.8 c a 0.8 b 0.3 b 0.8 b a 50.3 a a 90.5 a 10 Jun (14 DAT2) sm larg all e larv larv ae ae efoliation 2- Jun 42.5 a 10- Jun 97.5 a 0.0 b 0.0 b 1.3 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 3.8 b 0.0 b b 6.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b Besiege + Dyneamic b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b (0.1) c b 0.3 Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.3 b 4.3 c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b b Blackhawk 9.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 b 0.3 b b 1.3 b ab b Blackhawk 2.5 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 2.8 b 0.3 b b 2.5 b bc b Coragen 6.0 b 0.8 b 0.0 b 0.5 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b c b Enigo ZC 4 fl oz 4.0 b 0.3 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.3 b b 0.0 b c b 2.8 fl Leverage b 0.3 b 0.0 b 1.8 b 1.8 b b 1.3 b oz bc b 0.8 Belay 3 fl oz 0.3 b 0.5 c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 b b 0.0 b b < <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 P- Value from Anova < ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of 22 P age

23 Rate / acre Mean no. potato leafhopper nymphs / 20 Total Yiel (in lbs) compoun leaves (13 Jun) Untreate check 8.8 a 6.0 b A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz 5.8 ab 28.8 a Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz 3.0 ab 25.5 a A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz 2.0 ab 39.0 a Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz 0.0 b 32.6 a Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz 2.8 ab 27.9 a Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz 5.0 ab 31.5 a Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz 6.5 ab 30.8 a Coragen 4.5 fl oz 3.5 ab 28.8 a Enigo ZC 4 fl oz 0.8 b 29.6 a Leverage fl oz 0.0 b 32.3 a Belay 3 fl oz 0.5 b 32.4 a P- Value from Anova < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (3 DAT - Aults); ESAREC, Painter, VA 2014 Rate / acre 3 DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB Aults (48 h after exposure) CPB Aults (96 h after exposure) ea morib un total ea + moribun feei ng ea moribun total ea + moribun feeing Untreate check a b 5.0 b 75.0 a A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz a 80.0 a 7.5 c Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz abc a 65.0 ab 62.5 ab A Agrimek Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz c ab 55.0 ab 22.5 bc Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz ab 75.0 ab 22.5 bc Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz ab 95.0 a 20.0 c Blackhawk fl oz a ab 40.0 ab 75.0 a Blackhawk fl oz a ab 40.0 ab 65.0 ab Coragen fl oz bc ab 60.0 ab 15.0 c Enigo ZC fl oz c ab 50.0 ab 22.5 bc Leverage fl oz ab ab 40.0 ab abc Belay fl oz bc ab 55.0 ab 28.3 bc P- Value from Anova ns ns ns < ns < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of 23 P age

24 Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (3 DAT large larvae); ESAREC, Painter, VA 2014 Rate / acre ea Untreate check c 0.0 b 85.0 a A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz abc 30.0 ab DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB Large larvae (48 h after exposure) CPB Large larvae (96 h after exposure) total total ea + ea + moribu feein ea moribu moribu moribu feeing n g n n n a 80.0 ab a 3.3 c bc A Agrimek fl abc 55.0 ab 6.8 c Dyneamic (0.1) oz Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz abc 25.0 ab 17.5 c bc Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz 30.0 abc 50.0 ab 14.5 c Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz c 0.0 b 76. ab abc Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz bc 5.0 b ab ab Coragen 4.5 fl oz abc 30.0 ab 17.3 c bc Enigo ZC 4 fl oz 20.0 abc 35.0 ab 10.3 c c Leverage fl oz abc 26.7 ab bc 0 bc Belay 3 fl oz a 85.0 a 7.5 c bc <0.00 P- Value from Anova ns ns ns ns < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of 62.8 abc Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (7 DAT small larvae); ESAREC, Painter, VA 2014 Rate / acre 7 DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB small larvae (48 h after CPB small larvae (120 h after exposure) exposure) total total ea + ea + ea moribun ea moribun feein moribun moribun g Untreate check 0.0 e b 40.0 c b 61.3 c A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz 60.0 abc a 85.0 abc a 8.3 ef Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz a abc bc ab 35.0 e A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz 90.0 ab a a a 4.5 ef Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz 95.0 a a a a 4.5 ef Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz a a 90.0 ab a 2.5 f 24 P age

25 Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz 5.0 e ab 50.0 bc ab 99.0 a Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz 0.0 e ab ab 91.0 abc Coragen 4.5 fl oz 70.0 ab a 95.0 a a 9.3 ef Enigo ZC 4 fl oz a 40.0 c ab bce bc Leverage fl oz 15.0 ce ab 40.0 c ab 97.3 ab Belay 3 fl oz 5.0 e ab b 91.3 abc P- Value from Anova < ns < <0.000 <0.000 ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (7 DAT large larvae); ESAREC, Painter, VA DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB Large larvae (48 h after exposure) CPB Large larvae (120 h after exposure) Rate / acre total total ea + ea + ea moribun ea moribun feein moribu moribun g n Untreate check b 60.0 a A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz a 50.0 ab Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz ab 20.0 ab A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz a 45.0 ab Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz a 35.0 ab Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz a 15.0 ab Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz ab 35.0 ab Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz ab 15.0 ab Coragen 4.5 fl oz a 20.0 ab Enigo ZC 4 fl oz ab 30.0 ab Leverage fl oz ab 15.0 ab Belay 3 fl oz ab 10.0 b P- Value from Anova ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (10 DAT small an large larvae); ESAREC, Painter, VA DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB small larvae (72 h after exposure) CPB large larvae (72 h after exposure) total total Rate / acre ea + ea + ea moribu feei ea moribu feei moribu moribu n ng n ng n n 81.3 Untreate check 5.0 a c a 25 P age

26 A Dyneamic (0.1) 3.57 fl oz 50.0 b ab 7.5 b Agrimek + Dyneamic fl oz 0.0 a (0.1) a A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz 55.0 b ab 3.8 b Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) 8.9 fl oz 70.0 b ab 8.8 b Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) 13.5 fl oz 55.0 b ab 8.8 b Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz 0.0 a a Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz 0.0 a c 67.5 a Coragen 4.5 fl oz 75.0 b a 7.5 b Enigo ZC 4 fl oz 35.0 ab abc ab Leverage fl oz 5.0 a bc a Belay 3 fl oz 0.0 a a P- Value from Anova < ns < < ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of Summary of results for excise leaf bioassays (14 DAT- small an large larvae); ESAREC, Painter, VA 2014 Untreate check A Dyneamic (0.1) Rate / acre 3.57 fl oz 14 DAT EXCISED LEAF BIOASSAY CPB small larvae (72 h after exposure) CPB large larvae (72 h after exposure) total total ea + ea + moribu feein ea moribu ea moribu moribu feeing n g n n n ab 20.0 bc 71.3 a a ab ab 50.0 a 90.0 a 10.0 bc Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) 2.6 fl oz 5.0 ab 5.0 ab 10.0 c 62.5 a A Agrimek + Dyneamic (0.1) Besiege + Dyneamic (0.1) Exirel + Dyneamic (0.1) fl oz 8.9 fl oz 13.5 fl oz 40.0 ab 25.0 ab 35.0 ab 35.0 ab 75.0 ab 8.8 bc 25.0 ab 50.0 abc 8.8 bc 15.0 ab 50.0 abc 43.8 ab Blackhawk 2.5 fl oz 5.0 ab 5.0 ab 10.0 bc 70.0 a Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c 67.5 a Coragen 4.5 fl oz 60.0 a 35.0 ab 95.0 a 6.3 c Enigo ZC Leverage fl oz 2.8 fl oz 10.0 ab 25.0 ab 5.0 ab 15.0 bc 67.5 a 25.0 ab 50.0 abc 38.8 abc bc a bc c abc ab ab abc 26 P age

27 Belay 3 fl oz 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c 72.5 a <0.000 P- Value from Anova < ns ns ns < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Superior Plant Date: 14 Apr 2014 Metho: All in- furrow an post- emergence treatments were applie in 900 ml of water at 19.8 GPA on 14 Apr using a single nozzle boom equippe with an 8003 even flat spray tip powere by a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30psi. Furrows were cut using a commercial potato planter without the coulters on. All foliar treatments were applie with a 4- nozzle boom equippe with VS spray tips space 20 apart spraying 2 rows at a time an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 11 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Dates: 14 Apr (in- furrow); 5 May (Post- emergence); 2 Jun (Foliar) Rate / acre Stan wireworm an grub amage tubers 23 Jun 10 Jul Mean total number of wireworm holes in tubers 41.7 abc Total yiel (in lbs) Untreate check ab ab 14.5 ab Regent 4SC (in- furrow) 3.2 fl oz ab b 18.4 ab Levo (in- furrow) 42 fl oz b b 14.6 ab Levo + Capture LFR (PE) 42 fl oz fl oz ab b 11.9 ab Levo (post- emergence) 42 fl oz a a 14.4 ab Movento Dyneamic (0.1) (foliar) 5 fl oz ab ab 14.2 ab Mocap 4EC (in- furrow) 4.4 fl oz / 1000 row ft b b 20.0 a Verimark (in- furrow) 13.5 fl oz ab b 19.5 ab Platinum 75 (in- furrow) 2.67 oz ab ab 10.1 b Amire Pro (in- furrow) 8.7 fl oz ab b 17.0 ab Brigaier (in- furrow) 25.5 fl oz ab b 18.3 ab P- Value from ANOVA ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES 2 Location: Abingon 4- H Center, Abingon, VA Variety: Kennebec Plant Date: 22 Apr 2014 Metho: All in- furrow an foliar treatments were applie in 1000 ml of water at 19.8 GPA using a single nozzle boom equippe with an 8003 even flat spray tip powere by a SOLO backpack sprayer elivering 20 ml / sec (20 GPA). 27 P age

28 Experimental Design: Dates: 7 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) 22 Apr (in- furrow treatments only), 13 May (Sniper only), 15 Jun an 1 Jul (Movento only) Rate / acre efinite wireworm amage tubers aitional amage tubers with possible ww or white grub total amage tubers Untreate check a 32.5 a Amire Pro (in- furrow) fb. Sniper (PE) 8.7 fl. oz fl. oz b 9.5 b Regent 4SC (in- furrow) 3.2 fl. oz ab 14.0 ab Brigaier 2SC (in- furrow) 25.6 fl oz b 9.5 b Amire Pro (in- furrow) 8.7 fl oz ab 11.5 b Amire Pro (in- furrow) fb. Movento 240SC + NIS (foliar at flowering) 8.7 fl oz + 5 fl oz ab 11.5 b Movento 240SC + NIS (foliar at flowering) 5 fl oz ab 18.0 ab P- Value from ANOVA ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of EFFICACY OF MOVENTO FOR THE CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN POTATOES The experiment was conucte as a emonstration on- farm trial at 2 locations on the Eastern Shore of Virginia with a total of 2 cooperators. Locations were selecte base on early season wireworm scouting to etermine fiels with highest pressure. The 2 selecte locations ha 24 an 13 total wireworms an grubs per 10 holes, respectively. One wireworm per hole consists of high pressure. Growers applie stanar insecticies for the control of Colorao potato beetle an wireworm at planting. Movento was then applie twice, beginning at flowering, at the rate 5 fl. oz / acre + NIS. All fiels were otherwise maintaine accoring to stanar commercial practices. 500 tubers were collecte in 5 areas of the untreate portion of the fiel an in 5 areas of the treate portion. All tubers were examine for wireworm (Melatonus communis (Gyllenhal) an Conoerus vespertinus (F.)) an white grub amage. Cooperator Location Variety At- planting Movento insecticie applications 1. Yaros Farms Capeville, VA Russett Mocap 15G, Regent, Platinum 2 groun applications 2. Twin Cear Farms Seaview, VA Superior Platinum, Regent 2 groun applications Treate Untreate GROWER wireworm white grub wireworm white grub amage tubers amage tubers amage tubers amage tubers 1. Jack Yaros Ronnie Bailey P age

29 SWEET CORN CONTROL OF CORN EARWORM IN SWEET CORN Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Merit Plant Date: 17 Jun 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers ) Dates: 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18 Aug (beginning at 80 tasselling) Rate / acre unmarketable ears with severe amage of ears with only tip amage total amage ears Mean no. live CEW larvae / 25 ears Untreate check 17.0 a 71.0 a 88.0 a 28.0 a Warrior II ZT rotate 1.92 fl oz fb. with Blackhawk 3.2 fl oz 11.0 ab 31.0 c 42.0 c 12.3 b Besiege rotate with 10 fl oz fb. Warrior II ZT 1.92 fl oz 1.0 c 3.0 e 4.0 f 0.3 Fastac 3.8 fl oz 11.0 ab 34.0 bc 45.0 bc 5.3 c Cyclaniliprole 50SL 22 fl oz 3.0 c 67.0 a 70.0 b 14.8 b Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl oz 2.0 c 54.0 ab 56.0 bc 8.5 bc Coragen rotate with 5 fl oz fb Warrior II ZT fl oz 3.0 c 18.0 c 21.0 e 1.8 Belt rotate with 2 fl oz fb bc 52.0 ab 55.0 bc 8.8 bc 29 P age

30 Warrior II ZT fl oz Cyclaniliprole 50SL 16.4 fl oz fb. rotate with Warrior II 1.92 fl oz 2.0 c ef 1.5 P- value from ANOVA < < < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Tukey s HSD at the 0.05 level of ROW CROPS CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN FIELD CORN TRIAL 1 Location: HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA Variety: See provie an treate by Dupont Plant Date: 23 April 2014 (soil temperature: 62F) Plant Rate: 30 sees per 20 ft row Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) 26 DAP Stan 43 DAP stunte plants 26 DAP ea an stunte plants 43 DAP billbug amag e plants 19- May amag e see 29 DAP Mean plant heigh t (in cm) (43 DAP) corn rootwor m amage plants (goose- necking ) Mean no. ears Harvest Total Yiel (in lbs) 13.5 bc 13.7 bc E2Y UAT b 34.2 a 33.3 ab abc (75) ab b ef E2Y UAT ab 27.3 a 38.9 a 6.7 (75) ab ab 0.0 bc 17.5 ef E2Y UAT ab 24.2 a 37.5 ab 5.0 (75) ab ab 4.5 ab 16.0 ef 12.3 c E2Y UAT+VA a 3.3 b 5.0 c bc 250 UAT (75) abc ab bc abc E2Y UAT+VA ab 1.7 b 35.3 ab c 250 UAT (74) bc ab ce bc Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT a 1.7 b 2.5 c 9.2 c 0.0 (63) ab 0.0 bc 28.8 a 18.6 a Poncho 600FS 500 UAT a 0.0 b 6.7 c 15.5 bc bc (63) a ab ab Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser a 4.2 b 10.0 c bc FS (75) abc ab bc bc Untreate check ab 50.4 a 38.3 a 37.8 ab 6.7 (75) b 6.0 a 14.5 f 12.5 c P- value from Anova ns <0.00 < ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Location: Variety: TRIAL 2 ESAREC, Painter, VA See provie an treate by Dupont 30 P age

31 Plant Date: 22 April 2014 (soil temperature: 61F) Plant Rate: 37 sees per 25 ft row Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 25 ft. Mean no. emerge plants per row amage see stunte plants Total Yiel (bu/acre) 14 DAP 20 DAP 33 DAP 20 DAP 33 DAP E2Y UAT (80) E2Y UAT (81) E2Y UAT (77) E2Y UAT+VA UAT (83) E2Y UAT+VA UAT (84) Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT (84) Poncho 600FS 500 UAT (88) Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS (85) Untreate check (75) P- value from ANOVA ns ns ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of TRIAL 3 Location: 4- H Eucational Center, Abingon, VA Variety: See provie an treate by Dupont Plant Date: 13 May 2014 Plant Rate: 60 sees per 20 row (high ensity) Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Stan 20 DAP total amage amage see (20 DAP) wireworm amage other amage Total Yiel (bu/acre) E2Y UAT 58.0 (97) ab 3.1 ab 1.3 b E2Y UAT 59.5 (99) a 0.0 b 0.0 b E2Y UAT 59.3 (99) a 1.3 b 0.0 b E2Y UAT+VA UAT 58.8 (98) a 1.3 b 0.0 b E2Y UAT+VA UAT 58.8 (98) a 2.1 ab 0.0 b Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT 58.5 (98) a 2.6 ab 0.0 b Poncho 600FS 500 UAT 58.5 (98) a 0.0 b 0.0 b Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS 58.8 (93) a 2.2 ab 0.0 b Untreate check 55.8 b 7.7 a 6.8 a P- value from ANOVA < ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF SEEDCORN MAGGOT IN FIELD CORN Location: Variety: TRIAL 1 ESAREC, Painter, VA See provie an treate by Dupont 31 P age

32 Plant Date: 22 April 2014 (soil temperature: 61F) Plant Rate: 37 sees per 25 ft row Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 25 ft. Mean no. emerge plants Total of sees (stan) stunte amage amage or 6- May 23- May plants see missing (14 DAP) (31 DAP) E2Y UAT (77.0) E2Y UAT (70.0) E2Y UAT (73.3) E2Y UAT+VA UAT (77.5) E2Y UAT+VA UAT (77.5) Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT (76.3) Poncho 600FS 500 UAT (77.0) Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS (66.3) Untreate check (Maxim Quatro) (82.0) P- value from ANOVA ns ns ns ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of TRIAL 2 Location: Kentlan Research Farm, Whitethorne, VA (near Blacksburg, VA) Variety: See provie an treate by Dupont Plant Date: 23 April 2014 Plant Rate: 60 sees per 20 row (high ensity) Experimental Design: 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 1 row x 20 ft. (3- ft row centers) Mean no. (an ) Mean extene amage see emerge plants (Stan) Total Yiel leaf height (cm) 9- May 12 May total SCM (bu/acre) (49 DAP) (16 DAP) (19 DAP) amage amage E2Y UAT 57.0 a 58.0 (96.7) a b 1.7 bc 16.7 E2Y UAT 53.5 a 56.5 (94.2)a b 0.0 c 19.1 E2Y UAT 57.3 a 57.8 (96.3) a b 0.0 c 15.8 E2Y UAT+VA a 250 UAT (93.3) a b 4.2 b 19.2 E2Y UAT+VA a 250 UAT (97.2) a b 0.0 c 16.1 Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT 56.0 a 57.3 (95.5) a b 0.0 bc 19.3 Poncho 600FS 500 UAT 56.0 a 56.3 (93.8) a b 1.3 bc 17.5 Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser a FS (95.5) a b 1.3 c 22.2 Untreate check 47.0 b a 9.2 a P age

33 (80.5) b P- value from Anova ns ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE IN SOYBEAN Location: ESAREC, Painter, VA Variety: Asgrow AG4531 Plant Date: 7 Jul 2014 Metho: All foliar treatments were applie with a 3- nozzle boom equippe with 8003VS spray tips space 20 apart an powere by a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA. Experimental Design: 6 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 reps 2 rows x 20 ft. (no guar rows) Dates: 15 Sep Lepiopteran Complex: Soybean looper: Chrysoeixis incluens Green cloverworm: Plathypena scabra Rate / acre Mean no. lepiopteran larvae / 2 beat sheets 22- Sep (7 DAT) 29- Sep (14 DAT) Untreate check 3.3 a 1.8 a Belt 2 fl. oz 0.8 b 0.5 b Belt 2.5 fl. oz 0.3 b 0.3 b Belt 3 fl. oz 0.0 b 0.0 b Besiege 7 fl. oz 0.0 b 0.3 b Prevathon 14 fl. oz 0.3 b 0.0 b P- Value from Anova All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of 33 P age

34 BIOASSAYS EFFICACY OF LUMIVIA 625FS (E2Y45) SEED TREATMENT FOR THE CONTROL OF WIREWORMS IN CORN A total five greenhouse/lab bioassays were conucte in Virginia evaluating the efficacy of Lumivia 625FS corn see treatment for the control of wireworms. Each bioassay was conucte on a ifferent week between April an May 2014 using fiel- collecte Melanotus wireworms from Coartown, VA. A synopsis of the five bioassays is presente immeiately below in the tw0 green tables, an each of the iniviual trials an ata are summarize subsequently. Synopsis: Across five bioassays, Lumivia 625FS see treatment alone at rates from 250 to 750 UAT i not result in etectable mortality of wireworms after 14 ays of exposure to treate corn see. Lumivia 625FS at the low rate of 250 UAT in combination with Cruiser 5FS resulte in >50 mortality of wireworms, which was comparable to see treatments containing various rates of Lumivia 625FS in combination with 125UAT of bifenthrin ST, bifenthrin ST alone, an the stanars: 1250 UAT Poncho Votivo, 500 UAT Poncho 600FS, an 250 UAT Cruiser 5FS/ 600FS. Lumivia 625FS see treatment alone at rates from 250 to 750 UAT resulte in 75 to 82 healthy plants establishe compare to the control, which average 68 healthy plants across the five bioassays See treatments containing various rates of Lumivia 625FS in combination with 125UAT of bifenthrin ST average from 88 to 94 healthy plants establishe, which was comparable to bifenthrin ST alone, an the stanars: 1250 UAT Poncho Votivo, 500 UAT Poncho 600FS, an 250 UAT Cruiser 5FS/ 600FS. mortality of wireworms after 14 ays exposure to treate corn sees Bioassay 1 Bioassay 2 Bioassay 3 Bioassay 4 Bioassay 5 Mean STD SE 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/ 600FS P age

35 Untreate Check healthy corn plants establishe in cups among see treatments after 14 ays exposure to wireworms Bioassay 1 Bioassay 2 Bioassay 3 Bioassay 4 Bioassay UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/600FS 500 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/ 600FS Mean STD SE 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/ 600FS Untreate Check EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES: Location ESAREC, Painter, VA Plant Date Assay 1: 11 Apr 2014 Assay 2: 15 Apr 2014 Assay 3: 2 May 2014 Assay 4: 6 May 2014 Assay 5: 30 May 2014 Variety Experimental Design See provie an treate by Dupont Assays 1 an 2: 9 treatments Assays 3, 4 an 5: 12 treatments Wireworms were collecte from a fiel near Horntown, VA that was previously in wheat an starve for one week prior to conucting the bioassays. Wireworms were iniviually place into a 5 ml plastic cup containing sifte fiel- collecte soil (sany loam) an one corn see for a total of 40 wireworms in 40 cups for each treatment. The containers were maintaine at 20 ± 2 C, 40 to 70 RH, an a photoperio of 10:14 (L:D). Cups were watere aily. Target Pest Data Collection Corn wireworm: Melatonus communis Assays 1 an 2: 7 an 14 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms (I avise to not use the moribun category because of its lack of accuracy - TPK), number of amage see an emerge seelings, number of stunte seelings 35 P age

36 Assay 3: 7, 14 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms, number of amage see an emerge seelings, number of stunte seelings 21 DAP: plant height per 10 plants (cm) 26 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms, number of amage see an germinate seelings, root mass weight per 10 plants (g) Assay 4: 7, 14 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms, number of amage see an germinate seelings, number of stunte seelings 27 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms an number of amage see 14, 21, 26 DAP: plant height per 10 plants (cm) 27 DAP: root mass weight per 10 plants (g) Assay 5: 7 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms, number of amage see an germinate seelings, number of stunte seelings 18 DAP: number of ea an moribun wireworms, number of amage see, plant height per 20 plants (cm), root mass weight per 20 plants (g) RESULTS: Assay 1 (see Tables 1a an 1b) Significant wireworm mortality was observe at 7 an 14 with the following treatments: E2Y UAT+VA UAT, E2Y UAT+VA UAT, Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT, Poncho 600FS 500 UAT, Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. No clear ifferences were observe in the of emerge seelings, or healthy plants. At both 7 an 14 DAP, significantly fewer sees ha wireworm feeing injury in the sees treate with: E2Y UAT+VA UAT, E2Y UAT+VA UAT, Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT, Poncho 600FS 500 UAT, Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. No signs of phytotoxicity were observe at 7 an 14 DAP. Table 1a. Assay 1: Summary of mortality an feeing injury of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 1-7 DAP live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wireworms emerge seelings stunte seelings healthy plants* amage sees E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT Poncho 600FS 500 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS Untreate check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Table 1b. Assay 1: Summary of mortality an feeing injury of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 1-14 DAP 36 P age

37 live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wireworms emerge seelings stunte seelings healthy plants amage sees E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT Poncho 600FS 500 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS Untreate check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Assay 2 (see Tables 2a an 2b) Similar to Assay 1, significant wireworm mortality was observe at 6 an 14 with the following treatments: E2Y UAT+VA UAT, E2Y UAT+VA UAT, Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT, Poncho 600FS 500 UAT, Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. No clear ifferences were observe in the of emerge seelings At 14 DAP, a significantly higher healthy plants were observe with the aforementione see trts, plus E2Y45 at the low rate compare with the untreate check. At 14 DAP, significantly fewer sees ha wireworm feeing injury in the sees treate with: E2Y UAT+VA UAT, E2Y UAT+VA UAT, Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT, Poncho 600FS 500 UAT, Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. No signs of phytotoxicity were observe at 6 an 14 DAP. Table 2a. Assay 2: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 2-6 DAP live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wireworms emerge seelings stunte seelings healthy plants amage sees E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT Poncho 600FS 500 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS Untreate check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Table 2b. Assay 2: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 2-14 DAP live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wireworms emerge seelings stunte seelings healthy plants E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT E2Y UAT+VA UAT Poncho Votivo 1250 UAT amage sees 37 P age

38 Poncho 600FS 500 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600 FS Untreate check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Assay 3 (see Tables 3a,b,c, an ) Significant wireworm mortality was observe at 7 an 14 with the following treatments: 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 500 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 750 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 125 UAT Bifenthrin ST, 1250 UAT Poncho Votivo, 500 UAT Poncho 600FS, 250 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. By 26 DAP (Table 3c), all treatments resulte in significant wireworm mortality compare to the untreate check. No clear treatment ifferences were observe in the of emerge seelings, healthy plants, see amage, plant height, or root biomass. No signs of phytotoxicity were observe at 7, 14 an 26 DAP. Table 3a. Assay 3: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 3-7 DAP live wirewor ms ea wirewor ms moribun wirewor ms ea + moribun wirewor ms emerge seelin gs stunte seelin gs healt hy plants 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 amag e sees Table 3b. Assay 3: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melanotus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 live wirewor ms ea wirewor ms moribun wirewor ms ASSAY 3-14 DAP ea + morib. wirewor ms emerge seelin gs stunte seelin gs healt hy plants 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo amag e sees 38 P age

39 500 UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Table 3c. Assay 3: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 3-26 DAP live wireworms ea wireworm s moribun wireworm s ea + moribun wireworm s emerge seeling s 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check amage sees Table 3. Assay 3: Plant vigor following feeing by fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 Vigor (Mean Average Height per 10 plants) 21 DAP (in cm) Mean root mass weight per 10 plants 26 DAP (in g) 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check Assay 4 (see Tables 4a, b, c, an ) Significant wireworm mortality was observe at 7 an 14 with the following treatments: 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 500 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 750 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 125 UAT Bifenthrin ST, 1250 UAT Poncho Votivo, 500 UAT Poncho 600FS, 250 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. At 27 DAP, wireworm mortality was aroun 25 in the untreate check an E2Y45 alone treatments, but reache aroun 90 for all other see treatments. No clear ifferences were observe in the of emerge seelings. At 27 DAP, there were noticeable treatment ifferences in the amage sees, with all of the E2Y25 alone treatments, the lowest rate of bifenthrin alone, an the untreate check having the most see amage, compare to virtually none in all of the other treatments. 39 P age

40 At 7 an 14 DAP, there were noticeable treatment ifference in the of healthy plants. No real ifferences were observe in plant vigor or root biomass among the treatments. No signs of phytotoxicity were observe at 7, 14 an 27 DAP. Table 4a. Assay 4: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 4-7 DAP live wirewor ms ea wirewor ms moribun wirewor ms ea + moribun wirewor ms emerge seelin gs stunte seelin gs healt hy plants 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 amag e sees Table 4b. Assay 4: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 4-14 DAP live wirewor ms ea wirewor ms moribun wirewor ms ea + moribun wirewor ms emerge seelin gs stunte seelin gs healt hy plants 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 amag e sees Table 4c. Assay 4: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 4-27 DAP live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wireworms amage sees 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS P age

41 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check Table 4. Assay 4: Plant vigor ata following feeing by fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 Vigor Mean Average Height per 10 plants in cm Mean root mass weight per 10 plants 27 DAP (in g) 14 DAP 21 DAP 26 DAP 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check Assay 5 (see Tables 5a, an 5b) Significant wireworm mortality was observe at 7 an 14 with the following treatments: 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 500 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 750 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST, 125 UAT Bifenthrin ST, 1250 UAT Poncho Votivo, 500 UAT Poncho 600FS, 250 UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS, but not with E2Y45 alone. No clear ifferences were observe in the of emerge seelings. The of stunte seelings was highest in the untreate check compare to all other treatments (Table 5a). At 14 DAP (Table 5b), all treatments ha fewer amage sees than the untreate check. No real ifferences were observe in plant vigor or root biomass among the treatments. No signs of phytotoxicity were observe at 7 an 18 DAP. Table 5a. Assay 5: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 5-7 DAP live wirewor ms ea wirewor ms moribun wirewor ms ea + moribun wirewor ms emerge seelin gs stunte seelin gs healt hy plants 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST amag e sees 41 P age

42 125 UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check * healthy plants = (emerge stunte) / 40 Table 5b. Assay 5: Summary of mortality an feeing ata of fiel- collecte Melatonus communis expose to treate corn see, ESAREC, Painter, VA; 2014 ASSAY 5-18 DAP live wireworms ea wireworms moribun wireworms ea + moribun wirewor ms amag e sees Mean average height / 20 plants (in cm) Mean root mass weight per 20 plants (in g) 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Cruiser FS/Cruiser 600FS 250 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST 500 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST 750 UAT E2Y45 625FS UAT Bifenthrin ST 125 UAT Bifenthrin ST UAT Poncho Votivo UAT Poncho 600FS UAT Cruiser 5FS/Cruiser 600FS Untreate Check TRIAL PICTURES ASSAY 2 14 DAP 42 P age

43 TRIAL PICTURES ASSAY 5 7 DAP 43 P a g e

44 HARLEQUIN BUG BIOASSAYS 44 P a g e

45 Objective: To test the toxicity of fiel- rate applications of select insecticies for the control of harlequin bugs (Murgantia histronica) PROCEDURES Populations of harlequin bug aults were collecte from collars at the ESAREC in Painter, VA on 8 May. 9- cm isks were cut out of collars leaves. Disks were ippe into fiel- rate insecticial concentrations for approximately 3 secons, left to ry uner a fume hoo for one hour, an place into 9- cm Petri ishes with 5 harlequin bugs. Each treatment ha a total of 20 aults (4 Petri ishes x 5 aults). Insecticie solutions were base on 30 gal / acre water. Mortality was recore at 4 DAT for Assay 1 an at 4 an 7 DAT for Assay 2. Feeing was also recore at 7 DAT for Assay 2. The containers were maintaine at 27 ± 2 C, 40 to 70 RH, an a photoperio of 15:9 (L:D). All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of significance. Data were sqrt transforme to normalize when necessary. RESULTS: Assay 1: All treatments ha significantly higher ea an moribun harlequin bugs in comparison to the untreate control at 4 DAT except Sivanto + NIS (Table 1). Table 1. Summary of mortality ata of fiel- collecte harlequin bugs fe collar leaves ippe in fiel- rate insecticie concentrations, Painter, VA; 2014 (Assay 1) Rate / acre ea harlequin bugs 4 DAT moribun harlequin bugs ea an moribun harlequin bugs Sivanto + DyneAmic (0.1) 7.5 fl. oz c 30.0 bc Sivanto + DyneAmic (0.1) 10 fl. oz bc 55.0 bc Cyclaniliprole 50SL + DyneAmic (0.1) 22 fl. oz a a Closer + DyneAmic (0.1) 2 fl. oz b 60.0 b Exirel + DyneAmic (0.1) 20.5 fl. oz a a Untreate check c 20.0 c P- value from Anova ns All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of Assay 2: At 4 DAT, all 2). At 7 DAT, all treatments ha significantly higher ea an moribun harlequin bugs than the untreate control treatments ha significantly higher ea an moribun harlequin bugs than the untreate control except for the low rate of Sivanto + NIS (Table (Table 2). Feeing marks ata was also significant with significantly less feeing in all treatments in comparison to the untreate control (Table 2). Table 2. Summary of mortality ata of fiel- collecte harlequin bugs fe collar leaves ippe in fiel- rate insecticie concentrations, Painter, VA; 2014 (Assay 2) Rate / acre ea harlequ 4 DAT 7 DAT ea ea ea feeing moribu an harlequ moribu an 7 DAT 45 P age

46 in bugs n harlequ in bugs moribu n harlequ in bugs in bugs n harlequ in bugs moribu n harlequ in bugs Sivanto + DyneAmic NIS (0.05) 7.5 fl. oz c 50.0 c a 3.3 b Sivanto + DyneAmic NIS (0.05) 10 fl. oz c 65.0 bc a 1.5 b Cyclaniliprole 50SL + DyneAmic NIS (0.05) 22 fl. oz a a a 1.8 b Closer + DyneAmic NIS (0.05) 2 fl. oz ab 90.0 ab a 0.0 b Exirel + DyneAmic NIS (0.05) 20.5 fl. oz bc 85.0 ab a 0.0 b Untreate Control b 39.3 a P- value from Anova ns ns ns < < All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s LSD at the 0.05 level of 46 P age

47 GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH EVALUATING RESIDUAL EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE TREATED WINDOW SCREENS FOR CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG, HALYOMORPH HALYS JOHN AIGNER (PH.D. STUDENT) Introuction Brown marmorate stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pest native to East Asia an since its initial etection, has become a conspicuous nuisance pest in the mi- Atlantic an various areas in North America. The BMSB overwinters as an ault an has aapte well to fin refuge in man- mae structures. Because of the nee to account for expansion an contraction in builing construction, it is ifficult to truly exclue the insects from entering the house entirely. The purpose of this project was to investigate a novel application metho by ipping winow screen in insecticie solutions. Aitionally, a number of currently labele insecticies were evaluate for their efficacy against BMSB, as well as the proucts resiual efficacy uner ambient weather conitions. Materials an Methos A brief survey of several local pest control companies yiele a number of insecticie proucts that were etermine to be utilize in the management of BMSB on the exterior of resiential structures in western Virginia. Aitionally, three insecticies from Virginia Cooperative Extension s Home Grouns an Animals Pest Management Guie were use to form a complete treatment list of nine insecticies an an untreate control (Table 1). Using fiberglass winow screen, bags were constructe cm (8 in) x cm (16 in). Iniviual screen bags were ippe into its respective insecticie solution an were place on a clothesline outsie of the Doson Urban Pest Management Laboratory locate in Blacksburg, VA on September 24, Untreate control bags were ippe into water only. Bags were arrange on the clothesline in a completely ranomize esign. Each bag was allowe one hour to ry before 10 ault BMSB were place in each bag an insects were then assesse for mortality after 48 hours of continuous exposure. Bugs were ranke as alive, ea or moribun, with moribun being a state in which a bug was unable to right itself when on its back or having noticeable uncoorinate movements. After the mortality assessment, bags were left on the clothesline an allowe to age until the next assessment was complete. The experiment laste for 54 ays. Results In 2014, our results showe that applying insecticie to a winow screen using a ip treat metho can be an effective way to eliver insecticie without having to spray the insecticie. We show that lamba- cyhalothrin (Deman) gave greater than 50 control of BMSB aults up to 44 ays after treatment, that imiaclopri + cyfluthrin (Tempri) gave greater than 50 control for up to 29 ays an that betacyfluthrin (Tempo) ha activity 47 P age

48 that was etecte up to 44 ays after treatment but the relative toxicity was relatively low past 22 ays (Figures 1 7). Also, we foun that by testing the insecticies in the pest recommenation guie, we may nee to revist an upate the current recommenations. Table 1. list of insecticies teste in screen ip bioassay against BMSB aults. Figure 1. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults two ays after initial treatment of screens. 48 P age

49 Figure 2. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults ten ays after initial treatment of screens. Figure 3. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults twenty- two ays after initial treatment of screens. 49 P age

50 Figure 4. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults twenty- nine ays after initial treatment of screens. Figure 5. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults thirty- seven ays after initial treatment of screens. 50 P age

51 Figure 6. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults forty- four ays after initial treatment of screens. Figure 7. Mortality of treatments of BMSB aults fifty- four ays after initial treatment of screens. 51 P age

52 EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG ON VEGETABLES ADAM MOREHEAD (M.S. STUDENT) The invasive brown marmorate stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), has become a major pest of tree fruit, fruiting vegetables, sweet corn, beans, small fruit, grapes, fiel corn, an soybeans in the Mi- Atlantic States. This pest poses the greatest challenge to organic farmers, whose chemical control options are limite to naturally- erive insecticies or behavior- moifying compouns. The objective of these experiments were to evaluate the efficacy of biologically- base insecticies on BMSB. Natural insecticies were evaluate using topical (bag ip) bioassays, a topical an ingestion bioassay using a ippe green bean po an filter paper, as well as fiel trials conucte on peppers an tomatoes at Kentlan Research Farm in Whitethorne, VA. LABORATORY BIOASSAYS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, MATERIALS, AND PROCEDURES Insects. Brown marmorate stink bug (BMSB) nymphs an aults were collecte from various locations an host plants (typically Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven), Catalpa spp., Paulownia tomentosa (Princess Tree), an Cercis canaensis (Eastern Re bu) throughout Virginia in the summer an fall of Nymphs an Aults were maintaine in a temperature chamber (Percival Scientific, Perry, IA) at 26 o C ± 2 an at a photoperio with a 16:8 L:D ratio, to inuce feeing an oviposition. BMSB aults an Nymphs were provie a water wick an maintaine on a iet of snap beans, carrots, bell peppers, tomatoes, an peanuts. Chemicals. All insecticies were obtaine from commercial manufacturers as formulate proucts. Insecticies were mixe in water accoring to the highest labele fiel application rate an using a stanar vegetable spray output of 30 gallon per acre. Active ingreient Manufacturer Rate per Acre 1. UTC Veratran D Sabailla Alkalois (0.20) MGK 240 g 3. Pyganic Pyrethrins (5) MGK 17 fl oz 4. Blackhawk Spinosa (36) Dow Agrosciences 2.2 g 5. Azera Azairactins (1.20) + Pyrethrins MGK 56 fl oz (1.40) 6. AzaDirect Azairactins (1.20) Gowan 56 fl oz 7. Mpee Potassium salts of fatty acis (49) Gowan 86 fl oz 8. Neuorff 1138 Potassium salts of fatty acis spinosa Neuorff 86 fl oz 9. Venerate Heat- kille Burkholeria spp. Strain A396 cells an spent fermentation meia* (94.46) Marrone BioInnovations 215 fl oz 52 P age

53 Green bean ip assay Green bean ip assays were conucte on nymphs (2 n - 4 th instars) an aults. Several bioassay bouts (reps) were conucte for each treatment. For each bout, 20 insects ivie amongst 4 Petri ishes were teste per treatment. In each ish, a filter paper isk an one green bean po were ippe in the selecte treatment an allowe to ry for thirty minutes uner a fume hoo then place in a Petri ish. Five insects of the selecte stage were place in each Petri ish, an percent mortality was recore at 24 an 48 hours. Mortality was counte as ea an moribun, unresponsive, or upsie- own an unable to right themselves. Bag ip (topical) bioassay For aults an nymphs, twenty insects were place in a fine mesh polyethylene bag with a fresh green bean an submerge in 500 ml of treatment solution. The bag with insects remaine submerge for 3-5 secons before being remove from the solution. Bags were hung an allowe to ry at (room temperature). Percent mortality was recore at 24 an 48 hours. Mortality was counte as ea an moribun, unresponsive, or upsie- own an unable to right themselves. Results - Bioassays All insecticie treatments with the exception of Venerate XC showe some activity against BMSB. In the bean ip bioassays (Table 1), Veratran D, Pyganic, an Azera ha the highest mortality against BMSB aults killing over 50 of bugs. However, against nymphs, only Veratran D ha >50 mortality after 48 hr. In the bag ip topical bioassays (Table 2), mortality was higher overall compare with the bean ip bioassays, with all treatments except Blackhawk, AzaDirect, an Venerate having at least 50 mortality against aults. For nymphs, all treatments except Mpee an Venerate ha >50 mortality. Pyganic an Azera showe the highest efficacy in this assay causing >90 mortality of aults an nymphs. Table 1. Bean Dip Bioassay Summary Rate / Acre Bean Dip Aults (n = 20) Nymph (n=20) Average Mortality at Average Mortality at 24h 48h 24h 48h UTC Veratran D 240 g Pyganic 17 fl oz Blackhawk 2.2 g Azera 56 fl oz Aza- Direct 56 fl oz M Pee 86 fl oz Neuorff 1138 (K Salts + Spinosa) 86 fl oz Venerate XC 215 fl oz All treatments teste at least twice on aults an nymphs, except K salts which was only teste once on nymphs ue to late introuction. Table 2. Bag Dip Topical Bioassay Summary 53 P age

54 Rate / Acre Bag ip Ault (n=20) Nymph (n=20) Average Mortality at Average Mortality at 24h 48h 24h 48h UTC Veratran D 240 g Pyganic 17 fl oz Blackhawk 2.2 g Azera 56 fl oz Aza- Direct 56 fl oz M Pee 86 fl oz Neuorff 1138 (K Salts + Spinosa) 86 fl oz Venerate XC 215 fl oz All treatments teste at least twice on aults an nymphs, except Neuorff 1138, which was only teste once on nymphs ue to late introuction. FIELD EFFICACY TRIALS ON PEPPERS AND TOMATOES EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, MATERIALS, AND PROCEDURES Location Plant Date Variety Experimental Design Plot Size Virginia Tech Kentlan Research Farm, near Blacksburg, VA 10 June, 2014 (for both crops) Aristotle bell peppers; Baby cakes small roun tomatoes For each test, 9 treatments arrange in a RCB esign with 4 replicates 1 rows x 20 ft; untreate guar rows Plot Maintenance Application Metho Dates All plots were maintaine accoring to stanar organic practices All plots were applie with a CO₂ backpack sprayer at 40psi elivering 38 GPA through a 3- nozzle rop own boom. Veratran- D require a special preparation of placing the sees in a mesh bag into the proper volume of water for fiel application an syringing the aqueous portion after > 2hr of seeping. s were applie four times: 19, 25 Aug an 3 an 9 Sept Target Pests Brown Marmorate Stink Bug (BMSB) Halyomorpha Halys Data Collection For peppers: On 29 August an 17 Sept, Market- size fruit were harveste in each plot an the fruit amage by stink bugs were recore base on a sub- sample of 20 fruit per plot For tomatoes: Only re vine ripene fruit were harveste on 29 Aug an 8 an 12 Sept, stink bug amage was recore from a sub- sample of 25 fruit per plot All ata were analyze using analysis of variance proceures. Means were separate using Fisher s Protecte LSD at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS 54 P age

55 In the pepper experiment, stink bug pest pressure was low to moerate with 10 an 18 fruit amage on 29 Aug an 17 Sep, respectively (Table 3). Base on observations of bugs on plants, BMSB comprise about 90 of stink bugs foun on the plants. There was no significant treatment effect on fruit amage on 29 Aug. On 17 Sep, all insecticies ha significantly less stink bug amage than the untreate control. In the tomato experiment (Table 4), stink bug pest pressure was moerate with over 30 of fruit amage by stink bugs at each harvest. There was no significant effect of treatment on stink bug amage on any ate. Table 3. Summary of organic insecticies for the control of brown marmorate stink bugs in bell peppers, Kentlan Research Farm, Blacksburg, VA Insecticies were applie four times: 19, 25 Aug an 3 an 9 Sept harveste fruit with stink bug amage Rate / Acre 29- Aug 17- Sep Untreate control A Veratran D 240 g B Pyganic 17 fl oz B Blackhawk 2.2 g B Azera 56 fl oz B Aza- irect 56 fl oz B M Pee 86 fl oz B Neuorff fl oz B Venerate 215 fl oz B P- Value from ANOVA ns Table 4. Summary of organic insecticies for the control of brown marmorate stink bugs in tomatoes, Kentlan Research Farm, Blacksburg, VA Insecticies were applie four times: 19, 25 Aug an 3 an 9 Sept Stink Bug Damage Cumulative Rate / Acre 29- Aug 8- Sep 12- Sep average amage UTC Veratran D 240 g Pyganic 17 fl oz Blackhawk 2.2 g Azera 56 fl oz Aza- irect 56 fl oz M- Pee 86 fl oz K Salts 86 fl oz Venerate 215 fl oz P- Value from ANOVA ns ns ns ns EFFECTS OF REFLECTIVE PLASTIC MULCHES ON MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS MULSANT, ON PHASEOLUS VULGARIS BEANS LOUIS NOTTINGHAM (M.S. STUDENT) 55 P age

56 The Mexican bean beetle (MBB) is an important pest of eible beans in the Piemont an rige an valley regions of the mi- Atlantic U.S. This beetle s voracious feeing habits an high reprouctive capacity make it a challenging pest, especially for organic growers. However, temperatures above 26 C (79 F) an irect sunlight naturally eter an reuce survival of MBB. Our research objective was to artificially create unfavorable environmental conitions for MBB by increasing temperature an light intensity using reflective plastic mulches. s inclue: 1) metalize (reflective with black backing) plastic mulch, 2) white plastic mulch, 3) black plastic mulch, an 4) bare groun control. There was a significant effect of treatment on counts of MBB aults in weeks one an two of sampling; the fewest aults were foun in metalize mulch plots. Egg counts in sampling week two also reveale a significant treatment effect (p<.05); with the fewest eggs foun in metalize mulch plots. The average weight of bean pos harveste from metalize mulch plots was significantly greater (p<.05) than all other treatments. These results suggest that planting beans on reflective mulch may eter MBB an reuce amage. INTRODUCTION Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is a pest of snap beans, lima beans, an other legumes (family: Fabaceae) in the genus Phaseolus. This pest amages host plants using chewing mouthparts to fee on leaf tissue an pos, reucing photosynthetic activity, accelerating esiccation, an causing visible injury to marketable fruit. This pest is easily an efficiently controlle with synthetic insecticies (Kuhar et al. 2012); however, organic chemical management requires numerous sprays ue to the short resiual of most proucts (Patton et al. 2003). Repeate spraying is costly in terms of labor, finance, an ecological impact; also, many growers refrain from all forms of chemical use. The charge of this stuy was to evaluate a novel, non- chemical technique for reucing MBB amage, by taking avantage of the beetle s natural limiting factors. MBB survival ecreases at all life stages as temperatures increase above ~26C (Miller 1930, Kitayama et al. 1979, Wilson et al. 1982). MBB are similarly intolerant of prolonge exposure to irect sunlight (Howar an English 1924, Miller 1930). A stuy on the effects of various plastic mulches by Ham et al. (1993) showe that all plastic mulches increase air temperature by 1 to 3C compare to bare groun. This stuy also reveale that metalize an white plastic mulches increase light intensity (μm) from below the plant while black plastic an bare groun o not. These finings le us to our hypothesis, that beans plante on metalize an white plastic mulches will exhibit reuce ault colonization an oviposition by MBB. METHODS 56 P age

57 Fiel plots. The experimental esign was a ranomize complete block esign. Four treatments were teste: 1) metalize (reflective with black backing) polyethylene mulch; 2) white (white with black backing) polyethylene mulch; 3) black polyethylene mulch; an 4) bare groun (control). At four separate locations on the farm (= 4 reps Figure 1. Example of one be. Large rectangles represent treatment replicates: (a) white plastic mulch (b) metalize plastic mulch (c) black plastic mulch () bare groun. Circles represent clusters (5 plants). or blocks), separate 0.6 meter wie bes each containing one of the four treatments, were establishe at Kentlan Research Farm in Whitethorn, VA. Iniviual treatment replicates were sown with twenty clusters of five plants (100 plants per replicate) in a row, using Dragon s Tongue snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plants were sown on 17 June, 14. (Figure 1) MBB Sampling. All treatments were scoute for MBB aults an eggs until the first occurrence, three weeks after planting (plants were at two to three trifoliate stage). From this ate until harvest, at 60 ays after planting, beans clusters were visually inspecte weekly for all MBB life stages. During the first two weeks of sampling, all plants per replicate were searche. From week 3 until the final sample on week 8, five clusters per replicate were arbitrarily selecte an searche. Snapbean Yiel. At 60 ays after planting, all bean pos were han harveste from each plot an weighe. Statistical Analysis. Differences in the numbers of MBB aults, eggs, an larvae, among the four treatments were analyze using a one- way ANOVA an Tukey s HSD means separations test in JMP Pro 11. Differences in po yiel among treatments were also analyze using a one- way ANOVA an Tukey s HSD means separations test in JMP Pro 11. RESULTS MBB abunance. In weeks one an two of sampling, there was a significant effect of treatment on counts of ault MBB (p<.05), with the fewest number of aults foun in metalize mulch plots (Figure 2). In week one, ault numbers in metalize mulch were significantly lower than black plastic an bare groun, but not lower than white plastic. In week two, ault numbers in metalize mulch were significantly lower than white an black plastic, but not bare groun. Egg counts showe a significant treatment effect in week two only, with the fewest numbers of eggs foun in metalize mulch plots (Figure 3). In this week, metalize plots ha significantly fewer eggs than all other treatments, an white plots ha significantly fewer eggs than bear groun an black plastic, which were not ifferent. Egg an ault MBB numbers were not ifferent for any weeks after the first two samples. No other MBB life stages were significantly affecte by treatment in this experiment. Yiel. Po yiel was also significantly (p<.05) affecte by treatment accoring to the ANOVA. Tukey s HSD showe a significant increase in harveste po weight from metalize plots compare with all other treatments (Figure 4). DISCUSSION 57 P age

58 This stuy showe that metalize mulch can impact MBB colonization an concomitant amage to snap bean, an coul be a useful IPM tool for this pest. Not only i metallize mulch show efficacy at reucing MBB colonization an oviposition habits, it also resulte in increase bean yiel. Differences in MBB abunance occurre when plants were small (2 to 5 trifoliates), which suggests that light intensity was likely a critical factor limiting MBB. Because the canopy of larger plants provie shae an cover, the ratio of sunlit area to shae area of plant canopy ecrease as plants grew (Figure 5). Because the increase in yiel seen in metalize treatments may have been ue (in part or completely) to various horticultural factors, it will be necessary in future experiments to measure MBB amage, as well as abunance an po yiel, to get a more accurate assessment of the reuction in MBB activity among treatments. Figure 2. Abunance of MBB aults by sample week. An * inicates a significance treatment effect (p<.05) accoring to the ANOVA. Figure 3. Average number of MBB eggs by sample week. Non- matching letters inicate a significant ifference (p<.05) accoring to Tukey s HSC. 58 P age

59 Figure 4. Average weight (g) of 100 pos. * inicates a significant ifference (p<.05) accoring to Tukey s HSD. Figure 5. Shaing of mulch treatments by (a) young plants vs. (b) oler plants REFERENCES Ham, J. et al Journal of American Horticultural Society 118(2): Howar, N. F. an L. L. English USDA Agricultural Bulletin No Kitayama, K. et al Environmental Entomology 8(3): Kuhar, T. P. et al Arthropo Management Tests Vol. 37(E2). Miller, D. F Journal of Economic Entomology 23: Patton, T. W. et al Arthropo Management Tests Vol. 28(E3). 59 P age